高考英语七选五技巧及习题

高考英语七选五技巧及习题

‎ 高考7选5‎ ‎1. 7选5的命题分析 　　本题型的内容是一篇总长度为500~600词的文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有6~7段文字，要求考生根据文章内容从这6~7段文字中选择出5个答案，分别放进文章中5个空白处。 　　此题型所考文章不仅长度上长于阅读理解A节中的文章(每篇约400~450词)，阅读量大，而且在文字难度和做题要求上也都高于A节。A节中的文章是完整的，在通读文章或查读细节时，思路不会被打断。而此题型文章中有5处空白，在阅读过程中，如果不明白文章的主旨和段落主题、作者的写作意图，就很难顺畅地读下去、读明白，自然就很难选出正确答案。而一个空填错势必又影响到对另外一个空的选择。另外，此题有5个空白处，却提供6~7个选项(根据大纲)，因此有1~2个选项是多余的干扰选项，从而又加大了选出正确答案的难度。‎ ‎2. 7选5的考察要点 　　这一考查题型对阅读理解提出了更高层次的要求，即不仅要有阅读速度，要对所读文章的主旨要义、具体信息要有所了解，尤其重要的是要掌握作者的写作意图、观点，区分出论点和论据，并且能够把握文章的写作结构和脉络层次，只有了解了这一切，才能比较准确地确定应该选择哪个选项。 　　不过，只要了解了这种新题型所考查的要点，出题位置，在阅读文章时有意识地加强对文章写作思路和结构组织安排的理解，掌握英语文章常见的几种写作结构，对迅速增强此类新题型的应对能力还是非常有帮助的。 3文章结构 　　(a)描述性结构(主要介绍事物、问题或倾向的特点，对人物的描述如传记，包括人身体特征、家庭背景、成长过程、个性爱好、成就贡献等内容进行描述，因此时间、地点往往是出题重点) 　　(b)释义性结构(解释某一理论、学科、事物，主要用例子比喻类比阐述) 　　(c)比较性结构(把两个人或事物功能、特点、优缺点进行对比) 　　(d)原因性结构(这种结构主要分析事物的成因，客观的、主观的、直接的、间接的) 　　(e)驳斥性结构(这种结构主要是先介绍一种观点，然后对其评论或驳斥，然后分析其优点缺点、危害性、最后阐明自己的观点) 4. 7选5的解题步骤 　　1)快速阅读全文要点词句，包括首尾段、首尾句以及独立成段的句子和文章中带转折词的句子等，目的是掌握文章的主要内容。 　　但是由于文章中空缺了五处，而且有的地方空缺的是几句话甚至是一整段，文章的整个结构和逻辑是被打断了的，因此在短时间内掌握文章要点或逻辑思路是很困难的。因此这一步可能对很多考生来说会花费很多时间。如果感觉困难而且收获不大，可直接进入第二步，即一开始就边阅读边分析做题。 　　2)边读边做题，重点阅读各个问题附近的句子，圈定线索词，然后从选项中寻找相关的特征词，以确定答案。做题时可以采用代入排除法。如果一题做不出或拿不准，可先放过，继续往下读，先做容易的能做出的题，直到读完整篇文章。至此，文章的要点和主旨、各个段落之间的逻辑关系应基本清楚了。 　　3)重新阅读相关词句，重点做刚才没做出的题或不确定的题，此时可将已选出的答案代入原文，利用排除法。同时检查核对已选出的答案，看文章从内容上是否语义连贯合理，语篇结构上是否通顺连贯、具有一致性、合乎逻辑，写作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及用语是否恰当贴切。如果所选的答案可以满足上述标准，则表明各个问题的答案基本正确。‎ ‎4）．比较两类关键词 ：将7个选项的关键词与5个空的前后句中的关键词进行比较，匹配的是正确答案。‎ 具体方法：1． 阅读各个空的前后句，标记关键词 ‎ ‎ 在阅读文章的开始部分、明确文章的基本话题以后，要阅读五个空自的前后句，并将前后句中的解题线索，即关键词标记下来。关键词包括句中的核心名词或名词词组（如带有形容词的名词词组），专有名词、时间数字、代词、连词等。‎ ‎2． 阅读各个选项，尤其是选项的首句，标记关键词 ‎ ‎3． 比较并匹配上述两类关键词，确定答案 ‎ ‎4． 将确定的答案代入原文，看读起来是否通顺。 ‎ 例文：‎ ‎51 You don’t show your secret personality when you are awake because you can control your behavior, but when you are asleep，your sleeping position shows the real you．52.The important position is the one that you go to sleep in．‎ ‎ If you go to sleep on your back，you’re a very open person．You normally trust people and you are easily influenced by fashion or new ideas．You don’t like to displease people．So you never express your real feelings．53‎ ‎ If you sleep on your stomach，you are a rather secretive person．You worry a lot and you’re always easily upset．You always stick to your own opinions or judgment，but you aren’t very ambitious(上进心)．54.This means that you enjoy having a good time．‎ ‎ If you sleep curled up，you are probably a very nervous person．You have a low opinion of yourself and so you’re often delusive．You’re shy and you don’t normally like meeting people．‎ You prefer to on your own，You’re easily hurt．‎ ‎ If you sleep on your side．yon have usually got a well—balanced personality．55.Yon’re usually careful．You believe in yourself．Yon sometimes feel anxious，but you don’t often get sad．You always say what you think even if it makes people rather angry.‎ A. You’re quite shy and you aren’t quite sure of yourself．‎ B．You know your strengths and weakness．‎ C.Normally people seldom change their sleeping position D .Everyone has got two personalities—the one that is shown to the world and the other that is secret and real．‎ E.Maybe you don’t want to make friends with a person who sleeps curled up.‎ F .You usually live for today not tomorrow．‎ G. In a normal night，of course，people frequently change their positions．‎ 七选五解题策略 七选五解题的关键是能娴熟地利用各种衔接手段。衔接手段分为三种：词汇衔接、逻辑衔接、结构衔接（具体如下）。‎ 一．词汇衔接又可以具体分为三种：代词、同义词/近义词、上下义词/同一范畴词对应关系。‎ ‎        1. 代词：　英语表达中的代词出现的频率极高，代词的作用是指代前面提及的名词或形容词概念，巧妙利用这样的指代关系和根据代词的单复数差异可以准确而快速地解题。‎ ‎  例题：…The new design was well received by the reception staff of the hotel chain._________ ‎ ‎  正确选项句子为：They all believe that its introduction has led to a modern , more professional corporate image and greater confidence among them.‎ ‎  例题分析：选项中的they是一个复数人数主格代词，对应空格前句中的staff。staff是一个集合名词（全体员工），是个复数概念。代词中有一类叫不定代词，常见的有：one, everyone, everybody, each, both, all, many, these, this等，特别要注意它们所指代的名词概念的单复数性质，考生如果对此比较敏感，对解题有很大的帮助。‎ ‎  例题：It is important, therefore, that we should know what people using our stores want of us.__________ During the past two years, we have been working hard to improve the standard of our products in both these areas.‎ ‎  正确选项句子为： The research made by the company shows that, above all else, customers expect fashion and value.‎ ‎  例题分析：空格后的句末in both these areas中both这个不定代词提示考生空格中一定出现两个并列的名词概念，即fashion and value。当然该题也可通过同义词对应解题：选项中的expect对应空格前的want,表“需求”。‎ ‎ 2. 同义词/近义词：英语前言后语之间往往有同义词、近义词、近义表达语甚至相同词汇的重复使用，这是我们解题的一个很好的判断线索。其实就其本质而言，上文讲的代词和下文将涉及的上下义词和同一范畴词都是特殊的同义/近义词。‎ ‎  例题：Laura Ashley made a fortune by looking back to past centuries, searching for old designs to decorate a variety of clothes and household furnishings. _____.‎ ‎  正确的选项是：These traditional products created a huge wave of demand from the States and elsewhere.‎ ‎  例题分析：空格前句中的old和选项中的traditional是近义词，是很明显的同义对应关系。‎ ‎   有的时候，如果选项中出现空格前后句里相同的词汇，尤其是实词（特别是名词），这往往是很好的提示。这就是所谓的同词重复现象。‎ 例题：51 You don’t show your secret personality when you are awake because you can control your behavior, but when you are asleep，your sleeping position shows the real you．‎ 正确选项为Everyone has got two personalities—the one that is shown to the world and the other that is secret and real．‎ 例题分析：空格后句和空格里都出现了personality，secret，在读选项的时候很容易注意到这个同词重复的解题线索。‎ ‎3. 上下义词/同一范畴词：　什么是上下义词和同一范畴词？举个例子你们就明白了。Fruit和apple之间就是上下义词，因为前者包含了后者，或可以说后者是前者的一个子集。Apple和orange之间则是同一范畴的关系，都属于fruit。利用前后句中这样的特殊的同义关系常常可以很轻松地解题。‎ ‎  例题：A recently study by American management institute shows that the processing of documents takes up 60% of office works’ time, 40% of labor costs and up to 10% of business income. ______.‎ 正确的选项是：These figures are hardly surprising since documents convey nine-tenths of all information.‎ ‎  例题分析：选项中的these figures 提示我们前句一定出现了大于等于三个数字，figure/number/ data等都是表示“数字、数据”的意思，空格前面出现了三个百分数，属于数字的一种，是上下义词的关系。‎ ‎  例题：Certain key products have been subject to a thorough review, most notably menswear, where significant advances have been made in product design and manufacture. ____________.All of these have reported an increase in market share.‎ ‎  正确的选项是：Other areas where product innovation has been particularly effective are in lingerie, （女士内衣） gifts and home ware.‎ ‎　例题分析：空格后句开头的all of these 提示我们空格里面肯定出现大于等于三个并列的名词概念，正是选项中的lingerie（女士内衣）, gifts（礼品）and home ‎ ware（家居用品），这三个名词与前句中的menswear(男士服装)属于同一范畴类的事物，都是百货商店中的常见商品类别。从这道例题我们还能得出这样一个有用的结论：很多题目的衔接可能不止一个，我们可以从不同的角度来解题或对答案进行验证。‎ ‎4)数字线索：包括具体数字以及和数字相关的词汇诸如numbers, rate等等。作者列出数字，除了和其他数字进行对比和比较之外，还可以用数据来说明一个观点。‎ Researchers analyzed the contents of 28 strawberry-flavored products sold in stores．   72   Of the 11 products that did contain strawberries, five of them contained less than one percent real fruit．In addition, each juice box contained nearly eight teaspoons of sugar． 正确答案为They found that about 60 percent of them didn't contain any fruit at all．从数字60 percent，空后11和空前的28可以推出此空与数字有关。再从空中的them和空后的the 11 products可以推测前面提到了products.‎ 二．逻辑衔接根据前后句之间的逻辑关系又细分为：解释关系、例证关系、因果关系、顺逆关系。‎ ‎　　1. 解释关系：　前后句之间含有解释的逻辑关系，这样的逻辑关系是很隐蔽的。‎ 例题______that’s why I don’t wear a white coat.正确选项：He has tried to create an environment where people are not afraid ‎  例题分析：后面说不穿白大褂，前面则为解释的原因。‎ ‎　　2. 例证关系：前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式多样，但就其本质而言无非是思维上的形象（例子、类比等）和抽象（观点）的辩证关系，用到的思维过程无非就是基本的归纳（从例子到观点）和推理（从观点到例子）。‎ 例题：Manager should provide regular feedback to their staff.______.‎ 正确选项：For example, when good work has been done it must be praised.‎ 例题分析：选项是对前句举了一个十分明显的例子。‎ ‎　　3. 因果关系：　前后句的逻辑是因果关系，常见的逻辑表达有：because, for, since, as, the reason is that，result in/ from, be due to, be attributed to 等等。还有一些表示因果逻辑关系的表达是比较隐蔽的，如：underlie（前者构成后者的基础，实际是前者是因，后者是果），再如：in response to(前者作为后者的回应，即后者是因，前者是果)。‎ ‎  例题：There is no doubt that, in an increasingly competitive trading environment, we are better equipped than ever to compete and to win and we feel increasingly optimistic.______.‎ ‎   正确选项：This is due to our now having a clear strategy（战略） with a focus on the customer, product improvement  例题分析：选项句中有一个非常重要的形容词clear，这个词足以说明该公司的strategy(战略)是正确的，一家公司有着清晰而正确的战略思想当然会使其蒸蒸日上。空格前面一句正是讲的该公司踌躇满志，十分乐观。空格句开头的this is due to 反映出这样的因果逻辑关系。‎ ‎　　4. 顺逆关系：英语行文中后句对前句不是顺承逻辑关系就是逆转逻辑关系，这是显然的常识。如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的逆转，则空格处很有可能是个转折逻辑的句子。‎ ‎  例题： know as Glasgow’s most fashionable dentist,正确选项Jerome is keen to point out that he takes his work very ‎ seriously.：.　例题分析：空格前句作者用了一个as引起的倒装表示尽管他是城里最时尚的牙医，但人家对工作可是（take seriously），不是绣花枕头。所以考生可以在备选项中搜寻转折逻辑的各种表达法，很快就能找出正确的选项。‎ 逻辑关系线索词汇 　(a)并列与递进关系： and, or, also，neither…nor…,either…or…,likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say ,as well as, the same …as,besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition to ,what is more ‎　(b)因果关系：because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so…that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, as a result ,because of ,in that, for this reason, of course ‎　(c)转折让步关系：but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, whereas, unlike, rather than ,instead of, it is true that,of course,although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of ‎　(d)时间关系：afterwards, at first, at last, finally, first, firstly, in the first place, to start with，in the mean time, last, later, next, second, secondly, then, third, thirdly, to begin with以及一些具体的时间。‎ 三：出题位置 ‎1)如果问题在段首 ‎(a)通常是段落主题句。认真阅读后文内容，根据段落一致性原则，查找同义词或其他相关的词，推断出主题句。‎ ‎(b)与后文是并列、转折、因果关系等。着重阅读后文第一两句，锁定线索信号词，然后在选项中查找相关特征词。通常正确答案的最后一句与空白后的第一句在意思上是紧密衔接的，因此这两句间会有 某种的衔接手段，尤其当选项是几句话时。比如，如果选项中出现时间年代时，往往要注意与原文中年代的前后对应关系。‎ ‎(c)段落间的过渡句。这时要前瞻后望找启示，即阅读上一段结尾部分，通常正确答案与上一段结尾有机地衔接起来，并结合下一段内容，看所选的答案是否将两段内容连贯起来。‎ ‎2)如果问题在段尾 ‎(a)空白前的一句或两句是重点语句，重点阅读以锁定关键词。‎ ‎(b)通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的信号词，如therefore, as a result, thus, hence, in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word等词语，选项中也可发现前文的同义词句。‎ ‎(c)与前文是转折或对比关系。此时要注意在选项中查找表示转折、对比的关联词，同时注意选项中所讲内容是否与前文在同一主题上形成对立、对比关系。‎ ‎(d)与前文是并列或排比关系。在这种情况下，通常是该段落要求补全说明本段主题的其他细节，因此根据段落一致性原则，在原文和选项中找到相关的特征词，通常在选项中会出现表示并列/递进关系的关联词或与前文类似的句式结构，或出现同义词等其他信号线索。前面的一句与正确答案的第一句是紧密相连的。要特别注意阅读这样相连的两句，通常会找到关键的线索词句。‎ ‎(e)所选答案是引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否与选项的最后一句紧密连接起来。‎ ‎　(f)如果第一段的段尾是空白，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案中应有这样的特征词。‎ 例文 一 ‎　Most drinks stating that they are fruit-flavored （水果味道的） contain no fruit at all, while most of the rest contain only a small quantity of fruit, according to a study carried by the British Food Commission． 　　 "Shoppers need to check the labels（标签）before buying drinks, though sometimes the actual content can be non-existent," said Food Commission spokesperson Lan Tokelove．"Food production is highly competitive．___71 __ It will increase profits, and consumers won't always realize they are being tricked." 　　Flavorings are focused on the flavors of natural food products such as fruits, meats and vegetables, or creating flavor for food products that do not have the desired flavors．Researchers analyzed the contents of 28 strawberry-flavored products sold in stores．   72   Of the 11 products that did contain strawberries, five of them contained less than one percent real fruit．In addition, each juice box contained nearly eight teaspoons of sugar． 　　    73    Let's take jam as an example. Some strawberry-flavored jam was labeled as containing no artificial colors, flavors, or sweeteners, but it contained absolutely no strawberries at all. 　　74    Consumers have the rights to know clearly about what they have bought．Under current UK law. Food packages do no not have to distinguish between natural and artificial flavoring. "Describing a product as strawberry flavor and covering the surface of the packed with pictures of stawberries is misleading.   75  Unfortunatcly, it is also legal and widespread," Tokelove said. 　　A．The products which contain real fruit are popular with people． 　　B．Even products advertised as more natural often contained no fruit． 　　C．They found that about 60 percent of them didn't contain any fruit at all． 　　D．If companies can cut their costs by using flavoring, they are likely to do so． 　　E．It is important and necessary to demand a small amount of flavoring in the products． 　　F．Actually the product contains just a tiny percentage of strawberry or even no fruit at all． 　　G．The Food Commission suggested all flavors used in a product should be listed on the packaging.‎ 利用代词线索范文（二）‎ 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。‎ ‎ On a typical hot August day in Xianyou County, Fujian Province, Zeng Demei, a retired worker in his seventies, hurries down a busy street．In his hand is a black leather bag．Zeng opens his bag, taking out two forms． 71_____. ‎ ‎ Each of the forms contains detailed information of a student．On his arrival two hours later a woman greets him and leads him to her office where another man is waiting．They are the two village officials．They inspect the forms handed to them by Zeng and immediately recognize the girls． 72 _____ ? "It’s a pity but it doesn't matter．" says Zeng, who wastes no time in deciding to look for the remaining child, Su Qiuju．‎ ‎ After half an hour, they stop outside a small house made of mud brick．A middle-aged man and a girl in a faded pink dress greet them．Su Qiuju is eight years old．She was forced to drop out of school after both her parents died．She is now living with her uncle who cannot afford his own children's education．However, the year of education Su Qiuju did complete was a successful one． 73 _____ ．‎ ‎ When they are about to leave, Zeng says, "I must find a supporter for this girl to sponsor her education．" Zeng has made it his retirement task to help children complete their schooling．Back in 1999, Zeng took part in a campaign started by the local women's organization to help students from poor families． 74 _ His task had begun and since then he has spent his time persuading his friends and neighbors and others to donate money．"To me, children's education is the most important． 75 I have to find sufficient funding before the school opens in September．"‎ ‎ When asked how long he will keep up his vital work as the community's guardian angel, he has a simple reply．" Not until my eyes can't see, and my feet can't move．"‎ A．They were having problems with their schoolwork B．These are for the two girls he's going to visit this morning C．They live in a small village not very far, though only one of the girls is still living at home D．She displayed a talent for handwriting, writing her three-character name neatly and beautifully E．The thought of students dropping out of school bothers me so much that I can't get to sleep at night F．Of course, some people question why I would want to give up my retirement to go to so much trouble G．He was so overcome by the tough situation of many poor children ?that he donated all his money to help out a girl ‎（三）下面再从逻辑关系上看一篇文章（2009年高考英语辽宁卷阅读理解新题型样题）‎ Taking good notes is a time-saving skill that will help you to become a batter student in several ways71 Second, your notes are excellent materials to refer to when you are studying for a test. Third, note-taking offers variety to your study time and helps you to hold your interest.‎ You will want to take notes during classroom discussions and while reading a textbook or doing research for a report.72 Whenever or however you take notes, keep in mind that note-taking is a selective process.73‎ The following methods may work best for you.‎ ‎●Read the text quickly to find the main facts and ideas in it.‎ ‎●Carefully read the text and watch for words that can show main points and supporting facts.‎ ‎● Write your notes in your own words.‎ ‎● 74‎ ‎● Note any questions or ideas you may have about what was said or written.‎ As you take notes, you may want to use your own shorthand(速记). When you do, be sure that you understand your symbols and that you use them all the time.75‎ A. Use words, not complete sentences.‎ B. There are three practical note-taking methods.‎ C. You must write your notes on separate paper.‎ D. Otherwise, you may not be able to read your notes later.‎ E. you will also want to develop your own method for taking notes.‎ F. That means you must first decide what is important enough to include in your notes.‎ G. First, the simple act of writing something down makes it easier for you to understand and remember it.‎ ‎（四）Muzak ‎    The next time you go into a bank, a store, or a supermarket, stop and listen. What do you hear?   71  It’s similar to the music you listen to, but it’s not exactly the same. That’s because this music was especially designed to relax you, or to give you extra energy. Sometimes you don’t even realize the music is playing, but you react to the music anyway.‎ ‎    Quiet background music used to be called "elevator (电梯) music" because we often heard it in elevators. But lately we hear it in more and more places, and it has a new name "Muzak". About one-third of the people in America listen to "Muzak" everyday. The music plays for 15 minutes at a time, with short pauses in between. It is always more lively between ten and eleven in the morning, and between three and four in the afternoon, when people are more tired.    72    ‎ If you listen to Muzak carefully, you will probably recognize the names of many of the songs. Some musicians or songwriters don’t want their songs to be used as Muzak, but others are happy when their songs are chosen. Why?    73         ‎ Music is often played in public places because it is designed to make people feel less lonely when they are in an airport or a hotel. It has been proven that Muzak doeswhat it is designed to do. Tired ‎ office workers suddenly have more energy when they hear the pleasant sound of Muzak in the background.     74     Supermarket shoppers buy 38 percent more groceries.‎ ‎         75     . They say it’s boring to hear the same songs all the time. But other people enjoy hearing Muzak in public places. They say it helps them relax and feel calm. One way or another, Muzak affects everyone. Some farmers even say their cows give more milk when they hear Muzak!‎ ‎    A. Some people don’t like Muzak.‎ ‎    B. The music gives them extra energy.‎ ‎    C. Music is playing in the background.‎ ‎    D. Factory workers produce 13 percent more.‎ ‎    E. Muzak tends to help people understand music better.‎ ‎    F. They get as much as $4 million a year if their songs are used.‎ ‎    G. Muzak is played in most of the big supermarkets in the world.‎ ‎（五）‎ The wife-carrying World Championship has been celebrated in a small town in central Finland since 1992. In 1992, the people of the town decided to restart some long-forgotten traditions. 71 He was said to only accept men as members of his gang who proved their worth in challenges. At that time, it was also a common practice to steal women from neighboring villages.‎ ‎ 72 A large number of competitors, people, and journalist s from Finland to Canada attend the Wife-carrying World Championship every year.‎ ‎ 73 The Wife-carrying World Championship is held on a 253.3 meters long official track. The track has two dry obstacles and a water obstacle, about a meter deep. The wife to be carried may be your own, or your neighbor’s. The minimum weight of the wife to be carried is 49 kg. If she is less than 49kg. If she is less than 49kg, the wife will be given a heavy bag to carry. Each time a competitor drops his wife, that couple will be fined 15 seconds. 74 ‎ ‎ Alongside with the Wife-carring World Championship, there is also a team competition. The distance is the same but three men in the team carry the wife in turns. At the exchange point the carrier has to drink official “wife-carrying drink.” Then he may continue the race. 75 ‎ ‎ While the Wife-carrying World Championship is being held, there are bands playing music, a wife carrying dance and other forms of entertainment.‎ ‎ A．There are a few basic rules.‎ ‎ B．People everywhere hold the event.‎ ‎ C．A special prize is awarded to the team.‎ ‎ D．Do you know how these traditions restarted?‎ ‎ E．This event is becoming increasingly popular.‎ ‎ F．The winner is the couple who complete the course in the shortest time.‎ ‎ G．Back in the late 1800s, there was a robber called Rosvo-Ronkainen in that area.‎ ‎ （六） The Mississippi ‎ The Mississippi is a great river whose relationship with man goes way back beyond its discovery in the 16th century. The River Indians used it as a highway and as a source of food, and it was they who gave it its name—“misi”meaning“great”and“sipi”meaning“water”．When the length of its branch, the Missouri, is added to it, the Mississippi becomes greater. 71 . From the source of the Missouri to the tip of the delta (三角洲), it is 2, 480 miles long.‎ ‎ Great rivers are likely to suffer floods. In 1927 the Mississippi flooded 26 thousand acres, sweeping away farms, ‎ towns, everything in its path. In 1938 its floods drowned or killed 200 people and made millions homeless. Today the river has largely been controlled. 72 .‎ ‎ Industries have spread down some of the waterways of the delta, but otherwise the delta is a remote place, the homeland of a little colony of French Canadians that the British drove out of Nova Scotia in the 18th century. They still speak French, mixed with English, Indian, Spanish and Negro idioms. They keep to themselves, fanning the rich soil of the delta. 73 .‎ ‎ 74 . Pioneers who first reached its banks wondered not only where it went, but what lay beyond. In 1764 the French founded a city on the right bank of the river, and named it after their king, Louis XV. This city, named St. Louis, became the jumping-off place for the adventurous men and women who opened up the Great Plains, and the way to the Far West.‎ ‎ Some 40 years earlier, at the beginning of the 18th century, the French had founded another city just above the Mississippi delta, New Orleans. 75 . New Orleans is one of the great ports of the world, and one of the greatest terminals for both sea and river traffic.‎ ‎ A．It was the Mississippi that made the city what it is ‎ B．Levees, high banks built of earth, hold back the flood waters ‎ C．Therefore, as we know, it’s the third longest river in the world ‎ D．It is known that the“Great Water”has also been a frontier river ‎ E．However, they paddled up and down the Mississippi in their boats to seek their fortune ‎ F．The“Great Water”always remains a thread, for the streets of the city are below the level of the river ‎ G．They call themselves Cajuns, who have actually been leading fairly primitive lives and preserving their own traditions ‎（七）‎ ‎ If you walk into W. Lloyd Jerome’s dental surgery(手术) in Glasgow, you’ll see bright paintings and a fashionable blue couch which patients sit on while he checks their teeth. Jerome says, ‘That’s because they’re frightened.’‎ ‎ 71 ‘That’s why I don’t wear a white coat. I find that’s one of the things that people associate with pain. In fact, my philosophy is that dental treatment should take place in an atmosphere of relaxation, interest and, above all , enjoyment.’‎ ‎ Which is all highly shocking for anyone who associates dental treatment with pain, or at the very least, formal, chinical visits. He says, ‘If people are relaxed, entertained and correctly treated, they will forget such previous unpleasant experiences.’‎ ‎ Virtual - reality headsets are one of his new relaxation techniques, ‘ 72 The headsets are used for the first check – up, where the patient sits on the blue couch and watches an underwear film while I look at their teeth. “Then the headset switches to a special camera, to give the patient a visual tour around their mouth.’‎ ‎ Another key point is that the surgery smells more like a perfume shop than a dentist’s. Today there is the smell of orange. “When people walk in, I want them to realize with all their senses that it’s not like going to dentist’s. Smell is very important. 73 ’‎ ‎ Known as Clasgow’s most fashionable dentist, Jerome is keen to point out that he takes his work very seriously. ‘ 74 ’‎ ‎ For example, Jerome uses a special instrument which sprays warm water on the teeth to clean them, rather than scraping them. ‘It feels a bit strange, but as long as people are relaxed, it’s not painful.’‎ ‎ 75 ‘One of the things I found out there was that when you make it easier for the patient, you make it easier for yourself’ He sees his patient – centred attitude as the start of a gradual movement towards less formality in the conservative British dentistry profession.‎ ‎ At that moment, a patient arrives. Jerome rushes over, offers him a cup of tea, askes him what video he’d like to watch and leads him gently towards the chair.‎ ‎ A. Five years ago, Jerome went to the United States to do research.‎ ‎ B. He has tried to create an environment where people are not afraid.‎ ‎ C. The relaxation techniques are important but the quality of the treatment is the most important thing.‎ ‎ D. We were the first practice in Britain to introduce them.‎ ‎ E. Now they look forward to their visits here.‎ ‎ F. That dental smell of surgical spirit can get the heart racing in minutes if you’re frightened of dentists.‎ ‎ G. Fifty percent of the population only go to the dentist when they’re in pain.‎ ‎（八）‎ ‎ Friends play an important part in our lives，and although we may take the fact of friendship for granted, we often don’t clearly understand how we make friends. While we get on well with a number of people, 71 ．‎ ‎ Moreover, a great many relationships come under the general term “friendship”．In all cases，two people like one another and enjoy being together，but beyond that，the degree of closeness between them and the reasons for their interest in each other change greatly．‎ ‎ At the beginning, much depends on how people meet，and on good first impressions. As we get to know people, 72 . Although these factors are not of the greatest importance，it is more difficult to have a good relationship with people when there is a big difference in age and background．‎ ‎ Then, 73 ．Friends will stand closer together and will spend more time looking at each other than ordinary friends．Smiles and soft voices also express friendliness，and it is because they may give the wrong signals that shy people often have difficulty making friends. A friendly look with a wrong facial expression can turn into an unfriendly stare，and nervousness may be wrongly understood as unfriendliness．‎ ‎ Some relationships are a result of argument and discussion，but it is usual for close friends to have the same ideas and beliefs，the same opinion and interests. The more closely involved people become．the more they depend on each other. And 74 . Equally, friends have to learn to make allowances for each other, to put up with annoying habits，and to accept differences in opinion.‎ ‎ In contrast with marriage, 75 . But the support and understanding that results fro m shared experiences and affections does seem to create a close and lasting relationship A．we are usually friends with only a few B．many factors can affect friendship and relationship C．people want to do friends favors and hate to let them down D．argument and discussion can improve personal relationships E．we consider things like age，race，looks，economic and social status，etc F．we pay attention to actual behavior，facial expression，and the way a person speaks G．there a re no friendship ceremonies to strengthen the relationship between two people ‎ （九）Brain Transplants ‎ Research on the human brain has been attracting more and more scientists in recent years. 71 If we compare a human brain to a hard disc, what the scientists are doing is to make better use of the hard disc. ‎ ‎ The idea that a human brain could be transplanted (移植) may come from Frankenstein. In 1999, an experiment turned a bear into a dolphin (海豚). 72 They were made of the memory area in the dolphin’s brain containing information about swimming. They had a series of useful information, which was saved into a button – sized chip (芯片). Later the information was transplanted into the action memory area in the bear’s brain. 73 It proved to be a highly successful experiment and a bear was turned into a dolphin. ‎ ‎ Recently, another memory transplant was performed at the Motor Nerve Rescarch Instance of the University‎ of ‎California. The experiment bad an entire transplant of the memory area. 74 The transplant was performed from a dog named Cenius to a dog named idiot. Cenius could follow up to 100 gestures and orders made by its master. It was a real genius in memorizing. However, Idiot had no contact with people since its birth. It because an animal with nothing in its brain, without any memory.‎ ‎ 75 When the two dogs woke up, Idiot had grasped all the abilities Cenius possessed; it was good at memorizing and sensible. It could follow every gesture and any command given by its master. But Cenius gave no response to its master, and did not recognize him at all.‎ ‎ A．The experiment was a complete success.‎ ‎ B．It included actions, moods, logic, words, images, etc.‎ ‎ C．Then it was released (释放) by means of electric power.‎ ‎ D．Different images have different meanings in the memory area.‎ ‎ E．Using the most advanced technology, detailed images were produced.‎ ‎ F．Discoveries show that messages are carried by the central nervous system in the brain.‎ ‎ G．One of the latest topics is how to change the human brain or combine it with the computer. ‎ ‎（十）‎ ‎ Speaking in public is most people’s least favorite thing. The reason is that we are all alraid of making foods of ourselves. 66 .‎ ‎ But stop biting your finger-mails. Public speaking is easy . It’s just plain talking, and you talk all the time. Although I’m basically shy (honest!). I’ve been making speeches and talking on radio and television for more than 30 years. And I can tell you that public speaking is not a “gift” like musical talent．_ 67 .Here are some of the lessons I have learned:‎ ‎ Your aud ience is going to come away with one or two of your main ideas．One or two．Not ten or twenty． 68 ．And if you don't have a clear idea of what you want to say, there's no way vour audience will． 69 ___—how you are going to open, what major points you want to make and how you're going to close．‎ ‎ When I do a radio or TV piece, I often write the last sentence first． 70 ．A strong close is critical; the last thing you say is what your audience will most likely remember．‎ ‎ The standard length of a vaudeville act is usually 12 minutes．If all those performers singing and dancing their hearts out couldn't go on longer without boring the audience, what makes you think you can?‎ ‎ A．Some people are bom to be good at making speech ‎ B．Anybody who can talk can speak in public ‎ C．Try to relax yourself before making the speech ‎ D．The more important the speech is, the more frightened we become ‎ E．It you can't express in a sentence or two what you intend to get across, then your speech is not focused well enough ‎ F．When you know where you're headed, you can choose any route to get there ‎ G．No matter how long or short your speech is, you've got to get your ducks in a row