高考英语一轮复习 状语从句学案

高考英语一轮复习 状语从句学案

在复合句中作状语的从句叫状语从句。状语从句有时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等种类。‎ 一、时间状语从句 引导时间状语从句的连接词有: when, as, while, after, before, since, ever since, as soon as, once, till, until, whenever, no sooner…than, hardly/scarcely...when, the moment/minute/instant/second, every time, each time, any time, the first time, next time, last time, all the time, by the time, directly, immediately, instantly等。‎ ‎1.表示“一···就···”的句型 ‎1) as soon as/once ‎ As soon as he arrives, I'll call you.他一到，我就给你打电话。（as soon as 侧重时间或动作先后衔接紧，而once侧重条件，表示“一旦...”）‎ ‎2) on doing sth/on one's + n.作时间状语 ‎ On arriving at the station, the thief was arrested.‎ ‎ 一到达车站，这个小偷就被逮捕了。‎ ‎ On his arrival in Paris, he was recognized as a noble and thrown into prison. 他一到达巴黎，就被认出是一个贵族，并被投入监狱。‎ ‎3) no sooner ...than , hardly/scarcely...when ‎ 它们表“一…就”。结构中的否定词放在句首时，主句要倒装。（主句都用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。）‎ ‎ No sooner had he reached home than it began to rain.‎ ‎ 他刚到家，天就开始下雨了。‎ ‎ Hardly/Scarcely had I entered the room when the phone rang.‎ ‎ 我一进屋，电话就响了。‎ 注意 当no sooner, hardly, scarcely不放在句首时，主句不倒装，如：‎ ‎ I had no sooner reached the bus stop than the bus started.‎ ‎ 我刚到车站，车就开走了。‎ ‎ I had scarcely（hardly）entered the room when the phone rang.‎ ‎4）the moment, the instant, the minute, the second ‎ The moment I saw him, I recognized him.‎ ‎ 我一看见他，就认出了他。‎ ‎ We'll leave the minute you are ready.‎ ‎ 你一准备好，我们就出发。‎ ‎5)有些副词如：instantly, immediately, directly可用作连词，后接从句。‎ ‎ I left immediately the clock struck 5.‎ ‎ 我刚走，钟就敲了五点。‎ ‎2. when, while, as引导时间状语从句 ‎1) when的用法 ‎①when既可指时间点，也可指时间段（即：从句动词可以是短暂的也可是延续的）；主从句动作可同时也可先后发生。‎ ‎ I was thin when I was a child. ‎ ‎ 当我是个孩子的时候,我很瘦。‎ ‎ It was raining when I arrived.我到达时，天正在下雨。‎ ‎②在when引导时间状语从句时，如果从句主语与主句主语相同或为it，且从句有be动词，则从句可省主语和be动词，如：‎ ‎ When (you are) in trouble, you can visit this man.‎ ‎ 当你有麻烦时，可以找这个人。‎ ‎ She is always listening to music when（she is) doing her homework. 当她做作业时，总是听音乐。‎ ‎③when在下列结构中, 译成“这时”,它引导的是并列句 be about to do ... when, be doing ... when, had done ···when,‎ be on one's way ... when, be on the point of doing ... when（参见“连词”部分when的用法）‎ ‎2）while用法 while只能指一段时间，从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。强调某一段时间内发生主句动作，相当于during the time that....‎ ‎ My mother was cooking while I was doing my homework.‎ ‎ 当我在做作业时，妈妈在做饭。‎ ‎ I am safe while I am here.我在这儿的时候，我很安全。‎ 注意 while除引导时间状语从句外，还引导对比句，作“然而”讲；并可在句首引出让步状语从句作“虽然···但”讲。‎ ‎ I like watching TV, while he likes reading.‎ ‎ 我喜欢看电视，而他喜欢读书。‎ ‎ While he has his own car, he often uses mine.‎ ‎ 尽管他自己有车，他却常用我的。‎ ‎3) as的用法 ‎① as引导时间状语从句时常可和when换用，但较强调同时发生，多指短暂动作。‎ As I left the house, I forgot the key.我离家时，忘了带钥匙。‎ ‎② as还可说明两种正在发展或变化的情况，“随着...”的意思，表时间的推移。如：‎ As I get older, I get more optimistic.‎ 随着年龄的增长，我变得更加乐观。‎ ‎③as表“一边…一边…”，引出伴随动作。‎ He hurried home, looking behind as he went.‎ 他匆忙地回家，边走边往后看。‎ ‎④用以强调两个动作紧接着发生。‎ As he was going out, it began to rain.‎ 当他出去的时候，天开始下雨了。‎ ‎⑤as有时引出一个名词，相当于一个时间状语从句。‎ As a boy (when he was a boy), he was hopeless at maths.‎ 当他是孩子时，他对数学失去希望。‎ ‎3. before引导的时间状语从句 ‎①before引导的时间状语从句不用否定式谓语。‎ Before they got to the bus stop, the bus had gone.‎ 在他们到达公共汽车站之前，公共汽车已经走了。‎ ‎②在“It be + 时间段 + before从句”句型中，肯定句译成“…（之后）才”，否定句译成 ‎“…就”。该句型有一般过去时、过去将来时、一般将来时三个时态，且有否定句。‎ It will be some time before... do...‎ It was some time before...did...‎ It would be some time before...did...‎ It was long before...did...“很久才···”‎ It wasn't long before...did...“不久就...”‎ It will be many years before the chemicals start to escape from the containers. 多年以后化学物质才开始从容器中逃逸。‎ It was not long before he came back.不久他就回来了。‎ It was a long time before he got to sleep again.‎ 很久他才再次入睡。‎ It was a week before he could tell his story.‎ ‎ 一个星期后他才能讲述他的经历。‎ ‎ It wasn't long before he told us about himself.‎ ‎ 不久他就给我们讲述了他自己的故事。‎ ‎▲before可译成“未来得及”‎ He had measured me before I could get a word.‎ 我还未来得及插话，他就量好了尺寸。‎ ‎▲before可译成“趁着还没”‎ I'll write it down before I forget.‎ 趁着还没忘我要把它写下来。‎ ‎4. until和till ‎ ‎1)“延续性动词肯定式+until”表示“动作延续到…为止，”译为“直到…为止”，如：‎ I waited for him until he came back. 我一直等到他回来。‎ ‎2)“终止性动词的否定式+ until”表示“直到···才”。‎ He didn't go to bed until he had finished his work. 直到完成工作他才睡觉。‎ ‎3)用于强调句式“It is not until ...that ...”‎ It was not until the professor came that we began the experiment.‎ 在教授到来之后，我们才开始实验。‎ ‎4) not until放在句首时，主句倒装。‎ Not until he graduated did he succeed in obtaining this compound. 直到他毕业他才成功获得这种化合物。‎ 注意 句首和强调句中要用until，而不用till；not...until...句型中不用till。‎ ‎5. since引导时间状语从句，意为“自从…时起”，主句要用完成时。‎ Mr. Li has been here since he came back.‎ 自从李先生回来以后，他一直在这儿。‎ I haven't heard from him since he lived here.‎ 自从他住在这儿以来，我就没有收到过他的来信。‎ I've known Mr. Smith since I was a boy.‎ 我小的时候就认识史密斯先生了。‎ ‎6.时间状语从句的省略式 ‎ 当时间状语从句的主语和主句主语相同或为it，从句又含be 动词时，从句可省略主语和be动词。在不产生歧义时，连词也可省去。如：‎ Once (it is) seen, it can never be forgotten.‎ 一旦被看见过，永远也不会被忘记。‎ 二、地点状语从句 ‎1.地点状语从句主要由where, wherever anywhere, everywhere引导。‎ ‎ We must camp where we can get water.‎ ‎ 我们必须在能找到水的地方露营。‎ ‎ I will follow you wherever you go.‎ ‎ 无论你到何处我都要跟随你。‎ ‎2.地点状语从句与定语从句的区别：‎ where引导定语从句，从句前应有一个表示地点的名词作先行词。‎ ‎ Go back where you came from.（where引导地点状语从句）‎ ‎ Go back to the village where you came from.‎ ‎（where引导定语从句，village为先行词）‎ 三、原因状语从句 ‎ 原因状语从句由because, as , since, now (that)（既然）, in that（因为，多于口语中）,seeing (that)（鉴于，由于）,considering that（考虑到）等引导。‎ ‎1. because用来回答why提出的问题，表直接的因果关系，用于告知对方不知道的原因，语气最强，可用于强调句。‎ ‎ He didn't attend the meeting because he was ill.‎ ‎ 他没参加会议，因为他病了。‎ ‎ It was because he was ill that he didn't go with us.‎ ‎ 因为他有病，他没有和我们一起去。‎ 注意 because和because of的区别：because是连词，引导从句，because of是短语介词，后接名词性词语，如：‎ ‎ The football match was put off because it rained.‎ ‎ The football match was put off because of the rain.‎ ‎ 因为下雨，足球赛延期了。‎ ‎2. since, as, now that引导的原因状语从句，不能用于强调句。‎ ‎①since的语气比because稍弱，表示关系上的自然结果，特别用于原因已经清楚了的事情，一般译成“既然，鉴于”（往往放在主句之前）如：‎ ‎ Since you have known the secret, I needn't say anything about it. 既然你已经知道了这个秘密，我就不必说了。‎ ‎②as语气最弱，说明一般的因果关系，表显而易见的原因或倒果为因的说法（可放在主句之前，亦可放在主句之后），如：‎ ‎ As he didn't know much English, he got out his dictionary and looked up the word “cough”.‎ ‎ 他对英语懂得不多，他拿出字典查找“cough”这个词。‎ ‎ As the ground is wet, it must have rained last night.（倒果为因）‎ ‎ 昨晚一定下了雨，地面是湿的。‎ ‎③ now that用来说明一种新情况，然后加以推论。now that放句首时that可省略：‎ ‎ Now (that) everybody is here, let's begin.‎ ‎3. for 也可以表示原因，属并列连词，不是说明直接原因，而是对某种情况加以推断，表示补充说明理由。而推断的理由会因人而异。语气很弱，它引出的分句必须放在另一分句后。‎ ‎ He must be ill, for he is absent today.‎ ‎4.原因状语从句有时可以用分词形式表现。‎ ‎ As he was blind, he couldn't see anything.‎ ‎ Being blind, he couldn't see anything.‎ 四、条件状语从句 ‎1．由if, unless（if...not）, so/as long as, supposing(that)（假设）, in case（万一…, 以防…）, so/as far as（就...而言）, on condition that（条件是...）, provided/providing (that)（假若）引导。‎ Tell me about it if you have time.‎ I won't go unless I'm invited.‎ Take an umbrella with you in case it rains.‎ You may use the room as/so long as you clean it up afterwards.‎ ‎2.“祈使句+and/or/or else/otherwise+陈述句”的句型中，祈使句在意义上实际上相当于条件状语从句。‎ ‎ Use your head, and you'll find a way.‎ ‎ Hurry up or else (otherwise) you’ll be late.‎ ‎3. if only也可以引导条件状语从句,只不过较少使用而已。only if也引导条件状语从句，意思是“只有在...条件下”‎ ‎ If (only) it clears up, I will go.‎ ‎4.条件状语从句中一般要用一般现在时态表将来。‎ ‎ I will go if you go.‎ ‎5.条件状语从句中的省略问题 ‎1)从句主语为it,又有系动词be时，可以省略从句中主语和be动词。‎ ‎ Come tomorrow if (it is) possible.‎ ‎ If so, you must get back and get it.‎ ‎ 还有诸如if necessary“如果有必要”，if any“如果有”，if in need“若需要”。‎ ‎2）如果if从句的主语和主句的主语一致，谓语动词又有be,可以把从句中的主语和be省略掉。‎ ‎ If (water is) heated, water sends out steam.‎ ‎6.条件句中的虚拟与倒装 ‎① if引导的条件状语从句若与过去或现在事实不符，或对未来进行不可能的假设，就要用虚拟语气。（详见虚拟语气部分）‎ ‎②省略if的虚拟条件从句：若条件从句的谓语动词有were, had或should,可以把if省去，而把were，had或should移到主语前构成倒装。‎ Had I arrived there earlier, I would have seen him.‎ ‎ Were it not for him, I would not have the chance to go home.‎ ‎ Should he be here tomorrow, I would give him a hand.‎ 五、目的状语从句 由so that（以便）， in order that（为了），for fear that（= in case）（以免），lest（以防）引导，谓语常含may, might, can, could, will, would等情态动词。‎ They set out early so that they might arrive at the station in good time.‎ I'll speak slowly so that/in order that you can understand.‎ He wrote the name down for fear that（lest）he would forget.‎ ‎★当从句与主句主语一致时，可用to do, so as to do, in order to do结构换用。‎ ‎ He worked day and night in order that he could succeed.‎ ‎ He worked day and night in order to succeed.‎ 六、结果状语从句 ‎1.常用的连词有so that，so ... that, such...that, that（带古英语痕迹）。（结果状语从句中一般无情态动词）‎ ‎ He had overslept so that he was late for work.‎ ‎ My pen fell under my desk that I couldn't see it.‎ ‎2. so/such ...that所用句式 ‎①so + adj（adv) + that从句 ‎ The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.‎ ‎②so+adj +a/an+单名+ that从句＝such a/an+adj.+单名+that从句 ‎ She is so beautiful a girl that all the boys of our class like her.‎ ‎ =She is such a beautiful girl that all the boys of our class like her.‎ ‎③so many/few +复名+ that从句 ‎ so much/little+不可数名词+ that从句 There are so many apples on the desk that we each have one. ‎ There is so little water that you can't drink.‎ ‎④such +a/an + adj + 单名+ that从句 ‎ She is such a good girl that she can help you.‎ ‎⑤such + adj +复名/不可数名+ that从句 ‎ It was such bad weather that we all stayed home.‎ ‎ He has such interesting books that he keeps reading all day.‎ 注意 little表“小，可爱”时，用such不用so修饰。‎ ‎ He is such a little boy that his patents often teach him something.‎ 七、方式状语从句 ‎ 由as, as if (as though)引导。‎ ‎ Do as you like. ‎ ‎ He spoke as if he had been there before.‎ 注意 as if, as though从句与事实相反时用虚拟语气，与事实相符，不用虚拟语气。‎ 八、比较状语从句 ‎①常用连词than, as ...as..., not as/so... as He ran as far as he could.‎ I'm not as/so tall as he/him.‎ She studies harder than I（study）．‎ ‎②the more ... the more...引导, 且经常以省略形式出现 ‎ The harder you try, the better you will understand.‎ 九、让步状语从句 由though, although, as, even if/though , no matter wh-, wh-ever词，whether...or（不管...‎ 都），when, while等引导。‎ ‎1. though, although这两个连词用法基本一样，只是前者口语化，后者较正式，常位于句首，都不与but连用，但可以和yet，still，nevertheless连用。though还可作副词单独放在句尾，表示“然而”的意思。‎ ‎ Although the TV set is very dear, I still want to buy it.‎ ‎ Though /Although he was worn out, he kept on working.‎ ‎2. as引导让步状语时，从句部分用倒装语序，句型为:‎ ‎①形容词/副词/名词+ as +主 +谓 ‎②动词+ as +主 +情态动词 Child as he is, he knows a lot.‎ Proud as these nobles are, they are afraid to see me.‎ Great a scientist as he is, he remains modest.‎ Try as I might, I couldn't lift the stone.‎ 注意 在这种倒装结构中，也可以用though（不太常用），但不可用although.‎ ‎ Bravely though the players fought, they had no chance of winning.‎ ‎3. even if（尽管；即使）, even though（尽管）‎ ‎ 这两个复合连词意义基本相同，常用以强调让步概念，有退一步想的意思（有时用于虚拟）。表“即使”时有假设含义，一般用even if。‎ ‎ We'll make trip even if(though) the weather is bad.‎ ‎ Even if I were in your place, I wouldn't take the job.（虚拟）‎ ‎4.“whether... or...”可引导让步状语从句 ‎ Whether you believe it or not, it is true.‎ ‎5.“no matter + wh-”引导让步状语从句 引导让步状语从句时“疑问句-ever”相当于“no matter +疑问词”，此时：‎ no matter who = whoever no matter what = whatever no matter which = whichever no matter where = wherever no matter how = however No matter what happened, he would not mind.‎ It's a nice room no matter whom (whoever) it belongs to.‎ ‎6.“no matter + wh-”结构只能引导让步状语从句，而“wh-ever”形式除引导让步状语从句外，还可以引导名词性从句。‎ ‎ 引导名词性从句时：‎ whoever = anyone who任何…的人…‎ whatever = anything that任何…的事（物）‎ whenever = anyplace where任何…的地方 I will give the book to whoever needs it.‎ I like whatever you like.‎ ‎7.when引导让步状语从句时置于主句后 ‎①虽然···却···，尽管···但···‎ ‎ He walks when he might take a taxi.‎ ‎②本（应...，可以...）却...。‎ when从句用虚拟式为：could/should ... have done ‎ She stopped trying when she might succeed next time.‎ ‎8.while引导让步状语从句时置于主句前，与though同，但though从句可到装，while从句不可倒装。‎ ‎9.让步状语从句中用一般现在时表将来。‎ ‎ No matter what he is, he will be punished.‎ 十、状语从句的省略现象 ‎ 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语相同或为it, 同时从句谓语含be动词，就可省去从句的主语和be动词。‎ ‎ ①时间状语从句中：‎ Don’t speak until (you are) spoken to.‎ While (I was) in Beijing, I lived with my uncle.‎ I want to go swimming when (it is) possible.‎ ‎ ②条件状语从句中：‎ Come tomorrow if (it is) possible.‎ If (it is) so, you would be punished.‎ Unless (it is) repaired, the TV set is of no use.‎ ‎ ③方式状语从句中：‎ She stood at the gate as if (she was) waiting for someone.‎ ‎ ④其他状语从句中：‎ Though (it was) cold, he still wore a shirt.‎ Fill in the blanks with proper words where (it is) necessary.‎ 练习 一、用适当的连词填空：‎ ‎1. Dr. Bethune (白求恩) came to China __________ he was fifty.‎ ‎2. He began to work __________ he got there.‎ ‎3. Let's begin our meeting __________everyone is here.‎ ‎4. I like the English people, __________ I don't like their food.‎ ‎5. __________ you go in China, you can see smiling faces.‎ ‎6. He didn't come to the lecture, __________ he was very busy.‎ ‎7. __________we had enough time, we walked to the cinema.‎ ‎8. They will help you __________ you meet with difficulty.‎ ‎9. _________ we came to the university, we have learnt quite a lot.‎ ‎10.I didn't join them yesterday evening __________ I had to go to an important meeting.‎ ‎11. We would try to get a car __________we could all travel together more easily.‎ ‎12. She wouldn't forget her mother's birthday __________ she seldom wrote to her family.‎ ‎13. We're doing everything we can to make things as easy for you ___________we can.‎ ‎14. The meeting became so disorderly __________ the speaker had to shout the audience down.‎ ‎15. He was angrier __________ ever before.‎ ‎16. __________ you lock all the doors, he can still manage to get in.‎ ‎17. The boy was so tired __________ he fell asleep on the bus.‎ ‎18. Hard _________ he tried, he couldn’t force the door open.‎ 二、选择填空 ‎1.______ you’ve tried it, you can’t imagine how pleasant it is. A. Unless         B. Because            C. Although           D. When ‎ ‎2. He left in ______ a hurry ______ he forgot his key.‎ ‎ A. such, that B. so, that C. the same, as D. such, as ‎3. He has loved me ______ I were his son.‎ ‎ A. because B. as C. if D. as though ‎4. I don’t think I’ll need any money but I’ll bring some ______. ‎ A. as last        B. in case         C. once again        D. in time ‎5. Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up ______ I could answer.‎ A. as           B. since         C. before        D. until ‎6. We must do it well, ______there are a lot of difficulties.‎ A. as if    B. as though    C. even though    D. even as ‎ ‎7. ______ has taken part in the Athens Olympic Games is worth praising no matter ______ he has won medals or not.‎ A. Who; if    B. Anyone; whether    C. Whoever; whether D. Whoever; how ‎ ‎8. ---It’s a long time ______ I saw you last.‎ ‎---Yes, and what a pity it is now that it will be a long time ______ we see each other again.‎ A. before; since     B. since; when    C. since; before     D. when; before ‎ ‎9. The head of the company promised to deal with matters of this sort______ he returned to his office.‎ A. until    B. while  C. by the time   D. the moment ‎ ‎10. He had already walked three or four miles______ he saw a cart by the side of the road.‎ A. while        B. when                 C. the moment           D. unless ‎ ‎11. Much ______ the young couple needed money to make the down payment for the apartment, they wouldn’t ask their parents for help. A. although　 　 B. as　 　　 C. even if　 　 D. while ‎ ‎12. I have kept the photo ______ I can always see it, as it reminds me of the days when I studied in Britain. A. at which    B. when              C. where      D. at the place ‎ ‎13. I would appreciate it ______ you can help me with my English this afternoon.‎ A. because        B. until              C. when                 D. if ‎ ‎14. ______ you may be right, I can’t altogether agree.‎ A. As           B. While               C. If               D. Since ‎ ‎15.______ was 2019 ______ I graduated from the university.‎ A. It; when         B. It; that             C. That; when      D. That; that ‎ ‎16. The famous scientist grew up ______ he was born and in 1930 he came to Shanghai.‎ A. when    B. whenever             C. where             D. wherever ‎ ‎17. “It gives me great joy and I feel more pressure than I did ______ I won in China,” Ding Junhui said.‎ A. that   B. when             C. which                D. how ‎ ‎18. Parents should take seriously their children’s requests for sunglasses ______ eye protection is necessary in sunny weather.‎ ‎ A. because B. through C. unless D. if ‎19. John shut everyone out of the kitchen _____ he could prepare his grand surprise for the party.‎ ‎ A. which B. when C. so that D. as if ‎20. ______ everybody knows about it, I don’t want to talk any more.‎ ‎ A. For B. Even C. Since D. However 三、将下列各句括号内的中文译成英文 ‎1. When he got the money, ________________ (他想怎么花就怎么花)。‎ ‎2. I will go ________________ (你去的任何地方)。‎ ‎3. ________________(天一黑)，the lights of the town go on.‎ ‎4. The thief was caught ________________(当他正要离开银行)。‎ ‎5. ________________(由于我的秘书不在), I had a great many letters to answer.‎ ‎6. It was ________________ (因为汽车太小) that he sold it.‎ ‎7. I sent him the proposals last week ________________ (为了使他有时间考虑).‎ ‎8. ________________(尽管他很用功), he never gets good marks.‎ ‎9. You won’t shoot the target ________________ (除非你瞄准).‎ ‎10. ________________ (不管她读了多少遍课文), she couldn’t read it fluently.‎ 答案 一、1. when; 2. as soon as; 3. as; 4. though; 5. Wherever; 6. because; 7. Since; 8. whenever; 9. Since; 10. because; 11. so that; 12. though; 13. as; 14. that; 15. than; 16. Even if; 17. that; 18. as 二、AADBC CCCDB BCDBA CBACC 三、‎ ‎1.he spent it as he liked ‎2. wherever you go ‎3. As soon as it is dark ‎4. as he was leaving the bank ‎5. As my secretary was away ‎6. only because the car was too small ‎7. so that he might have time to consider them ‎8. Hard as he works ‎9. unless you take aim ‎10. No matter how many times she had read the text