新课标高考英语重点语法范例归总十三类

新课标高考英语重点语法范例归总十三类

新课标高考英语重点语法范例 第一周　派生词 在新课标全国卷的语法填空题中，有涉及单词的形式变化的题目。此外，新考纲要求考生掌握3 000多个英语单词。因此，掌握常用派生词的构词方法不仅能帮助同学们做好语法填空题，还能帮助同学们扩大词汇量，为同学们在高考中稳操胜券奠定基础。‎ 一、名词后缀 ‎1．动词 ＋ ion/tion /sion→名词(表示动作或动作过程)‎ correct v．改正；纠正　　 correction n．改正 celebrate v．庆祝 celebration n．庆祝；庆祝会 conclude v．完成；结束 conclusion n．结论；结束 ‎2．动词 ＋er/or→名词(表示从事某种职业或进行某种活动的人)‎ drive v．驾驶开车；驱赶　　　 driver n．司机；驾驶员 gather v．聚集；采集 gatherer n．收集者；采集者 conduct v．指挥；管理 conductor n．指挥；售票员 ‎3．动词＋ment→名词 punish v．惩罚 punishment n．惩罚 ‎4．动词/形容词＋th→名词 warm adj.温暖的 warmth n．温暖 ‎ grow v．生长 growth n．生长 ‎5．形容词＋y→名词 difficult adj.困难的 difficulty n．困难 ‎ honest adj.诚实的 honesty n．诚实 ‎6．形容词＋ness→名词 kind adj.善良的 kindness n．善良 ‎7．动词 ＋ance→名词 annoy vt.使烦恼 annoyance n．生气；烦恼 ‎8．ship结尾的名词(表示身份；关系；资格) ‎ member n．成员；会员 membership n．会员资格 professor n．教授 professorship n．教授身份 ‎9．ing结尾的名词 garden n．花园 gardening n．园艺 greet v．打招呼；问候 greetings n．问候 ‎[针对训练]‎ 语篇填空(用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文)‎ A From the 1.expression (express) on Mary’s face, he knew he left a bad 2.impression (impress) on her and if she won the 3.election (elect) to become chairman of the Environment 4.Organization (organize), he could not get her 5.permission(permit) to join it although he was willing to do his bit to rid the world of 6.pollution (pollute) and to help people enjoy a better earth.When he was wondering how to change this embarrassing situation, he got 7.inspiration (inspire) from his wife’s words.Yes, he should try his best to win the election and become chairman himself with his 8.determination (determine) to work for the organization.“My dear, you are really a wonderful 9.helper (help)！I’m sure I will be the 10.winner (win) of the election.” He said to his wife excitedly.‎ B It was really a hard time when Li Ping first came to the United States.His 1.earnings (earn) could hardly cover the expenses, so when his wife gave 2.birth (bear) to their second daughter, they could not afford enough nutrition food.Soon, poor nutrition caused the 3.death (die) of the poor baby.4.Loneliness (lonely) was another problem because they had no 5.relations (relate) or friends there.Thanks to his 6.bravery (brave) and 7.perseverance (persevere), he managed to gain the 8.citizenship (citizen) of the United States and in the end he had his permanent 9. settlement (settle)．He always tells his children like this: Perseverance leads to 10.happiness (happy) and success.‎ 二、形容词后缀 ‎1．常见形容词后缀 ‎(1)名词＋al→形容词(表示 “有……属性”， “与……有关”)‎ agriculture n．农业　　　 agricultural adj.农业的 ‎(2)动词＋ive→形容词 decide v．决定；下决心 decisive adj.决定性的；关键的 ‎(3)动词＋able→形容词(表示“能够”，“适于”，“值得”)‎ change v．变化；兑换 changeable adj.易变的；变化无常的 ‎(4)名词 ＋ful→形容词 care n．小心；关心 careful adj.小心的；仔细的 ‎(5)名词＋less→形容词(意思与原名词相反)‎ care n. 小心；关心 careless adj.粗心的 ‎(6)名词＋ly→形容词 friend n．朋友 friendly adj.友好的 ‎(7)名词＋y→形容词 dirt n．污物；脏物 dirty adj.脏的 ‎(8)名词＋ous→形容词 ‎ danger n．危险 dangerous adj.危险的 ‎2．复合形容词的构成 ‎(1)形容词＋ing分词　 easygoing 随和的 ‎(2)形容词＋名词＋ed　 kindhearted 善良的；好心的 ‎(3)名词＋ed分词　 watercovered 被水覆盖的 ‎(4)副词＋ed分词　 wellwritten 写得好的 ‎(5)数词＋名词＋ed　 threelegged 三条腿的 ‎[针对训练]‎ Ⅰ.阅读下列句子，写出画线单词的意思 ‎1．It feels like an unbelievable stroke of luck — of fate, really.(2012·四川高考阅读C)‎ ‎(　　　　)‎ ‎2．The good working condition in this city is attractive.(　　　　)‎ ‎3．You can rely on him because he is reliable.(　　　　)‎ ‎4．Her words struck fear into her heart so that she was sleepless all night long, afraid of being killed unexpectedly some day.(　　　　)‎ ‎5．It was a frosty cold morning when he set off for the remote village.(　　　　)‎ 答案：1.不可思议的；难以置信的　2.吸引人的　3.可依赖的；靠得住的　4.没有睡觉的；不眠的　5.有霜的 Ⅱ.语篇填空 A：用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文 Lucy likes talking and everybody says she is 1.communicative (communicate)．She is 2.active (act) in answering the teachers’ questions and from time to time her classmates find her answers quite 3.impressive (impress) and 4.acceptable (accept). Of course, not every student likes her, but she has many friends who think Lucy is a 5.creative (create) and 6.helpful (help) girl.For example, she once led a 7. homeless (home) child to her home and made the child her younger sister.Besides, she spent 8.countless (count) hours caring for a sick neighbor until she was well again.She is 9.friendly (friend) to those who have difficulty with their subjects.All in all, Lucy is the most 10.famous (fame) girl in her school.‎ B：运用所学构词知识完成下列短文 Our journey was farreaching amongst snowcovered/capped (雪封的) mountains where no Englishspeaking (说英语的) people live.The local people are goodlooking (相貌好看的), easygoing (随和的) andhardworking (勤劳的)．Our hostess was oldaged (年老的)，whitehaired (白发苍苍的) andsunburnt (被太阳晒伤的)．She gave me homemade (自家做的) yaks milk cake, looking selfsatisfied (自足的) as I enjoyed this rare treat although very wellknown (著名) and widespread (广泛流传) around here.I was exhausted when I fell into the readymade (准备好了的) bed she prepared for me.‎ 三、动词词缀 ‎1．前缀en＋形容词→动词 enrich v．丰富　 enlarge v．变大；增大；扩大 ‎2．形容词＋en→动词 shorten v．缩短　 widen v．加宽 ‎3．fy结尾的动词 simplify v．简化　 classify v．归类 ‎4．ize结尾的动词 realize v．认识到　 popularize v．普及 ‎[针对训练]‎ Ⅰ.阅读下列句子， 写出画线部分的意思 ‎1．Extracurricular activities enable the students to know how to apply the knowledge learned in the textbooks.(　　　　)‎ ‎2．The two countries are trying their best to normalize_their_relationship.(　　　　)‎ ‎3.Some think that studying abroad can broaden_their_horizons.(　　　　)‎ ‎4．You will horrify the baby if you speak too loudly.(　　　　)‎ 答案：1.使能够　2.使关系正常化　3.拓宽视野　4.使惊惧 Ⅱ.用所给单词的适当形式填空 ‎1．Try your best to memorize (memory) these new words.‎ ‎2．The question must be simplified (simple) so that we can find out a solution to it.‎ ‎3．It costs a lot of money if we plan to purify (pure) the waste water.‎ ‎4．He quickened (quick) his steps to arrive home earlier.‎ ‎5．You can enlarge (large) your vocabulary if you keep on memorizing some new words every day.‎ ‎ 四、否定词缀 ‎1．表示否定意义的前缀 un 不，非　unable不能够　unlucky 不幸的 dis 不，非　dishonest不诚实的　discontinuous 不连贯的 in 不，非　inactive不活跃的　incorrect 不正确的 im 不，非　impatient不耐烦的　impossible不可能的 ir 不，非　irregular 不规则的　irresponsible不负责任的 il 不，非　illogical 不合逻辑的　illegal 非法的 non 不，非　nonexistent不存在的　nonstop 直达的；连续不断的 mis 错误　mislead 误导　misunderstand 误解 dis＋动词(意义相反)　dislike不喜欢　disagree 不同意 un＋动词(意义相反)　uncover 揭开　undress 脱衣服 ‎2．表示否定意义的后缀 名词＋less→否定意义的形容词 use n. 用处；用途　　　 useless adj.无用的 hope n. 希望 hopeless adj.没有希望的；绝望的 home n．家 homeless adj.无家可归的 ‎[针对训练]‎ Ⅰ.阅读下列短文，写出画线单词的意思 A 1.misconception was that the high temperature caused the big fire.However, Miss Wang knew it was not the true story.So she insisted that the government should make the truth known to the public.When Miss Wang knew that her appeal was 2.disallowed,_ she felt rather 3.disappointed.She decided to 4.disclose the truth: it was human errors that were to blame for the terrible disaster.She wanted to tell the public about the coldness of some officials.She believed that the truth must be 5.uncovered now.‎ ‎1．____________　2.____________　3.____________‎ ‎4．____________　5.____________‎ 答案：1.错误观念　2.驳回；不准许　3.失望的；沮丧的 ‎4．揭露　5.揭露；揭发 Ⅱ.语篇填空(用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文)‎ The speech seemed to be 1.nonstop (stop) and the listeners became very 2.impatient_ (patient)．When the speaker said that oil was 3.nonrenewable (renew) and that the best way to solve the problem was not to make cars and buses to force people to go to work or school on foot, the audience thought it was 4.impractical_ (practice) and 5.unbearable_ (bear) to listen to him any longer.They 6.disbelieved_ (believe) that the world would go smoothly without these modern transportations.They also thought that the speaker was 7.irresponsible (responsible) to make such a statement without thinking it carefully and his speech would cause some 8.misunderstandings (understand)．So most of the listeners chose to leave, shouting loudly and angrily.‎ 五、正确使用派生词 ‎1．动词、介词、冠词、物主代词等词类后一般接名词或动名词。如果所给单词是其他词类， 就要将其改为名词， 并注意名词数的变化。‎ ‎(1)Do you know the depth (deep) of the river?‎ ‎(2)His carelessness (careful) resulted in the terrible accident.‎ ‎(3)He is one of the scientists (science) who support this theory.‎ ‎2．动词、介词后一般接名词或动名词。所给单词为动词，就要看该动词是否有名词形式。如果有名词形式，就用其名词形式。如果该动词没有名词形式，就用其动名词形式。此外，如果所给动词有名词形式，就要看其后有无宾语。如果后有宾语，用动名词形式；后无宾语，则用名词形式。‎ ‎(1)Please pay attention (attend) to your handwriting.‎ 动词attend本身有名词形式attention, 所以不用动名词attending。‎ ‎(2)His arrival (arrive) made the situation worse.‎ 动词arrive本身有名词形式arrival, 所以不用动名词arriving。‎ ‎(3)The teacher was angry at my coming (come) late.‎ 动词come没有名词，所以用动名词coming。‎ ‎(4)Thank you for your help (help)．‎ Thank you for helping (help) me.‎ ‎(5)I was happy because of his appreciation (appreciate)．‎ I was happy because of his appreciating (appreciate) my speech.‎ 上面两组句子中，helping与appreciating后都带有宾语，故用动名词。help与appreciation后没有宾语，故用名词形式。‎ ‎3．动词前后、形容词前后可有副词。如果所需词为副词时， 还要考虑副词级的变化。‎ ‎(1)The boy ran quickly (quick) to school.‎ ‎(2)“What’s that？” Father shouted angrily (angry)．‎ ‎(3)The little girl is extremely (extreme) eager to know the result of the exam.‎ ‎(4)Your composition is badly (bad) organized.Please do your writing exercise more attentively (attend) next time.‎ ‎(5)You’re driving too fast. Can you drive a bit more slowly (slow)?‎ ‎4．名词前面一般可有形容词修饰语。如果所需词为形容词时， 还要考虑形容词级的变化。‎ ‎(1) What’s the widest (width) river in the world?‎ ‎(2)The stronger (strength) we become, the more modest we should be.‎ ‎[针对训练]‎ Ⅰ.用所给单词的适当形式填空 ‎1．Mary was very sad at the news, so she looked sadly at her husband, her eyes full of sadness.(sad)‎ ‎2．He played football very well and he was one of the best players in yesterday’s football match.(play)‎ ‎3．Look！How happily Kate is laughing！She seems to be the happiest girl in the world.(happy)‎ ‎4．To our satisfaction,_ the headmaster was very satisfied with our report.(satisfy)‎ ‎5．Edison was a great inventor.During his life he had many inventions.(invent)‎ ‎6．I should simplify my task and make it simpler/simple to finish it.(simple)‎ ‎7．The boy having the appearance of being half starved disappeared,_ never to be seen again.(appear)‎ ‎8．The police discovered the pot and uncovered a plot against the President.(cover)‎ ‎9．You are so kind to help me. Thank you for your kindness.(kindly)‎ ‎10．Everything is becoming more_expensive than before and many college students had to work to make some money for their college expenses.(expend)‎ Ⅱ.语篇填空(用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文)‎ A group of robbers dug their way into the basement of a bank in Paris and emptied almost 200 private 1.safes (safety)．‎ They entered the Credit Lyonnais branch using building 2.equipment (equip) to dig holes and destroy walls on Saturday night.They tied up a 3.security (secure) guard and spent the next nine hours robbing the bank.‎ One 4.investigator (investigate) described the 5.robbery (rob) as a “6.professional (profession) job”．The robbers came in at about 22：00 on Saturday and left at 7：00 on Sunday.They entered through the basements of the 7.neighbouring (neighbour) building, digging through a series of tunnels and making a hole into a wall of ‎80cm thick to get into the bank, which was having building works at the time.‎ When they left, the robbers set the place on fire to 8.remove (move) any trace of evidence, switching on the antifire system and flooding the building.9.Fortunately (fortune), the guard escaped 10.unharmed (harm)．‎ It is difficult to estimate the total value of what was stolen as only the bank’s clients (储户) know the content of their private safes.‎ 第二周　动词的时态和语态 一、动词的时态 ‎1．一般现在时 ‎(1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作和现在的状态、特征。句中常用often, usually, every day等时间状语。‎ Works of popular writers often have a lot of readers.(2013·北京高考)‎ On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.(2013·陕西高考)‎ ‎(2)表示客观事实、普遍真理或自然现象，无论在什么情况下都用一般现在时表示。‎ ‎“Life is like walking in the snow，” Granny used to say，“because every step shows.”(2012·新课标全国卷)‎ ‎—So what is the procedure?‎ ‎—All the applicants are interviewed before a final decision is made by the authority.(2013·北京高考)‎ ‎(3)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用现在时代替将来时。‎ My parents have promised to come to see me before I leave for Africa.‎ ‎(4)表示按计划、时刻表规定要发生的动作，但限于少数动词。如begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等。‎ The flight takes off at 2：30 every Wednesday and Friday.‎ ‎2．一般过去时 ‎(1)表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用(或上下文语境有暗示)；用于表示过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到的事。‎ I didn’t realize then, but becoming a pilot makes me a better surgeon.(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)‎ Michael’s father always helped the poor as he believed it made everyone happier.(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)‎ I was lucky: I became a pilot in 1970, almost ten years before I graduated from medical school.(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)‎ ‎(2)注意句型：was/were about to do ... when ...中when后从句的动词用过去式。‎ I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang.‎ ‎3．现在完成时 常用的时间状语有：so far, recently, lately, once/twice/three ...times, before, ever, by now, in the last/past few years, over a long time, up to now, yet, already, just, since等。主要用于以下几种情况：‎ ‎(1)表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。‎ ‎—Look! Somebody has cleaned the sofa.‎ ‎—Well, it wasn’t me. I didn’t do it.(2012·江西高考)‎ ‎(2)表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。‎ They have been good friends since they met at a meeting.‎ Shakespeare’s play Hamlet has been made into at least ten different films over the past years.(2013·北京高考)‎ ‎(3)下列句型中常用现在完成时。‎ ‎①It is (has been)＋一段时间＋since从句 This (That/It) is the first (second ...) time＋that从句 This is the first time we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.(2009·陕西高考)‎ ‎②在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。‎ ‎—When shall we restart our business?‎ ‎—Not until we have finished our plan.(2010·四川高考)‎ ‎4．过去完成时 ‎(1)过去某一时间或某一动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态。过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去另一时间，还可能持续下去。常与for, since等构成的时间状语连用。‎ He was unhappy when he sold his guitar.After all, he had had it for a very long time.(2013·辽宁高考)‎ We first met on a train in 2010.We both felt immediately that we had known each other for years.‎ ‎(2)有些动词有时用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图。这类动词常见的有：hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose, want, think等。‎ I had hoped to be back last night, but I didn’t catch the train.‎ ‎(3)在特殊句式hardly/scarcely ...when ...; no sooner ...than ...中，主句常用过去完成时，该句式意为“一……就……；刚……就……”。‎ Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down.‎ ‎5．将来完成时 将来完成时表示到将来某一时间，某一动作将会完成，常用的时间状语为“by＋将来的某个时间”。‎ ‎—I hear that Jason is planning to buy a car.‎ ‎—I know. By next month, he will have saved enough for a used one.(2012·上海高考)‎ ‎6．现在进行时 表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时的一个动作；表近期特定的安排或计划；go, come等表示起止动作的动词可用进行时代替将来时。‎ You are always studying in the library.Why not have a picnic this afternoon?‎ ‎7．过去进行时 ‎(1)过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某动作在某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。‎ ‎—Did you catch what I said?‎ ‎—Sorry. I was answering a text message just now.(2012·四川高考)‎ ‎—Have you finished reading Jane Eyre?‎ ‎—No, I was doing my homework all day yesterday.(2010·新课标全国卷)‎ ‎(2)某一动作发生时另一动作正在进行，其中的持续性动作用过去进行时，短暂性动作用一般过去时。‎ ‎—I don’t understand why you didn’t go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.‎ ‎—I’m so sorry. But I was doing my homework.(2013·湖南高考)‎ ‎8．现在完成进行时 ‎(1)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且现在还在进行。‎ The girl has a great interest in sport and has been taking badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.(2013·福建高考)‎ ‎(2)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，在说话时刚刚结束。‎ Where have you been？We have been looking for you everywhere.‎ ‎9．将来进行时 将来进行时可用于表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作或者将来某一段时间内正在进行的动作。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。这些常见的标志性状语有：at this time tomorrow/the day after tomorrow, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow/the day after tomorrow。‎ ‎—Can I call you back at two o’clock this afternoon?‎ ‎—I’m sorry, but by then I will be flying to Beijing. How about five？(2012·陕西高考)‎ 二、动词的语态 英语中动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。‎ 做有关被动语态的题目可以分两步走：第一步确定正确的时态，第二步确定正确的语态。判断用主动语态还是用被动语态的根据是看主语与谓语动词之间的关系：如果是主谓关系则用主动语态，如果是动宾关系则用被动语态。‎ 被动语态的构成(以write为例)‎ 时间 一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 现在 am/is/are written am/is/are being written has/have been written 过去 was/were written was/were being written had been written 将来 shall/will be written ‎1.get＋过去分词表被动 They got married last week.‎ He fell and got hurt.‎ ‎2．主动形式表被动意义 ‎(1)系动词look, feel, sound, smell, taste, seem, appear, go, prove, turn等＋形容词/名词。‎ The dish tastes delicious.‎ His plan proved (to be) practical.‎ ‎(2)表示主语的某种属性的词：read, write, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, shut等，其主语往往是物。‎ ‎—What about the books?‎ ‎—Books of this kind sell well.‎ The door won’t open.‎ The pen writes smoothly.‎ ‎(3)be worth后常接动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。‎ A lot of small towns in the area are definitely worth visiting.‎ ‎(4)need, want, require, deserve等动词后用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。‎ Most house plants require regular watering.‎ ‎[针对训练]‎ Ⅰ.用所给动词的适当形式填空 ‎1．(2013·安徽高考) I’m calling about the apartment you advertised (advertise) the other day.Could you tell me more about it?‎ ‎2．(2013·北京高考)—Do you think Mom and Dad will_be (be) late?‎ ‎—No, Swiss Air is usually on time.‎ ‎3．(2013·北京高考)Hurry up! Mark and Carol are_expecting (expect) us.‎ ‎4．(2013·湖南高考)“What do you want to be？” asked Mrs.Crawford.“Oh，I will_be (be) president，” said the boy, with a smile.‎ ‎5．(2013·湖南高考)Around two o’clock every night, Sue will start talking in her dream.It somewhat bothers (bother) us.　‎ ‎6．(2013·湖南高考)If nothing is_done (do), the oceans will turn into fish deserts.‎ ‎7．(2013·湖南高考)—Have you heard about the recent election?‎ ‎—Sure, it has_been (be) the only thing on the news for the last three days.‎ ‎8．(2013·江苏高考)Generally, students’ inner motivation with high expectations from others is (be) essential to their development.‎ ‎9．(2013·江苏高考)—Could I use your car tomorrow morning?‎ ‎—Sure.I will_be_writing (write) a report at home.‎ ‎10．(2013·江苏高考)“Never for a second，” the boy says, “did (do) I doubt that my father would come to my rescue.”‎ ‎11．(2013·江苏高考)—What about your selfdrive trip yesterday?‎ ‎—Tiring! The road is being widened, and we had (have) a rough ride.‎ ‎12．(2013·江西高考)I was_coming (come) to visit you later that day, but I had to phone and cancel.‎ ‎13．(2013·辽宁高考)At no time did (do) they actually break the rules of the game.It was unfair to punish them.‎ ‎14．(2013·辽宁高考)We are confident that the environment will_be_improved (improve) by our further efforts to reduce pollution.‎ ‎15．(2013·山东高考)I didn’t think I’d like the movie, but actually it was (be) pretty good.‎ ‎16．(2013·陕西高考)Jim was_watching (watch) a latenight film at home when, right in the middle of a thrilling scene, the television went blank.‎ ‎17．(2013·上海高考)Bob called to tell his mother that he couldn’t enter the house, for he had_left (leave) his key at school.‎ ‎18．(2013·上海高考)The school board is made up of parents who have_been_elected(elect) to make decisions about school affairs.‎ ‎19．(2013·四川高考)Hurry up, kids! The school bus is_waiting (wait) for us!‎ ‎20．(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)We were_leaving (leave) very early so we packed the night before.‎ ‎21．(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)If we don’t_act (not act) now to protect the environment, we’ll live to regret it.‎ ‎22．(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)When I first met Bryan I didn’t like him, but I have_changed (change) my mind.‎ ‎23．(2013·浙江高考)During the last three decades, the number of people participating in physical fitness programs has_increased (increase) sharply.‎ ‎24．(2013·重庆高考)I felt very tired when I got home, and I went (go) straight to bed.‎ ‎25．(2013·重庆高考)A Midsummer Night’s Dream opens(open) at the Theatre Royal on 19th June, and then tours throughout Scotland.‎ Ⅱ.语篇填空(用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文)‎ A It was getting dark when I 1.got (get) home.It was cold and I 2.was_wearing (wear) a coat.I walked up to the door and put my hand into my pocket to take out the key, but I couldn’t find it.I suddenly remembered that I 3.had_left (leave) it on my desk in the office.It really didn’t make any difference.I knew my wife 4.was (be) at home and the children must have come back from school by now, so I 5.knocked (knock) at the door.There was no answer.I 6.continued (continue) knocking at the door for some time.I 7.was_getting (get) angry.Then I remembered something the office boy 8.had_told (tell) me at noon.He said that my wife 9.had_phoned (phone) saying that she 10.would_go (go) shopping in the afternoon with the children.It seemed that nothing 11.could_be_done (can do) and I 12.would_be_shut (shut) out of my house.‎ B Welcome to our school.I’d like to introduce plans for our school to you. A lot of work 1.has_been_done (do) ‎ in the past few years. The library 2.has_been_completed (complete) and is ready for use.But we’ll still have to do more work.A new biology lab 3.is_being_built (build) this year.But we don’t have enough money for the equipment. Students in all grades 4.are_collecting (collect) money.The money which is collected 5.will_be_spent (spend) on new equipment.At present, a plan 6.is_being_made (make) for a party at the end of the term, at which wonderful performances 7.will_be_put (put) on.‎ The gardens of the school 8.are_being_improved (improve) this year.New trees 9.are_being_planted (plant) which will soon give shade in summer.The whole school 10.is_going_to_be_painted (paint) during the summer holidays.In fact, our school is becoming more and more beautiful.‎ 第三周　情态动词和虚拟语气 一、情态动词 ‎1．can 和could的用法 ‎ ‎(1)表示“能力”。‎ Even a child can operate the computer, let alone an adult.‎ ‎(2)表示惊讶，常用在否定句和疑问句中。‎ How could you do such a silly thing?‎ ‎(3)表示可能。‎ It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it can be rather cold sometimes.‎ ‎(4)cannot ... too/enough表示“无论……也不过分”；“越……越好”。‎ I can’t thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.(2012·陕西高考)‎ ‎2．may和might的用法 ‎(1)may和might表示“许可、可能性、祝愿”等意义。‎ ‎①在给予别人许可时，常用can，但有时也用may。不能用might。‎ ‎—May I take the book out?‎ ‎—I’m afraid not.(2010·四川高考)‎ ‎②“may as well＋动词原形”意为“最好；倒不如”。‎ We may as well stay where we are.‎ ‎(2)may作“可以”讲时，其否定式常用“mustn’t”表示“禁止”；must作“必须”讲时，其否定式是“needn’t”，表示“不必”。‎ ‎—May I take this book out of the reading room?‎ ‎—No, you mustn’t. You read it in here.(2010·陕西高考)‎ ‎3．must的用法 ‎(1)表示禁止(用于否定句)。‎ The new law states that people mustn’t drive after drinking alcohol.(2012·上海高考)‎ ‎(2)表示“偏执；固执”。‎ If you must go, at least wait until the storm is over.(2011·辽宁高考)‎ ‎4．shall的用法 ‎(1)用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见和向对方请示。‎ ‎—What time shall I pick you up at your house tomorrow, sir?‎ ‎—I haven’t decided on the time.But I will call you.‎ ‎(2)用于第二、第三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。‎ No driving electric motor bikes in some areas is a rule that you shall obey in Fuzhou.‎ ‎5．will和would的用法 作情态动词的will, would与作助动词的will, would的各种形式相同。‎ ‎(1)表示自愿做或主动提出做什么，如意志、愿望或决心等。would用于过去的情况。‎ ‎—Goodbye, John. Come back again sometime.‎ ‎—Sure. I will.(2012·四川高考)‎ ‎—Why didn’t you come to Simon’s party last night?‎ ‎—I wanted to, but my mom simply would not let me out so late at night.(2011·重庆高考)‎ ‎(2)will可以表示一种习惯性的动作，有“总是”或“总要”之意。‎ Every morning he will have a walk along this river.‎ ‎(3)would 可以表示过去的习惯性动作，比used to正式，但没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。‎ When we worked in the same firm several years ago, we would often go to the cinema together.‎ ‎6．情态动词＋have＋过去分词 ‎(1)can/could have done表示“本来可以做，而实际上未做”或者“过去可能”，疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为表示怀疑或不肯定，其中can’t have done多用于语气强烈的否定，意为“不可能做过”。‎ ‎—Do you know where David is？I couldn’t find him anywhere.‎ ‎—Well.He can’t have gone far — his coat’s still here.‎ I could have saved the poor rabbit, but I didn’t have the right drugs with me at that moment.‎ ‎(2)may/might have done表示对过去行为的推测，意为“可能做过”。might所表示的可能性比较弱，语气较委婉。此外might have done可表示“本可能做而实际上未做”。‎ Sorry, I’m late.I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.‎ ‎(3)must have done表示对过去行为的推测，意为“一定；想必”，语气十分肯定。‎ Jack described his father, who must have been a brave boy many years ago, as a strongwilled man.(2010·安徽高考)‎ ‎(4)should have done表示过去本来应该做某事而实际上却没有做；shouldn’t have done表示过去本来不应该做某事而实际上却做了。这一用法往往含有责备的意味。‎ I shouldn’t have watched that movie — it’ll give me horrible dreams.(2010·山东高考)‎ ‎(5)ought to have done表示过去本来应该做某事而实际上却没有做；ought not to have done表示过去本来不应该做某事而实际上却做了。这一用法与should相同，也往往含有责备的意味。‎ You ought to have come to the party yesterday, but why didn’t you come?‎ ‎(6)needn’t have done表示本来不必做某事而实际上却做了。‎ Mark needn’t have hurried. After driving at top speed, he arrived half an hour early.(2010·天津高考)‎ 二、虚拟语气 ‎1．非真实条件句中虚拟语气的用法 if条件从句 从句的谓语形式 主句的谓语形式 表示现在情况 动词过去式(be的过去式用were)‎ should/would/could/might＋动词原形 表示过去情况 had＋过去分词 should/would/could/might＋have＋过去分词 表示未来情况 should＋动词原形 should/would/could/might＋动词原形 动词过去式 were to＋动词原形 If I had time, I would attend your party.‎ We would have called a taxi yesterday if Harold hadn’t offered us a ride home.(2012·天津高考)‎ If it snowed/were to snow/should snow tomorrow, we would take photos.‎ ‎[名师指津]　若条件句中有were, had, should, 可把if省略，而把were, had, should放在主语前，形成倒装结构，这种结构主要用于书面语中。‎ Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy would have been saved.(2010·浙江高考)‎ Should it rain tomorrow, we would have to cancel the football match.‎ ‎2．错综时间虚拟条件句 If you had worked hard, you would be very tired now.(从句指过去，主句指现在)‎ ‎3．含蓄虚拟语气 有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表达，而是由otherwise, but, or, without, but for等来引导。‎ I was so busy then, otherwise I would have gone to help him.‎ I would have come sooner but I didn’t know that they were waiting for me.(2011·天津高考)‎ ‎4．某些从句中虚拟语气的用法 ‎(1)表示命令、建议、要求、愿望等含义的动词后宾语从句和同位语从句时用虚拟语气，形式为：(should＋)动词原形。常这样用的动词有：advise劝告，demand要求，desire渴望，command命令，insist坚决要求，prefer宁愿，urge主张，order命令，recommend 劝告；建议，request要求，require要求，suggest建议，以及这些词的名词形式。‎ Teachers recommend parents not allow their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.(2010·福建高考)‎ ‎(2)wish后跟宾语从句时用虚拟语气。‎ 对现在情况的假设： wish＋主语＋动词过去式(be用were)‎ 对过去情况的假设： wish＋主语＋had＋过去分词 对将来情况的假设： wish＋主语＋would＋动词原形 ‎—How much of the foreign expert’s speech have you understood?‎ ‎—Next to nothing. I wish I had worked harder at English.‎ ‎(3)would rather后跟从句时用虚拟语气，表示愿望，意为“宁愿；但愿”。‎ George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I’d rather he focused more on its culture.(2010·江苏高考)‎ ‎(4)在“It is (about/high) time＋that从句”中，谓语动词常用过去式或“should＋动词原形”表示虚拟语气。‎ It is high time that people learnt/should learn English.‎ ‎(5)在as if从句中，看语境是否与事实相反而选择是否使用虚拟语气。‎ It looks as if it’s going to rain.‎ She talked about it again and again as if she would never end.　‎ ‎(6)if only 引导的感叹句中，用虚拟语气表示愿望。‎ Look at the trouble we’re in. If only we had taken our teacher’s advice!‎ ‎[针对训练]‎ Ⅰ.在下列各句中填入适当的情态动词 ‎1．(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)Since nobody gave him any help, he must have done the research on his own.‎ ‎2．(2013·四川高考)—Why are your eyes so red? You can’t have slept well last night.‎ ‎—Yeah, I stayed up late writing a report.‎ ‎3．(2013·陕西高考)My mom suggests that we should eat out for a change this weekend.‎ ‎4．(2013·湖南高考)He couldn’t sleep, although he tried to, when he got on such a hunt for an idea until he had caught it.‎ ‎5．(2013·安徽高考)It couldn’t be the vocabulary that caused you the problem in the exercise because you know a lot of words.‎ ‎6．(2013·重庆高考)—What are you doing this Saturday?‎ ‎—I’m not sure, but I might go to the Rolling Stones concert.‎ ‎7．(2013·江西高考)When I was a child, I could watch TV whenever I wanted to.‎ ‎8．(2013·北京高考)—You needn’t take an umbrella.It isn’t going to rain.‎ ‎—Well, I don’t know.It might do.‎ ‎9．(2013·辽宁高考)Harry is feeling uncomfortable.He must_have_drunk too much at the party last night.‎ ‎10．(2012·全国卷Ⅱ)I’m going to Europe on vacation together with John if I can find the money.‎ ‎11．(2012·辽宁高考)One of our rules is that every student shall wear school uniform while at school.‎ ‎12．(2012·重庆高考)—Must you interrupt now? Can’t you see I’m on the phone?‎ ‎—Sorry Sir, but it’s urgent.‎ ‎13．(2012·江苏高考)Days later, my brother called to say he was all right, but wouldn’t (not) say where he was.‎ ‎14．(2011·新课标全国卷)They should have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed.‎ ‎15．(2011·江西高考)We needn’t (not) have bought so much food now that Suzie won’t be with us for dinner.‎ ‎16．—How’s your new babysitter? ‎ ‎—We couldn’t (not) ask for a better one. All our kids love her so much.‎ ‎17．(2011·陕西高考) I couldn’t (not) have gone through that bitter period without your generous help.‎ ‎18．(2012·四川高考)I got close enough to hear them speaking Chinese, and I said “Ni Hao，” just as I might do in China.　‎ ‎19．(2011·上海高考)I needn’t (not) worry about my weekend — I always have my plans ready before it comes.‎ ‎20．There shouldn’t (not) be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school. ‎ Ⅱ.用所给动词的适当形式填空 ‎1．(2012·安徽高考)Grace doesn’t want to move to New York because she thinks if she were_to_live (live) there, she wouldn’t be able to see her parents very often.‎ ‎2．(2012·北京高考)We could_have_faced (face) the difficulty together, but why didn’t you tell me?‎ ‎3．(2012·辽宁高考)Jack is a great talker. It’s high time that he did (do) something instead of just talking.‎ ‎4．(2012·福建高考)We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we would_have_visited (visit) more places of interest yesterday.‎ ‎5．(2012·浙江高考)Had they known what was coming next, they might_have_had (have) second thoughts.‎ ‎6．(2012·北京高考)Don’t handle the vase as if it were (be) made of steel.‎ ‎7．(2012·湖南高考)Sorry, I am too busy now.If I had (have) time, I would certainly go for an outing with you.‎ ‎8．(2011·北京高考)—Where are the children? The dinner’s going to be completely ruined.‎ ‎—I wish they weren’t (not be) always late.‎ ‎9．He insisted he (should)_be_sent (send) to the city. ‎ ‎10．His expression suggested that he had_passed (pass) the test. ‎ Ⅲ.语篇填空(用适当的情态动词完成下列短文)‎ Miss Fang 1.couldn’t (not) read for very long without getting a headache.Her mother told her that she 2.should go to the Health Service and see a doctor.“You 3.should see a doctor as soon as possible, ” she said.“You 4.might need glasses.”‎ When Miss Fang had free time, she went to the Health Service.The appointment clerk said that the doctor ‎ ‎5.could see her at 3：30.‎ Miss Fang replied that she 6.would not be able to be there at 3：30 because she had a class then.“The doctor 7.might take you at about ten to four, ” the appointment clerk suggested.‎ ‎“8.Shall I put you down for ten to four, or 9.would you rather come tomorrow？”‎ Miss Fang thought she 10.shouldn’t (not) waste any more time.The teacher 11.shouldn’t be unhappy if she asked for permission to leave the class a little early, as he was always so kind to everyone.And she replied, “I think I 12.can make it at ten to four.”‎ Miss Fang went to the class.She asked her teacher, “13.May/Can I leave at 3：45 today？I 14.must have an eye examination.” As expected, the teacher said, “Yes, of course you 15.can.”‎ 第四周　非谓语动词 一、动词的ed形式 ‎1．动词ed形式作状语 ‎(1)动词ed形式作状语，进一步说明谓语动词的动作或状态，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语。‎ Used with care, one tin will last for six weeks.(2012·北京高考)‎ Translated into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.(2011·天津高考)‎ ‎(2)某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，此时这些过去分词表示一种状态。这样的词(组)常见的有：lost (迷路的), seated (坐), hidden (躲), stationed (驻扎), lost/absorbed in (沉溺于), dressed in (穿着), tired of (感到厌倦)等。‎ Absorbed in his book, he didn’t notice me enter the room.‎ ‎2．动词ed形式作定语 动词ed形式(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词之间在逻辑上存在被动关系，并表示该动作的被动或完成。‎ Tsinghua‎ ‎University‎, founded in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.(2011·福建高考)‎ ‎3．动词ed形式作宾语补足语 动词ed形式作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语往往就是其逻辑主语，该动词与宾语之间存在动宾关系。‎ Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself reminded of his own dreams.(2011·重庆高考)‎ ‎4．动词ed形式作表语 动词ed形式作表语时，大多数是已经形容词化的过去分词。如：seated, disappointed, stuck, excited等。‎ In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained stuck abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.(2010·福建高考)‎ 二、动词的ing形式 ‎1．动词ing形式作状语 ‎(1)动词的ing形式作状语表示在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作，‎ 它对谓语动词起修饰和陪衬的作用。动词的ing形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随情况。‎ Pressed from his parents, and realizing that he has wasted too much time, the boy is determined to stop playing video games.(2012·福建高考)‎ The news shocked the public, leading to great concern about students’ safety at school.(2010·重庆高考)‎ ‎(2)动词ing形式有一般式、被动式、完成式和完成被动式四种形式，每一种形式的否定式都是直接在前面加not构成。一般式(doing)表示主动的一般性的动作或者正在进行的动作；被动式(being done)表示正在进行的被动的动作；完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的主动的动作；完成被动式(having been done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动的动作。‎ Having been told many times, he finally understood it.‎ The old man, having worked abroad for twenty years, came back to his motherland.‎ Not having fully recovered from the operation, the patient was advised to stay in hospital for another two weeks.‎ ‎2．动词ing形式作定语 动词ing形式(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作的主动和进行。‎ John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter offering him it.(＝定语从句John ... the official letter which/that offered him it.)(2012·江西高考)‎ ‎3．动词ing形式作宾语补足语 动词ing形式作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语往往就是其逻辑主语，该动词与宾语之间存在主谓关系。动词ing形式作宾语补足语强调正在进行中的主动动作。可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。‎ Jenny found a wallet lying on the ground.‎ ‎4．动词ing形式作宾语 ‎(1)常接动词ing作宾语的动词(短语)‎ advise (建议), admit (承认), appreciate (感激), avoid (避免), can’t help (禁不住), consider (考虑), delay (推迟), enjoy (欣赏), escape (逃脱), finish (完成), imagine (想象), keep (on) (继续), mind (介意), practice (练习), suggest (建议), miss (错过), feel like (想要), devote ...to (把……献给), get used to (习惯于), look forward to (期望), object to (反对), set about (开始), put off (推迟)等。‎ I had great difficulty finding the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.(2010·上海高考)‎ Bill suggested holding a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.‎ ‎(2)可用动词ing，也可用不定式作宾语，但意义区别明显的动词 forget regret try go on remember mean I still remember being taken to the Famen‎ ‎Temple and what I saw there.(2009·陕西高考)‎ ‎(3)动词want, need, require意为“需要”时，后面跟动词ing主动式或动词不定式的被动式作宾语区别不大。‎ The flowers need/want/require watering/to be watered.‎ ‎(4)在动词allow, advise, forbid, permit后面直接跟动词ing作宾语，如果有名词或代词作宾语，则应用带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。‎ We don’t allow smoking here.‎ We don’t allow anyone to smoke here.‎ ‎5．动词ing形式作主语 动词ing形式作主语表示抽象的、泛指的动作，尤其是一般行为倾向。‎ ‎(1)一般形式 It’s not easy to learn English well. Reading as much as possible is necessary.‎ ‎(2)通常为了避免句子主语过于冗长，用it作形式主语，动词ing后置。‎ It is no good learning without practice.‎ 三、动词不定式 ‎1．不定式作状语 ‎(1)不定式用来作目的状语。作目的状语时，不定式的逻辑主语通常也是全句的主语，往往意为“为了；想要”。‎ Having finished her project, she was invited by the school to speak to the new students.(2012·江西高考)‎ ‎(2)不定式用于so ...as to ...; such ...as to; enough to ...; too ...to ...; only to ...等结构中作结果状语。‎ George returned after the war, only to be told that his wife had left him.(2012·山东高考)‎ ‎[名师指津]　不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别：不定式作结果状语往往表示意想不到的结果，而现在分词作结果状语则表示自然而然的结果。‎ It rained heavily in the south, causing serious flooding in several provinces.(2010·天津高考)‎ ‎(3)不定式与形容词连用作原因状语。这些形容词主要有：happy, kind, surprised, frightened, angry, shocked, glad, delighted, disappointed等。‎ We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.(2010·辽宁高考)‎ ‎(4)在“be＋adj.(pleasant, nice, comfortable, hard, easy等)＋to do sth.”结构中， 常用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。‎ In many people’s opinion, that company, though relatively small, is pleasant to deal with.(2010·四川高考)‎ ‎2．不定式作定语 动词不定式作定语多表示将来的动作。‎ We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday.(2009·山东高考)‎ ‎3．have, get后作宾补的三种非谓语动词形式 have, get作“使、让、叫”讲时，其后可接“动词ed形式，动词ing 形式和动词不定式”这三种形式作宾补。‎ ‎(1)have sth.done ＝ get sth.done使/让某事被别人所做；使某物遭受 Every year, Tom remembers to have some flowers sent to her mother on her birthday.‎ Mr. Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.‎ ‎(2) He had us laughing all through the meal.‎ ‎[名师指津]　have sb.doing用于否定句时，其中have有“容忍”之意。‎ I won’t have you speaking to your dad like that.‎ ‎(3)使/让/叫某人去做某事 Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.‎ ‎[名师指津]　have sth. to do “有事情要做”。在此结构中，不定式作定语。‎ I’m sorry, I can’t go out with you. I have an urgent thing to settle.‎ ‎[针对训练]‎ Ⅰ.用所给动词的适当形式填空 ‎1．(2013·北京高考)Volunteering gives you a chance to_change (change) lives, including your own.‎ ‎2．(2013·北京高考)Finding (find) the course very difficult, she decided to move to a lower level.‎ ‎3．(2013·北京高考)When we saw the road blocked (block) with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.‎ ‎4．(2013·大纲卷)I got to the office earlier that day，having_caught (catch) the 7：30 train from Paddington.‎ ‎5．(2013·福建高考)Knowing (know) basic firstaid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.‎ ‎6．(2013·福建高考)Anyone, once tested (test) positive for H7N9 flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government.‎ ‎7．(2013·安徽高考)Founded (found) in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring children’s love of art.‎ ‎8．(2013·湖南高考)The sun began to rise in the sky, bathing(bathe) the mountain in golden light.‎ ‎9．(2013·湖南高考)You cannot accept an opinion offered (offer) to you unless it is based on facts.‎ ‎10．(2013·湖南高考)To_stay (stay) warm at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.‎ ‎11．(2013·江苏高考)Lionel Messi, having_set (set) the record for the most goals in a calendar year, is ‎ considered the most talented football player in Europe.‎ ‎12．(2013·江苏高考)Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and being_reduced (reduce) to ruins, the city took on a new look.‎ ‎13．(2013·辽宁高考)Laura was away in Paris for over a week.When she got home, there was a pile of mail waiting(wait) for her.‎ ‎14．(2013·山东高考)The room is empty except for a bookshelf standing (stand) in one corner.‎ ‎15．(2013·山东高考)I stopped the car to_take (take) a short break as I was feeling tired.‎ ‎16．(2013·山东高考)Having_eaten (eat) at the cafeteria before, Tina didn’t want to eat there again.‎ ‎17．(2013·陕西高考)Let those in need understand (understand) that we will go all out to help them.‎ ‎18．(2013·陕西高考)The witnesses questioned (question) by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.‎ ‎19．(2013·四川高考)Not knowing (know) which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice.‎ ‎20．(2013·四川高考)The airport to_be_completed (complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area.‎ ‎21．(2013·天津高考)In some languages, 100 words make up half of all words used (use) in daily conversations.‎ ‎22．(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)They might just have a place left(leave) on the writing course — why don’t you give it a try?‎ ‎23．(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)The sunlight is white and blinding, throwing (throw) hardedged shadows on the ground.‎ ‎24．(2013·重庆高考)When I was little, my mother used to sit by my bed，telling (tell) me stories till I fell asleep.‎ ‎25．(2013·重庆高考)The engine just won’t start.Something seems to_have_gone (go) wrong with it.‎ ‎26．(2013·浙江高考)Hearing (hear) how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.‎ ‎27．(2013·浙江高考)There are some health problems that, when not treated (treat) in time, can become bigger ones later on.‎ Ⅱ.语篇填空(用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文)‎ Freud was one of the first scientists 1.to_make (make) serious research of the mind.The mind is the collection of activities 2.based (base) in the brain that involve how we act, think, feel and reason.‎ He used long talks with patients and the study of dreams 3.to_search (search) for the causes of mental and emotional problems.He also tried hypnosis.He wanted to see if 4.putting (put) patients into a sleeplike condition would help ease 5.troubled (trouble) minds.In most cases he found the effects only temporary.‎ Freud worked hard, although what he did might sound easy.His method involved 6.sitting (sit) with his patients and 7.listening (listen) to them talk.He had them 8.talk (talk) about whatever they were thinking.All ideas, thoughts and anything that entered their mind had to 9.be_expressed (express)．There could be no 10.holding (hold) ‎ back because of fear or guilt.‎ 第五周　名词和冠词 一、名词 ‎1．名词的数 ‎(1)物质名词(如：air, milk, money)、抽象名词(如：health, knowledge, traffic)一般都是不可数名词。‎ ‎[名师指津]　①要熟记下列名词，它们在英语中一般是不可数名词：advice, baggage/luggage, furniture, equipment, fun, weather, information, luck, progress, work, homework, news, word (消息)等。‎ ‎②有些物质名词表示不同种类时可用复数形式。如：‎ Mary bought a variety of fruits and vegetables for the party.‎ ‎③有些物质名词可用作可数或不可数名词，不过意义有改变。如：coffee作为物质名词(咖啡)不可数，但two coffees表示两杯咖啡。‎ ‎(2)不可数名词前不可直接加数词修饰，而是采用量词词组。如：a glass of milk, a sheet of paper, two pieces of advice等。　‎ ‎(3)不可数名词常用(a) little, much, a great deal of等修饰，可数名词常用(a) few, many, a number of等修饰。a lot of, lots of, plenty of可修饰可数名词和不可数名词。‎ ‎(4)常见的单复数意义不同的名词(如：value“价值”，values“价值观”；manner“方式”，manners“礼貌”； custom“风俗”， customs“海关”； damage“损害”， damages“赔偿金”； work“工作”， works“著作”等)需特别注意。‎ ‎[名师指津]　熟记下列易错的名词复数形式：stomachs, Germans, photos, kilos, roofs, beliefs, proofs。‎ ‎(5)抽象名词具体化 具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事，具体指特定的某一件事时，这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。‎ difficulty困难；a difficulty一件难事 experience经验； an experience一次经历 failure失败； a failure一位失败者；一件失败的事 knowledge知识； a good knowledge丰富的知识 success成功； a success一位成功者；一件成功的事 surprise惊奇； a surprise一件令人吃惊的事 honour荣誉； an honour一位(件)带来荣誉的人或事 Failure is the mother of success.‎ His new book was a great success.‎ ‎(6)复合名词变复数 ‎①主体名词变复数：boy student→boy students, passerby→passersby。‎ ‎②man/woman修饰主体名词的情况，两部分都变复数：woman doctor→women doctors。‎ ‎③没有主体名词的情况下，在词尾加s：grownup→grownups。‎ ‎2．名词的所有格 ‎(1)有生命的人或物的所有格一般由名词加“’s”构成；若是几个人共有，或几个词作为一个单位时，在最后一个名词后加“’s”，若表示各自的所属关系时，各名词的末尾都要加“’s”。如：Mary’s dictionary, Mary and Mike’s desk, Mary’s and Mike’s mothers。‎ ‎[名师指津]　表示“某某的家/店铺”的名词所有格，常常省略其名词。如： at Mr White’s, at the tailor’s。‎ ‎(2)无生命的事物的所有格一般采用“of＋名词”的结构。如：the liberation of the country, the window of the house。‎ ‎[名师指津]　表示时间、距离、天体、金额、国家或城市等的名词所有格也可在名词后直接加“’s”构成。如：two weeks’ holiday, ten minutes’ drive, China’s population。‎ ‎(3)有时，上述两种所有格形式可以结合在一起，构成双重所有格。如：a friend of my father’s。‎ ‎3．名词作定语 名词在句子中除可充当主语、表语、宾语、宾补、同位语外，还可以用作定语。‎ ‎(1)表示材料的名词作定语常用单数，说明被修饰的名词是什么原料制成的。如：‎ stone figures石像　　　　　 paper money纸币 diamond necklace钻石项链 gold medal金牌 ‎(2)表示地点的名词作定语，说明被修饰的名词存在或发生的地点。如：‎ country music　　　　　　 乡村音乐 city life 城市生活 school education 学校教育 ‎(3)表示用途、性质的名词作定语。如：coffee cup咖啡杯 ‎4．名词与高考 高考对名词的考查主要以词类转化的形式出现，所以，考生除了掌握名词的基础知识外，还要特别注意词语的搭配关系：动词、介词、冠词、代词、形容词后常跟名词。同时要掌握常见的名词后缀。‎ It’s very important to teach the children about road safety (safe)．‎ Your kindness (kind) is grateful.‎ ‎[针对训练]‎ Ⅰ.完成句子(根据汉语提示，完成下列句子)‎ ‎1．Two months (月) ago, three heroes (英雄) caught four thieves (小偷)．They made them plant some potatoes (土豆) and bamboos(竹子) in two zoos (动物园)．They also made their wives (妻子们) return the four big boxes (箱子) with some precious photos (照片) and brushes (刷子) in them.‎ ‎2．Two editorsinchief (主编), three men_teachers (男教师) and five women_doctors (女医生), together with their children (孩子们), went to the market.They decided to buy two sheep (绵羊), three deer (鹿), four oxen (公牛), five geese (鹅) and six white mice (老鼠) with three feet (脚) and six teeth (牙齿)．‎ Ⅱ.语篇填空(用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文)‎ A high school history teacher once told us, “If you make one close friend in school, you will be most lucky.A true friend is someone who stays with you for life.”Experience shows that he was right. Good 1.friendships (friend) are just not easily formed.‎ To most of us, friendships are thought very important, but we need to have the kinds of friendships we want. Are they to be close or kept at arm’s 2.length (long)？Do we want to share ourselves or do we want to walk on the surface? For some people, many friendships on the surface are quite enough and that’s all right. But at some point we need to make sure that our 3.expectations (expect) are the same as our 4.friends’ (friend) expectations.The sharing of 5.personal (person) experience is the surest way 6.to_deepen/of_deepening (deepen) friendships. But it must be undertaken slowly and carried on only if there are signs of interest and 7.action (act) return.‎ What are some of the difficulties to friendship？The greatest is the 8.attraction (attract) to expect too much too soon. Deep relationships take time.Another main difficulty is the 9.selfishness (selfish) to think one“owns” the other, including his time and 10.attention (attend). Similarly, friendships need actions in return.In other words, you must give as much as you take.Finally there is a question of taking care of each other.Unless you spend reasonable time together, talking on the phone, writing letters or doing things together, friendships will die away.‎ 二、 冠词 冠词包括不定冠词a/an, 定冠词the和不用冠词的情况(也可称为零冠词)。a/an的基本含义为“一个”，表泛指，the的基本含义是“这个、那个”，表特指。通常第一次出现的可数名词前用a/an修饰，重复出现时用the修饰。‎ ‎1．不定冠词(a/an)的用法 ‎(1)用于第一次提及的非特指的可数名词前。‎ She was ready to tell a story when her parents came in.‎ ‎(2)用于单数可数名词前表示“一、每一、某一”等意思。‎ You should take the medicine three times a day.‎ A tiger has four legs.‎ ‎(3)用于某些抽象名词前，使其具体化。‎ Many people agree that a knowledge of English is a must in international trade today.‎ ‎2．定冠词的用法 ‎(1)特指上文提及的或读者清楚的或受定语修饰的人或物。Where is the teacher you talked about yesterday?‎ ‎(2)用于单数可数名词前，表示整个类属。‎ The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.‎ ‎(3)与某些形容词连用表示一类人或物。如： the disabled, the old, the less valuable等。‎ ‎(4) 表示世界上独一无二的事物。如：the moon, the sun, the earth, the universe, the world, the ‎ sky等。‎ ‎[名师指津]　当这些名词前有修饰语时，则要用不定冠词。如： a bright moon, a new world。‎ ‎(5)用于表示江河、海洋、湖泊、山脉、群岛、国家、党派、组织等专有名词或由普通名词构成的专用名词前。如： the Pacific Ocean, the Himalayas, the Philippines, the Great Wall, the United States, the WTO, the Friendship Store等。‎ ‎(6)用于表示方位的名词前。如： in the east, in the northwest。‎ ‎(7)在序数词和最高级前。如： the first, the best。‎ ‎[名师指津]　当序数词不表示顺序而表示某一次时，用不定冠词修饰。如：a second time，意为“再一次；又一次”。‎ ‎(8)在乐器名词前、表示姓氏的复数名词前及构成“……年代”。如： play the violin, the Johnsons, in the 1940s。‎ ‎(9)在中国的含有“festival”的节日前。如： the Spring Festival等。‎ ‎(10)用在固定搭配中。如： by the dozen, by the hour, by the way, in the distance, in the morning, in the end, in the direction of, on the whole, on the other hand, the other day, to tell the truth, in the country, all the time, go to the cinema, in the open air, on the radio等。‎ ‎3．不用冠词的情况 ‎(1)专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词。如： China, America, Smith。‎ ‎(2)作表语、补语和同位语，在表示职位或头衔的名词前。‎ We elected Tom monitor of our class.‎ ‎(3)在表示季节、月份、日期、节日、星期的名词前(但在中国的传统节日前一定要有the)。‎ March 8 is Women’s Day, and June 1st is Children’s Day.‎ ‎(4)一日三餐、球类活动前。‎ I always have breakfast at home and lunch at school.‎ Some students will play basketball after school, and others will go running around the campus.‎ ‎4．常用的固定词组辨析 at table就餐　　　　　　 at the table在桌子旁 in hospital住院 in the hospital在医院 in front of在……前面 in the front of在……的前部 go to school上学 go to the school去学校 have a word with与……交谈 have words with与……吵架 at times有时 at a time一次 in charge of ...负责 in the charge of ...由……负责 out of question没问题 out of the question不可能 ‎[针对训练]‎ Ⅰ.填入适当的冠词 ‎1．(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)India attained independence in 1947, after a long struggle.‎ ‎2．(2013·重庆高考)The parents were shocked by the news that their son needed an operation on his knee.‎ ‎3．(2013·山东高考)It was a cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across the night sky.‎ ‎4．(2013·浙江高考)People develop a preference for a particular style of learning at an early age and these preferences affect learning.‎ ‎5．(2013·福建高考)The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve people’s wellbeing and a dream of harmony, peace and development.‎ ‎6．(2013·江西高考)Animals are obviously a lower form of life than man.‎ ‎7．(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)Four and a half hours of discussion took us up to midnight, and a break for cheese, chocolate and tea with sugar.‎ ‎8．(2013·陕西高考)Marco Polo is said to have sailed on the Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in the thirteenth century.‎ Ⅱ.用a, an, the填空 There once was a king who offered 1.a prize to 2.the artist who would paint 3.the best picture of peace.Many artists tried.The king looked at all 4.the pictures.But there were only two he really liked, and he had to choose between them.‎ One picture was of a calm lake.The lake was a perfect mirror for peaceful high mountains all around it.Overhead was a blue sky with fluffy white clouds.All who saw this picture thought that it was 5.a perfect picture of peace.‎ The other picture had mountains, too.But these were rugged (崎岖的) and bare.Above was 6.an angry sky, from which rain fell and in which lightning played.Down 7.the side of the mountain tumbled (翻腾) a foaming (水泡) waterfall.This did not look peaceful at all.‎ But when the king looked closely, he saw behind 8.the waterfall a tiny bush growing in a crack (裂缝) in the rock.In the bush 9.a mother bird had built her nest.There, in the midst of the rush of angry water, sat the mother bird on her nest — in perfect peace.‎ The king chose 10.the second picture.‎ Ⅲ.在下列空格中填入适当的冠词，或用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空 Yesterday we had dinner at 1.Mr.White’s (Mr.White). Perhaps some dish didn’t agree with me and I felt bad after dinner.So I had to go to the 2.doctor’s (doctor).3.The doctor gave me some 4.medicine (medical). I felt 5.better (well) but I couldn’t finish 6.yesterday’s (yesterday) homework.My mother was 7.unhappy (happy), but my father thought it 8.a pleasure for me to know Mr.White，9.a famous writer.As for me, I thought Mr.White focused too much on 10.success (succeed) because he didn’t want to be a 11.failure (fail)．‎ 第六周　数词与主谓一致 一、数词 ‎1．基数词 ‎(1)注意几个不规则的基数词的写法。如：eleven, twelve, thirteen, fifteen, twenty, thirty, forty, fifty等。‎ ‎(2)注意英语中的数量以三位为一个单位，一般对应阿拉伯数字的写法每三位加一个逗号，分别是thousand, million和billion。如：ten thousand＝10,000; one hundred million＝100,000,000。‎ ‎(3)数词hundred, thousand, million, billion, dozen, score表示确切数目时不加s，但若表示不确切数目时，要用复数形式，与of构成短语。如：一万：ten thousand；成千上万的：tens of thousands of；两打鸡蛋：two dozen eggs。‎ ‎(4)年代表达方式有两种写法。如：20世纪90年代：in the 1990s或in the ‎1990’‎s。‎ ‎2．序数词 ‎(1)序数词前面一般加the，多数序数词由基数词加th构成。如：the fifteenth; 以y结尾的基数词变化时，先把y改成i，再加eth。如：twentieth。注意几个不规则的序数词的写法。如：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth等。　‎ ‎(2)序数词常可缩写，其形式为阿拉伯数字加序数词的最后两个字母。如：1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th。‎ ‎3．小数 小数点用point表示，小数点后的数用个位基数词表示。如：0.567 － zero point five six seven。‎ ‎4．分数 分子用基数词，分母用序数词，如果分子大于1，分母须加s。如：1/5－one fifth/onefifth; 3/4－three fourths/threefourths。‎ ‎5．百分数 百分号用percent(per cent)或%表示。如：19.56%－nineteen point five six percent。‎ ‎6．倍数表达法 ‎(1)倍数＋as＋形容词/副词(原级)＋as。‎ This bridge is three times as long as that one.‎ ‎(2)倍数＋形容词或副词的比较级＋than。‎ This bridge is three times longer than that one.‎ ‎(3)倍数＋the size/length/weight ...＋of＋表示比较对象的 This bridge is three times the length of that one.‎ ‎(4)倍数＋what引导的从句。‎ The college is twice what it was 5 years ago.‎ ‎(5)倍数＋that＋of＋表示比较对象。‎ The money he earns is three times that of hers.‎ ‎[针对训练]‎ 用适当的词填空或完成句子 ‎1．Two fifths (five) of the land in that district is covered with trees and grass.‎ ‎2．It is not rare in the 90s (90) that people in their fifties (fifty) are going to university for further education.‎ ‎3．It took us quite a long time to get there.It was a_threehour_journey (三小时的旅程)．‎ ‎4．He lived in Room_506_on_the_fifth_floor (5楼的506房)．‎ ‎5．About three_thousand_people (3千人) took part in the demonstration against the war on Iraq.‎ ‎6．It is reported that only threetenths ‎(十分之三) of the American people think that the war is going on successfully.‎ ‎7．About seventy_percent_of_the_volunteers (百分之七十的志愿者) are from universities.‎ ‎8．Jack’s salary is $‎5,000 a month, which is three_times_the_amount_of_John’s/three_times_as_much_as_John’s (John的三倍)．‎ 二、主谓一致 主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数方面需和主语保持一致。主谓一致主要遵循语法形式一致、意义一致以及就近一致三个原则。‎ ‎1．句子谓语用单数的情况 ‎(1)单数名词或代词、不可数名词、动词不定式或动词ing形式或单个从句等作主语时。‎ To go swimming is helpful for shaping your body.‎ ‎[名师指津]　what引导的名词性从句作主语时，若表语是复数形式，则谓语动词用复数。‎ ‎(2)由and连接的两个名词若表示单一概念时。‎ A knife and fork is what you need when having a meal.‎ ‎(3)由and连接的并列单数主语前有every, each, no, many a时。‎ Each man and each woman was asked to give a performance at the party.‎ ‎(4)表示时间、重量、距离、长度、价格、金额、体积等名词的复数作主语或主语部分是一个算式时。‎ To me, 20,000 dollars is not a small sum of money.‎ One plus one is/equals two.‎ ‎(5)each, everyone, everybody, everything, someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing等不定代词作主语时。‎ Everyone has his own interest.‎ Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.‎ ‎(6)one (every one, any one, either, neither, each one, each)＋of＋名词复数时。‎ One of the guests in the party is from South Africa.‎ Every one of us likes the novel.‎ ‎(7)more than one/a＋单数名词作主语，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语须用单数形式。‎ More than one student was chosen to compete in the contest.‎ ‎2．句子谓语用复数的情况 ‎(1)某些集体名词(如：people, police, staff, cattle等)作主语时，谓语通常用复数。‎ The police are searching the woods for the lost child.‎ ‎(2)由and, both ... and连接两个并列主语时。‎ What he says and what he does do not agree.‎ Both the president and the prime minister have attended the lecture.‎ ‎(3)当主语是clothes, trousers, shorts, shoes, jeans, glasses, scissors, compasses等只有复数形式的名词时。‎ My trousers have been washed already.‎ ‎[名师指津]　若这类名词前有pair of修饰时，其谓语动词的单复数取决于pair的单复数形式。‎ ‎(4)“the＋形容词/过去分词”结构(如：the dead/old/rich/injured/unemployed等)多指某一类人。主语由该结构充当时，谓语动词一般用复数。‎ The blind were given aids by the volunteers outside the theatre.‎ ‎[名师指津]　该结构也有表示一类事物的情况，此时谓语动词用单数。‎ The old always gives way to the new.‎ ‎3．就近一致的情况 ‎(1)在there be结构中。‎ There is a pen and three books on the desk.‎ ‎(2)当or, either ...or, neither ...nor, whether ...or, not only ...but also ...等连词连接两个并列主语时。‎ Not only his brothers but also he is good at painting.‎ ‎4．其他情况 ‎(1)主语后面有as well as, rather than, with, together with, along with, like, but, except等插入成分，谓语的数与主语保持一致。‎ The Smiths, together with their daughter, are to arrive on the evening flight.‎ Nobody but three students was in the laboratory at that time.‎ ‎(2)某些集体名词(如：family, team, audience, class, committee, crowd, government, group, party, public等)作主语时，若作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数；若指集体中所有的成员时，谓语用复数。‎ Her family is small, but the family are advanced workers.‎ ‎(3)以s结尾的名词(如：学科名词politics, 不可数名词news, 或单复数同形的means, works等)，要分清其数的关系，才可决定其谓语的单复数形式。‎ Physics seems to be very difficult to many girl students.‎ Different means of transport are available in the city.‎ ‎(4)none, some, all, the rest, half等作主语时，谓语动词根据其所指意义决定单复数。‎ The rest of the story was dull and all the students were bored.‎ ‎[针对训练]‎ 用所给动词的适当形式填空 ‎1．Barbara is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of the women who wears (wear) evening dress.‎ ‎2．Not only I but also Jane and Mary are (be) tired of having one examination after another.‎ ‎3．Nodding head means (mean) agreement.‎ ‎4．The Times is_published (publish) in the United States, which is (be) one of the most developed countries in the world.‎ ‎5．My brother is one of the students who have_been_chosen (choose) to join the force.‎ ‎6．This is because two thirds of the earth’s surface is (be) made up of vast oceans.‎ ‎7．A great number of students in this school are (be) League members.‎ ‎8．The total number of the population in China is (be) about 1, 320 million.‎ ‎9．Between the two rows of trees stands (stand) the teaching building.‎ ‎10．Mary, as well as her sisters, is_studying (study) Chinese in China now.‎ 第七周　代词和it的用法 一、代词 ‎1．人称代词 主格(作主语)‎ I you he she 宾格(作宾语、表语)‎ me you him her 主格(作主语)‎ it ‎ we you they 宾格(作宾语、表语)‎ it us you them 人称代词的主格在句中作主语，宾格作宾语或表语。‎ They like him.‎ ‎[名师指津]　在非正式英语尤其是口语中，人称代词作表语时常可用其宾格形式代替主格。在比较状语从句中，有时也可用宾格代替主格(尤其是其后跟有同位语“all”时)。‎ ‎—Who is it?‎ ‎—It’s me.‎ He is taller than I (或 me)．‎ He is taller than us all.‎ 若可能引起误解，就不能用宾格代替主格。试比较：‎ He loves you more than I．(他比我更爱你。)‎ He loves you more than me.‎(他爱你比爱我更多。)‎ ‎2．物主代词 形容词性(作定语)‎ my your his her 名词性(作主语、表语、宾语)‎ mine yours his hers 形容词性(作定语)‎ its our your their 名词性(作主语、表语、宾语)‎ its ours yours theirs ‎(1)形容词性物主代词只能用作定语，必须与名词连用。如：‎ his pen, our books。‎ ‎(2)“形容词性物主代词＋own”常用来强调“某人自己的”，其后可跟名词。‎ Don’t use my pen.Why not use your own (pen)?‎ I want a car of my own.‎ ‎(3)“of＋名词性物主代词(或名词所有格)”构成双重所有格形式。如：a friend of mine。‎ ‎3．反身代词 反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves可在句中作表语、宾语和同位语。‎ I am not quite myself today.(表语)‎ He saw himself in the mirror.(宾语)‎ I myself did it.(同位语)‎ ‎4．相互代词 ‎(1)相互代词each other和one another表示相互关系，两者差别不大，一般用作宾语。‎ Bill and Helen blamed each other.‎ ‎(2)each other和one another有所有格形式，可用作定语。‎ They looked into each other’s eyes for a silent moment.‎ ‎5．指示代词 指示代词有this, that, these, those, it, such, same等。‎ ‎(1)this, that, these, those的用法 ‎①作主语、宾语、表语和定语。this (these)常代指时间和空间上较近的人或物；而that (those)常代指时间和空间上较远的人或物。‎ This is my book and that is hers.‎ ‎②this (these)常指后文将要提及的事物；that (those)常指前文已提及的事物。‎ Now hear this.Meeting of all students on the playground in ten minutes!‎ He didn’t come.That is why he didn’t know.‎ ‎③that和those常可用来代指前文提及的内容，以免重复。‎ The life in Japan is different from that in America.‎ ‎④this和that有时可表示“程度”，作状语，相当于so。‎ I don’t want that much.‎ ‎(2)such的用法 可用作主语、宾语、补语和定语。用作定语修饰单数可数名词时，不定冠词a(n)放在such之后。‎ Such is life./He is such a kind man.‎ ‎(3)same的用法 可用作定语、宾语、表语、状语等，常与定冠词连用。‎ It’s the same kind of work, just a different department.‎ ‎6．疑问代词 用于引导特殊疑问句。who, whom, whose用于指人；which和what可指人或物。‎ ‎(1)who通常作主语和表语，whom作宾语。在口语中，常用who代替whom，但如果前面有介词，则仍需用whom。‎ Who is he？(表语，问姓名)‎ By whom was the book written？(介词宾语)‎ 试比较：‎ Who is he？(问姓名或关系)‎ What is he？(问职业或地位)‎ ‎(2)what, which均可作主语、宾语或定语。‎ 试比较：‎ What sport do you like best？(不定范围的选择)‎ Which sport do you like better, football or volleyball？(确定范围的选择)‎ ‎(3)whose可用作定语或表语。‎ Whose dictionary is this？(定语)‎ ‎7．关系代词 关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that, as等，用于引导从句。‎ I like the book that was written by Shi Naian.‎ ‎[针对训练]‎ Ⅰ.用适当的代词填空 ‎1．The cost of renting a house in central Xi’an is higher than that in any other area of the city.‎ ‎2．He is such a kind boy that he is always ready to help others.‎ ‎3．The population of China is larger than that of Japan.‎ ‎4．Who should take over the work?‎ ‎5．What is Tom？Is he a teacher?‎ ‎6．Which do you like better, English or Chinese?‎ ‎7．As classmates, we should help each_other.‎ ‎8．Is this the same book as yours?‎ Ⅱ.语篇填空(在下列空格中填入适当的代词)‎ An old man and his son were taking a donkey to the market.The man rode the donkey and the son walked behind 1.it/them. A man saw them and asked the son why 2.he wasn’t riding the donkey.Then the father let 3.him ride it.4.Another man saw them and told 5.them that they should 6.both ride the donkey.So 7.they both got on it.A woman who saw them said，“Tell 8.me，why are you both riding that poor animal? 9.It looks so weak and tired.10.You are so cruel！”Then, the father and son got off the donkey and started carrying it across a bridge.When they were halfway across the bridge, the donkey struggled loose and fell into the river.‎ 二、不定代词 ‎1．another, the other, other, others的区别 ‎(1)another“又一；再一；另一”，泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”。‎ I felt so bad all day yesterday that I decided this morning I couldn’t face another day like that.(2009·山东高考)‎ Give me another ten minutes and I will complete the task.‎ ‎(2)the other表示两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”，是特指，常用于one ...the other ...。‎ I’ll spend half of my holiday practising English and the other half learning drawing.(2010·新课标全国卷)‎ ‎(3)other作前置定语，表示“另外的”。‎ We study Chinese, maths, English and other lessons.‎ ‎(4)others作代词，泛指“其他人”或“其他物”。‎ You are a team star! Working with others is really your cup of tea.(2010·安徽高考)‎ Some are singing and dancing, some are drawing, others are climbing the hill.‎ ‎2．it, that, one, those的区别 ‎(1)it意为“它”，特指前面提到过的同一个人或者物。‎ I like this house with a beautiful garden in front, but I don’t have enough money to buy it.(2009·四川高考)‎ ‎(2)that用来替代前面出现的特指的单数可数名词或特指的不可数名词，相当于the＋单数/不可数名词。‎ Few pleasures can equal that (＝ the pleasure) of a cool drink on a hot day.‎ ‎(3)one用来替代前面出现的单数名词，是泛指概念，相当于a/an＋单数名词；ones用来替代前面出现的复数名词，也是泛指概念；the one用来替代前面的特指的单数名词，有时可用that替代(尤其在有后置定语的情况下)；the ones用来替代前面的特指的复数名词，有时可用those替代(尤其在有后置定语的情况下)。‎ Helping others is a habit, one you can learn even at an early age.(2010·山东高考)‎ ‎—Why don’t we take a short break?‎ ‎—Didn’t we just have one (＝ a break)?‎ Students who do well in examinations are those/the ones who ask questions in class.‎ ‎3．no one, nobody, none, nothing的区别 ‎(1)no one, nobody表“没有人；谁也不”，只指人，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。常可用来回答who引导的问句。‎ Charles was alone at home, with no one looking after him.(2009·全国卷Ⅱ)‎ ‎(2)none“没人；没有任何东西”，既可指人，也可指物。none后可接of短语，常用来回答how many/much的问题。‎ ‎—How many of you have seen the film?‎ ‎—None (of us)．‎ ‎(3)nothing意为“没有东西”，一般回答what。‎ Nothing in my life impressed me so deeply as my first visit to the Palace Museum.(2010·天津高考)‎ ‎4．all, both, either, neither, none的区别 ‎(1)all指所有的人或物，表示“(三者或三者以上)全部；都”。‎ All I want is peace and quiet.‎ ‎(2)both表示“两者都”。‎ ‎—Did you go to London or Paris last year?‎ ‎—We went to both. A week in London and two weeks in Paris.‎ ‎(3)either表示“(两者中)任何一个”。‎ He had lost his temper and his health in the war and never found either of them again.(2010·重庆高考)‎ ‎(4)neither表示“(两者)都不”。‎ I tried two different methods, yet neither of them seemed to work very well.‎ ‎5．each和every的区别 ‎(1)each和every都表示“每个”的意思，但each侧重个体，可作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。every侧重全体，相当于汉语的“每个都”，在句中只作定语。‎ The tickets each cost ten dollars.(同位语)‎ Every dog has his day.(定语)‎ ‎(2)each代指两个或两个以上的人/物，而every需指三个或三个以上的人/物。‎ Each of the two has won a prize.‎ Every Chinese is pleased at the news.‎ ‎6．few, little和a few, a little的区别 few和little表示“很少的……”，含否定意义；而a few与a little表示“一些……”，含肯定意义。few和a few代替可数名词， little和a little代替不可数名词。在句中用作主语或宾语。‎ Of all the guests, he knows only a few.‎ Few of them are famous.‎ ‎[名师指津]　这组词更多用作形容词，在句中作定语。few与a few修饰复数可数名词；little, a little修饰不可数名词。‎ He has few friends and lives a lonely life.‎ ‎[针对训练]‎ Ⅰ.用适当的代词填空 ‎1．(2013·大纲卷)It’s an eitheror situation — we can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we can’t do both.‎ ‎2．(2013·福建高考)A society cannot be successful if it throws tradition away, but it cannot be successful either if we do something to stop progress.‎ ‎3．(2013·安徽高考)This project requires close teamwork. Nothing will be achieved unless we work well together.‎ ‎4．(2013·江西高考)Nobody can be good at something for 40 years if he doesn’t love it.‎ ‎5．(2013·辽宁高考)To her joy, Della earned first the trust of her students and then that of her colleagues.‎ ‎6．(2013·山东高考)I’ve lived in New York and Chicago, but don’t like either of them very much.‎ ‎7．(2013·陕西高考)Although Rosemary had suffered from a serious illness for years, she lost none of her enthusiasm for life.‎ ‎8．(2013·四川高考)The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than that on the small ones.‎ ‎9．(2013·天津高考)At our factory there are a few machines similar to those described in this magazine.‎ ‎10．(2013·重庆高考)Recycling is one way to protect the environment; reusing is another.‎ ‎11．(2013·浙江高考)Half of those surveyed in 16 countries say they go first to their closest friend to share their deepest wishes and darkest fears.‎ ‎12．(2012·江苏高考)Sophia waited for a reply, but none came.‎ ‎13．(2012·新课标全国卷)Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him, but neither of them wants to, because they have work to do.‎ ‎14．(2012·江西高考)My brother would like to buy a good watch but none was available from that shop.‎ ‎15．(2012·浙江高考)Studying Wendy’s menu, I found that many of the items are similar to those of McDonald’s.‎ ‎16．(2012·上海高考)When he took his gloves off, I noticed that each one had his name written inside.‎ Ⅱ.语篇填空(在下列空格中填入适当的代词)‎ Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with 1.each_other.But 2.it was also a time when there were many great philosophers. Confucius (孔子) is the philosopher 3.whose influence has been the greatest. He stressed the importance of kindness, duty and order in society.‎ Mencius (孟子) was a thinker whose teachings were very similar to 4.those of Confucius.Mencius believed that the reason why man is different from animals is that man is good.He thought that if the government was kind, then people would be good. He believed that people were more important than rulers, and hated the state when 5.it treated people badly.‎ Mozi (墨子) was 6.another teacher who was very influential. Born in 476 BC, he came from a family 7.that was very poor. He became famous for 8.his unusual clothes and behaviour. He founded the philosophy called Mohism.Mozi believed that all men were equal.He thought that we should love all human beings and look after 9.those who are weaker than 10.ourselves.‎ 三、it的用法 ‎1．it指代前面所提到过的事情、事物；婴儿或身份不明的人，未指明但谈话双方都明白的事情或情况。‎ ‎—I’ve broken a plate.‎ ‎—It (＝ Breaking the plate) doesn’t matter.(指前面所提到过的事情)‎ The Parkers bought a new house but it will need a lot of work before they can move in.(指双方都明白的事情)‎ Look at the baby. Isn’t it lovely？(指人们对其性别还不太在意的婴儿)‎ ‎2．it用作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面，真正的主语或宾语往往由从句、动名词或不定式充当。‎ It worries me that he keeps changing his mind.‎ New technologies have made it possible to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost.(2012·四川高考)‎ As far as I’m concerned, it’s no use arguing with him.He won’t change his mind.‎ ‎3．有些动词或动词＋介词后面接it，再加从句，构成固定结构。这类动词或动词＋介词有：enjoy, prefer, love, like, hate, dislike, appreciate, have, take, put, help, see to, rely on等。‎ I dislike it when I am left alone to start a conversation with a stranger.‎ They would appreciate it, to be frank, if the goods could be delivered as soon as possible.‎ How can I help it if people don’t read the instructions?‎ ‎[针对训练]‎ Ⅰ.用 it, one, the one填空 ‎1．(2012·全国卷Ⅱ)Sarah made it to the airport just in time to catch her plane this morning.‎ ‎2．(2012·辽宁高考)If you’re buying today’s paper from the stand, could you get one for me?‎ ‎3．(2012·陕西高考)No matter where he is, he makes it a rule to go for a walk before breakfast.‎ ‎4．(2011·福建高考)We have various summer camps for your holidays. You can choose one based on your own interests.‎ ‎5．(2011·天津高考)We feel it our duty to make our country a better place.‎ ‎6．(2011·重庆高考)—Silly me! I forget what my luggage looks like.‎ ‎—What do you think of the_one over there?‎ ‎7．(2011·山东高考)The two girls are so alike that strangers find it difficult to tell one from the other.‎ ‎8．(2011·重庆高考)It is still under discussion whether the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not.‎ ‎9．(2011·江西高考)Why don’t you bring it to his attention that you’re too ill to work on?‎ ‎10．(2011·北京高考)The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase it.‎ Ⅱ.语篇填空(在下列空格中填入适当的代词)‎ My friend Tony and I always walk home together after school, for 1.we live in the same block and 2.both of us go in for football.‎ One afternoon on 3.our way home, we were about to say goodbye when we heard a loud shout behind 4.us.As we looked around to see what had happened, we found a middleaged woman lying on the ground, bleeding.We soon realized that 5.she had been knocked down by the black car in front of her.We hurried to help 6.her,_ but a man with dark glasses came over and tried to prevent Tony and 7.me from getting closer to the wounded woman.So we got very angry with the man.How could 8.he stop us from helping a dying woman？The man asked us to turn around and we were surprised to see 9.another man carrying a video camera on 10.his shoulder.They were just shooting a film!‎ 第八周　形容词和副词 一、基本用法 形容词的基本用法如下表：‎ 句法功能 例句 作定语 The research lacks solid evidence, and therefore, its conclusions are doubtful.(2012·浙江高考)‎ 作表语 Trains are fast and convenient, but rush hours can be terrible.‎ 作宾语补足语 Life is hard there, and the mountains make communications difficult.‎ 作主语补足语 The upper closet was found empty.‎ 作主语或宾语(与the或所有格连用)‎ On buses, the young offer their seats to the old, the sick and the disabled.‎ 作伴随状语 The survivors lay on the beach, exhausted and shocked.‎ 副词的基本用法如下表：‎ 句法功能 例句 作状语 修饰动词 We used to see each other regularly, but I haven’t heard from him since last year. (2012·辽宁高考)‎ 修饰形容词 Wang Wei can be really stubborn.‎ 修饰其他副词 Neither Tom nor Susan can swim very well.‎ 修饰全句 Obviously there is much room for improvement in our work.‎ 作表语 Michael is abroad.‎ 作定语 Which is the way out？‎ 作宾语补足语 I am very glad to see you back.‎ 二、形容词和副词的比较等级 形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级、比较级和最高级。‎ ‎[名师指津]　以下形容词及其副词无比较级和最高级：relative, absolute, perfect, entire, senior, golden, afraid, unique, present, simply, right, wrong, sure, round, empty, wonderful等。‎ ‎1．比较级和最高级的构成 ‎(1)规则形式 ‎①单音节以及少数以ow(如narrow)结尾的双音节形容词或副词，在原级后加er, est构成。如：clever － cleverer － cleverest。其他特殊变化见下表：‎ 特殊情况 构成方式 例词 以e结尾 加r和st brave － braver ‎ － bravest 以“辅音字母＋y”结尾 变y为i, 再加 ‎er和est happy － happier ‎ － happiest 以重读闭音节结尾 双写词尾，再加 ‎er和est hot－hotter－hottest ‎②多音节和部分双音节形容词和副词，在原级前加more, most构成。‎ active － more active － most active happily － more happily － most happily ‎(2)不规则形式 good/well － better － best far － farther/further － farthest/furthest bad /ill /badly － worse － worst old － older/elder －oldest/eldest many/much － more － most little － less － least ‎2．基本用法 ‎(1)两者相比(甲＝乙)，用“as＋原级＋as”表示。‎ For cheerleaders, their sport is just as serious as baseball or football.‎ ‎[名师指津]　在同等比较级中，若同时出现形容词修饰单数可数名词，其语序为：as＋adj.＋a＋n.＋as。‎ I have never had as boring a day as today.‎ ‎(2)两者相比(甲<乙)，用“not as/so＋原级＋as”表示。‎ Unfortunately, my wife isn’t so fond of them as I am.‎ ‎(3)两者相比(甲>乙)，用“比较级＋than”表示，(甲<乙)用“less＋原级＋than”表示。‎ Seeking information on the Internet is more convenient than searching in a library.‎ ‎[名师指津]　在实际运用中，than从句常常省略，要通过上下文来理解。‎ Traveling from place to place is now so much cheaper and easier.‎ ‎(4)三个或三个以上的人或事物比较，表示最高程度时，用“the＋最高级＋比较范围”表示。‎ During the 1990s, Michael Jordan was probably the bestknown basketball player in the world.‎ ‎3．特殊用法 ‎(1)“比较级＋and＋比较级”和“more and more＋原级”表示“越来越……”，其反义词组为“less and less＋原级”。‎ In many ways my disability has made me grow more and more independent.‎ ‎(2)“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”表示“越……，就越……”。‎ The more upset I got, the less I was able to concentrate.‎ ‎(3)“more＋原级＋than”表示“与其说……不如说……”。‎ The girl was more frightened than hurt.‎ ‎(4)“more than＋主语＋can＋谓语”表示“非……所能；……不能”。‎ The beauty of the city is more than I can describe.‎ ‎(5)形容词比较级前一般不用冠词，但如果出现表示范围的短语时，就需要加定冠词。‎ Of the two sisters, Mary is the cleverer.‎ ‎[名师指津]　有时形容词最高级前不用the，句中的most相当于very, 意为“非常；十分”。‎ I am most happy to get your email.‎ ‎4．比较级形式表示最高级含义 ‎(1)在某个特定范围内，同类事物对比，可用以下比较级结构表示最高级含义：‎ 比较级＋than＋ China is the largest country in Asia.That’s, it is larger than any other country in Asia.‎ ‎(2)never＋...＋a＋形容词比较级＋单数名词/nothing＋...＋形容词比较级。‎ I have never heard a better voice./Nothing is better than the voice.‎ ‎[针对训练]‎ Ⅰ.用所给单词的适当形式填空 ‎1．(2013·福建高考)The Forbidden City attracts a constant (constantly) stream of visitors every day, especially during national holidays.‎ ‎2．(2013·福建高考)Those poor and needy teenagers were excited to find a shop at the corner where they could buy affordably (afford) priced bikes.‎ ‎3．(2013·辽宁高考)Everything seemed to be going smoothly (smooth) for the first two days after I moved to New York.‎ ‎4．(2013·天津高考)I think watching TV every evening is a waste of time — there are more (many) meaningful things to do.‎ ‎5．(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)Tony can hardly boil an egg, still less (little) cook dinner.‎ ‎6．In that school, English is compulsory (compel) for all students, but French and Russian are optional.‎ ‎7．I’ve been writing this report occasionally (occasion) for the last two weeks, but it has to be handed in tomorrow.‎ ‎8．His teacher took a deep drink, smiled warmly (warm), and thanked his student very much for the sweet water.‎ ‎9．The teacher replied，“You tasted the water.I tasted the gift.The water was simply the container for an act of kindness and love.Nothing could be sweeter (sweet)．”‎ ‎10．He was very tired after doing this for a whole day, but he felt very happy since the crop did “grow” higher (high)．‎ ‎11．This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their natural (nature) course.‎ ‎12. We drank together and talked merrily (merry) till far into the night.‎ ‎13．One of the worst (bad) gift choices I ever made was for my high school English teacher, Ms Chen.‎ ‎14．Games are often exciting (excite) and dramatic, but they generally aren’t very intellectual.‎ ‎15．Seated in a comfortable chair, listening to the peaceful music, you’ll be brought into a relaxed (relax) state of mind.‎ ‎16．“How much is a dish of plain ice cream？”he asked.Some people were now waiting for her service and the waitress grew a bit impatient (patience)．“Thirty five cents”， she said rudely (rude)．‎ Ⅱ.翻译句子 ‎1．我从未听过比这更让我震惊的事情。‎ I_haven’t_heard_a_more_surprising_thing_than_this.‎ ‎2．那是个非常感人的故事。‎ It_is_a_most_touching_story.‎ ‎3．两兄弟中约翰更勇敢些。‎ John_is_the_braver_of_the_two_brothers.‎ ‎4．你不如你弟弟细心。‎ You_are_less_careful_than_your_brother.‎ ‎5．广州是中国最大的城市之一。‎ Guangzhou_is_one_of_the_largest_cities_in_China.‎ 第九周　介词和连词 一、介词 介词又叫前置词，一般置于名词(或相当于名词的其他词类或结构)之前，在句中不单独充当句子成分，必须与其后的名词等构成介词短语，才能在句中充当一个成分。介词可分为：简单介词(如：at, in, about等)、复合介词(如：into, within等)、二重介词(如：from behind, until after, except in等)、短语介词(如：according to, because of, in spite of等)以及分词介词(如：including)。‎ 常用介词区别：‎ 表示时间的in, on, at at表示片刻的时间， in表示一段的时间， on总是与日子有关 表示时间的since, from since指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用， from指从时间的某一点开始 表示时间的in, after in指在一段时间之后，常用在将来时中， after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中 表示地理位置的in, on, to in表示在某范围内， on指与什么毗邻， to指在某环境范围之外 表示“在……上/里”的on, in on只表示在某物的表面上， in表示占去某物一部分 表示“穿过”的through, across through表示从内部通过，与in有关， across表示在表面上通过，与on有关 between与 among的区别 between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间 besides与 except的区别 besides指“除了……还有再加上”，except指“除了；减去什么”，不放在句首 表示“用”的in, with with表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音 as与like的区别 as意为“作为；以……地位或身份”， like为“像……一样”，指情形相似 in与into的区别 in通常表示位置(静态), into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置 ‎ [针对训练]‎ Ⅰ.用适当的介词填空 ‎1．(2013·大纲卷)A serious study of physics is impossiblewithout some knowledge of mathematics.‎ ‎2．(2013·安徽高考)Before you pay a visit to a place of interest, look in your local library for a book about it.‎ ‎3．(2013·湖北高考)An artist who was recently traveling on a ferry to the southern island discovered by chance a long lost antique Greek vase.‎ ‎4．(2013·江苏高考)I am always delighted when I receive an email from you.With regard to the party on July 1st, I shall be pleased to attend.‎ ‎5．(2013·山东高考)The Smiths are praised for the way they bring up their children.‎ ‎6．(2013·陕西高考)The manager wants to see changes in the company, and I am sure he will in time.‎ ‎7．(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)It was a real race against time to get the project done.Luckily, we made it.‎ ‎8．The dictionary is what I want, but I don’t have enough money with me.‎ ‎9．Everybody was touched beyond words after they heard her moving story.‎ ‎10．Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back against a big tree.‎ ‎11．Most Americans would prefer to keep their problems to themselves, and solve their problems by themselves.‎ ‎12．Sean has formed the habit of jogging along the treelined avenue every day.‎ ‎13．Four Chinese models were among the 14 people awarded prizes on Friday at the World Supermodel Competition.‎ ‎14．Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients by name, not case number.‎ ‎15．A great person is always putting others’ interests above his own.‎ ‎16．Would you mind not picking the flowers in the garden? They are for everyone’s enjoyment.‎ ‎17．It saves time in the kitchen to have things you use a lot within easy reach.‎ ‎18．So, I just looked at her with a questioning expression on my face.‎ ‎19．Nancy suffered from a serious disease and she could no longer walk.‎ ‎20．He asked me to feed the birds for him and said that he would leave the key to his front door in my mailbox.‎ ‎21．I once took a walk along the street on a Saturday dusk, with a Pepsi can in my hand.‎ ‎22．She stared at me for a few seconds and handed back the money.‎ ‎23．It was a cold and cloudy afternoon. I was on the bus with my children, aged four and two, heading home when it started to rain.I realized this would mean a wet walk home from the bus stop.‎ ‎24．Dudley has a history dating back over 1,000 years, and its famous castle has been there since the 8th century.‎ ‎25．Children need friends of their own age to play with.‎ Ⅱ.语篇填空(用适当的介词完成下列短文)‎ Father’s Day occurs 1.on the third Sunday 2.in June. The idea for creating a day 3.for children to honor their fathers began in Spokane‎, ‎Washington. A woman 4.by the name of Sonora Smart Dodd thought 5.of the idea for Father’s Day while listening to a Mother’s Day sermon 6.in 1909.‎ Having been raised 7.by her father, Henry Jackson Smart, after her mother died, Sonora wanted her father to know how special he was 8.to her. It was her father that made all the parental sacrifices and was, 9.in the eyes of his daughter, a courageous, selfless, and loving man. Sonora’s father was born in June, so she chose to hold the first Father’s Day celebration 10.in Spokane‎, ‎Washington 11.on the 19th of June, 1910.‎ In 1924 President Calvin Coolidge announced the third Sunday in June 12.as Father’s Day. Roses are the Father’s Day flowers. ‎ 二、连词 ‎1．表并列关系： and, not only ...but (also) ..., neither, nor, neither ... nor ...等词连接的并列句，在意义上主要对前一句子作补充或引申，包括肯定和否定两方面的意义。‎ Think it over, and you’ll find a way out.‎ Not only is he himself interested in the subject, but also his students begin to show interest in it.‎ Neither does he work hard, nor does his brother.‎ ‎2．表选择关系：or, either ...or ...连接并列句表示选择意义。‎ The children can go with us, or they can stay in.‎ Either you or I am right.‎ You have to move out of the way or the truck cannot get past you.(2012·新课标全国卷)‎ ‎3．表转折关系：常用的有but, yet, while等。‎ Jane said she was ill, yet I saw her in the street just now.‎ Some men are rich, while others are poor.‎ ‎[名师指津]　however另起新句，用逗号与句子隔开；but不需另起新句；while既表示对比，又表转折。‎ He tried hard to catch up with his classmates, but he failed.‎ Mr.White is fat, while his wife is very thin.‎ James thought his explanation was convincing.However, nobody believed him.‎ ‎4．表因果关系：常用的有so, for。‎ He must have been caught in the rain, for he is wet all over.‎ The shops were closed so I didn’t get any milk.‎ ‎5．when引导时间状语从句，意为“正在这时”，表示某件事正在发生或刚刚发生时，突然发生另一动作：‎ Tom was about to close the window when his attention was caught by a bird.(2010·全国卷Ⅱ)‎ We were having a meeting when someone broke in.‎ ‎[名师指津]　when还可表原因，意为“既然”。‎ How can I help them to understand when they won’t listen to me?‎ ‎6．before ‎(1)若表达“还未……就……；不到……就……；……才……；趁……；还没来得及……就……”时，需要连词before。‎ The girl had hardly rung the bell before the door was opened suddenly, and her friend rushed out to greet her.(2010·福建高考)‎ Please write it down before you forget it.‎ ‎(2)It will be＋一段时间＋before ... “多久之后才……”。‎ John thinks it won’t be long before he is ready for his new job.(2010·陕西高考)‎ It’s quite a time since he got injured, but it won’t be long before he returns to the court.‎ ‎[针对训练]‎ Ⅰ.用适当的连词填空 ‎1．(2013·北京高考)Don’t turn off the computer before closing all programs, or you could have problems.‎ ‎2．(2013·大纲卷)I was glad to meet Jenny again，but I didn’t want to spend all day with her.‎ ‎3．(2013·四川高考)Read this story, and you will realize that not everything can be bought with money.‎ ‎4．(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)There’s no way of knowing why one man makes an important discovery while another man, also intelligent, fails.‎ ‎5．(2013·重庆高考)It’s not easy to change habits, but with awareness and selfcontrol, it is possible.‎ ‎6．Bring the flowers into a warm room and they’ll soon open.‎ ‎7．One Friday, we were packing to leave for a weekend away when my daughter heard cries for help.‎ ‎8．The problem was a little hard, but/yet I was able to work it out.‎ ‎9．I then realized she had no arms or legs, just a head, neck and torso.‎ ‎10．He took the old man not just across the river, but to his home.‎ ‎11．The government of a developed country may well prefer to see a slowly increasing population, rather than one which is stable or in decline.‎ ‎12．Stand over there and you’ll be able to see the oil painting better.‎ ‎13．He found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to fail.‎ ‎14．We were swimming in the lake when suddenly the storm started.‎ ‎15．We are going to the bookstore in John’s car.You can come with us or you can meet us there later.‎ ‎16．At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and sat down to eat our picnic lunch.‎ ‎17．Some of us don’t have much pocket money, so they feel unhappy.‎ ‎18．79.3% of the surveyed netizens say that their main motivation is to help their parents to live a better life while 67.7% claim that they work hard in order to change their own fate.‎ ‎19．It looked like rain.However,_ it is clear this morning.‎ ‎20．She said that it was so, she was mistaken, however.‎ ‎21．The film is short but interesting.‎ ‎22．It often rains in the south, while it seldom rains in the north.‎ ‎23．While I admit he is good at maths, I don’t think he is a gifted boy.‎ Ⅱ.翻译句子 ‎1．昆明的天气不会太冷或太热，气候十分宜人。(neither ... nor)‎ The_weather_in_Kunming_is_neither_too_cold_nor_too_hot.The_climate_is_very_pleasant.‎ ‎2．他可能病了，因为他今天没来开会。(for)‎ He_may_be_ill,_for_he_is_absent_from_the_meeting_today.‎ ‎3．你进来时，我正和几个小男孩说话。(when)‎ When_you_came_in,_I_was_talking_with_a_few_boys.‎ ‎4．确保没有错误后再交试卷。(before)‎ Don’t_hand_in_your_paper_before_you_are_sure_there_are_no_mistakes.‎ Ⅲ.语篇填空(用适当的连接词完成下列短文)‎ It may help you to know 1.that there is no such thing as a perfect speech. At some point in every speech, every speaker says something that is not understood exactly 2.as he has planned. Fortunately, the moments are usually not obvious to the listeners. Why? 3.Because the listeners do not know 4.what the speaker plans to say. They hear only 5.what the speaker does say. 6.If you lose your place for a moment, wrongly change the order of a couple of sentences, or forget to pause at a certain point, no one will be any the wiser. 7.When such moments occur, don’t worry about them.Just continue as if nothing happened.‎ ‎8．Even_if you do make an obvious mistake during a speech, that doesn’t really matter. In fact, the listeners are not looking for a perfect performer. They are looking for a wellthoughtout speech that expresses the speaker’s ideas clearly and directly. 9.As you work on your speech, don’t worry about being imperfect. 10.Once you free your mind of this, you will find it much easier to give your speech freely.‎ 第十周　定语从句 ‎ 一、关系词的用法 ‎1．whose用来指人或物，在定语从句中只作定语。‎ I wish to thank Professor Smith, without whose help I would never have got this far.(2012·天津高考)‎ The old temple whose roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair.(2010·陕西高考)‎ ‎2．who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。‎ Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, who, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society.(2012·浙江高考)‎ ‎3．which, that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。‎ You’ll find taxis waiting at the bus station which you can hire to reach your host family.(2011·上海高考)‎ I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else’s fault.(2010·全国卷Ⅱ)‎ ‎4．关系副词when, where, why的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。‎ The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister where she would stay for an hour.(2010·江西高考)‎ The reason why I don’t trust him is that he often tells lies.‎ ‎[名师指津]　先行词是时间名词或地点名词时，如果在从句中不作状语，则不能用when或where引导定语从句，而要用which/that。‎ Remember that there is still one point which we must make clear at the conference tomorrow.‎ She’s in a hopeless situation, where we will keep a very close eye on her.‎ ‎5．the way后面定语从句的关系词 在定语从句中，the way 是一个比较特殊的先行词，当它在从句中充当方式状语时，其后的关系词可以是in which, that或省略关系词；但是当它在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分时，其后的关系词就用that或which。‎ The way that/which I thought of to solve this problem proves to be practical.(先行词作宾语)‎ I don’t like the way (that/in which) you solve the problem.(先行词作方式状语)‎ 二、“介词＋关系代词”结构引导定语从句 ‎1．在“介词＋关系代词”结构中，介词的宾语只能是which或whom且不可省略。‎ In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person to whom she could turn for help.‎ He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.‎ ‎2．“介词＋which/whom＋不定式”结构。‎ The poor man has no house in which to live.‎ ‎3．“of＋which/whom”表示所属关系。(表所属关系也可用whose)‎ In our class there are 46 students, of whom half wear glasses.(2012·四川高考)‎ 三、as, which引导的定语从句 ‎1．as引导的定语从句 用在the same ...as, such ...as, as ...as, so ...as结构中， as可以作主语、宾语或表语，可以用来代替先行词。‎ They could only read such stories as had been rewritten in simple English.(as作主语)‎ These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.(as作宾语)‎ He is not the same man as he was.(as作表语)‎ ‎[名师指津]　(1)such ...as ...(定语从句)像……那样 such ...that ...(状语从句)如此……以至于……‎ This is such an easy question as I can answer.(定语从句)‎ This is such an easy question that I can answer it.(状语从句)‎ ‎(2)the same ...as ...表示相似的东西 the same ...that ...表示同一人或物 This is the same knife as I lost.‎ This is the same knife that I lost.‎ ‎2．关系代词as, which的区别 ‎(1)as引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。‎ It is the third time that she has won the race, which has surprised us all.(2012·陕西高考)‎ ‎(2)当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时，只能用as。‎ As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.‎ ‎＝ It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.(名词性从句)‎ ‎＝ What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.(名词性从句)‎ ‎(3)as意为“正如……”，后面的谓语动词多是see, know, expect, say, mention, report, announce等； which意为“这一点”。‎ A war is so cruel that it always causes great losses, as has happened in Libya.‎ Tom has made rapid progress, which makes me very happy.‎ 四、分隔式定语从句 定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面，但有时候也会被插入语、同位语、状语、谓语或其他定语等成分分隔。如果是隔开了的定语从句，则要先根据句意找到先行词，然后再进行句子结构分析。‎ Because of the financial crisis, days are gone when local 5star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night.‎ ‎[针对训练]‎ Ⅰ.用适当的关系词填空(每空一词)‎ ‎1．(2013·福建高考)A sailor who has experienced no storm will never become an excellent sailor.‎ ‎2．(2013·山东高考)I would visit some museums which should not be missed to widen my horizons as well as enrich my knowledge.‎ ‎3．(2013·辽宁高考)People can enjoy the moon while eating moon cakes, which are the special food for this festival.‎ ‎4．(2013·福建高考)Nowadays parents have done everything for their single children, which makes the children rely on their parents badly.‎ ‎5．(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)As you know, Chinese knots are very popular with Chinese people.‎ ‎6．(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)You know, my uncle Li Ming is going to the city where you live to attend an international meeting.‎ ‎7．(2013·湖北高考)I often think about the times when I have felt hurt and insulted by rude remarks from strangers and sometimes from acquaintances.‎ ‎8．(2013·辽宁高考)The reason why people celebrate the festival is that they believe it is the time when the moon is at its fullest and brightest in the whole year, and people will gather together eating moon cakes and appreciating the full moon.‎ ‎9．(2013·湖北高考)Years of school life have taught me a lot of things, of which what strikes me most is that we should take care not to hurt others with our words, deliberately or by accident.‎ ‎10．(2013·广东高考)Those who do simple and ordinary jobs are also promoting the development of the society.‎ Ⅱ.用which, as填空 ‎1．Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a Tshirt, which is a stupid thing to do in such weather.‎ ‎2．When I looked into their eyes, I found they didn’t care, which told me it would be useless.But when I looked into yours, I saw kindness.‎ ‎3．Jim passed the driving test, which surprised everybody in the office.‎ ‎4．As is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.‎ ‎5．As is mentioned above, paper is first made in China.‎ ‎6．Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which,_ of course, made the others envy ‎ him.‎ ‎7．As is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.‎ ‎8．The result of the experiment was very good, which/as we hadn’t expected.‎ Ⅲ.语篇填空(在下列空格中填入适当的关系词)‎ Do you know the man 1.who wrote this book？He was Jason, one of the engineers 2.who came from Russia in the 1950s.He worked in the same factory 3.where my father once worked.When he came to China, the first thing 4.that he did was to visit the factory 5.which/that did research on trolleybuses and found out the reason 6.why China was so backward in it.Then he spent every minute 7.that he could spare to help China develop transportation. 8.As is mentioned above, Jason was a foreigner 9.who/that made great contributions to our country and was a kind man 10.to_whom we should say thanks.‎ 第十一周　状语从句 在复合句中，修饰主句或主句谓语的句子叫作状语从句。状语从句可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后。状语从句可分为时间、地点、原因、结果、条件、方式、让步、比较和目的等九大类。‎ 一、状语从句引导词列表 从句类型 从属连词 时间状语从句 as, after, before, once, since, till, until, when, whenever, while, as soon as 地点状语从句 where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere 原因状语从句 because, since, as, now (that), seeing that, considering that, in that 结果状语从句 that, so that, so/such ...that ...‎ 目的状语从句 so that, in order that, for fear that, in case, for the purpose that 条件状语从句 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that, in case, provided that 比较状语从句 than, as ...as, not so/as ...as 方式状语从句 as, as if/though, how 让步状语从句 though, although, even if/though, however, whatever, as, while ‎[名师指津]　(1)上述有些连词除了能引导状语从句外，还可引导定语从句和名词性从句。在使用的时候，要根据句子结构和句意来判别和区分不同的从句，正确使用引导词。以where为例，试比较下列多种从句的区别。‎ You are to find it where you left it.(地点状语从句)‎ Tell me the address where he lives.(定语从句，先行词为the address)‎ I don’t know where he came from.(宾语从句)‎ Where he has gone is not known yet.(主语从句)‎ This place is where they once hid.(表语从句)‎ ‎(2)在两个分句间要有一个且只有一个连词，千万不能按汉语习惯。‎ Because he was ill, he didn’t come to school.‎ ‎＝ He was ill, so he didn’t come to school.‎ ‎(3)在时间、地点、条件、方式或让步状语从句中，若从句的主语与主句的主语一致(或从句的主语为it)，从句的谓语又包含动词be时，从句中的“主语＋be”部分可省略。‎ When (he was) asked about it, he kept silent.‎ Fill in the blanks with articles when (they are) necessary.‎ If (it is) possible, I’ll explain it again later.‎ She stood at the gate as if (she was) waiting for someone.‎ 二、时间状语从句 ‎1．“一……就……”的表达如下表 词类 常用词 例句 从属 连词 as soon as He started as soon as he received the news.‎ 副词 immediately, ‎ directly, instantly They phoned immediately they reached home.‎ 名词/名 词短语 the minute/moment/‎ second/instant, ‎ every/each time They ran away the moment they saw the guard.‎ Each time I was in trouble, he would stand by.‎ 句型 结构 no sooner ...than ..., hardly/scarcely ...when ...‎ No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.‎ ‎2．till和until的用法 ‎(1)肯定句中，主句谓语动词必须是延续性动词，意为“某一动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”。‎ He remained there till/until she arrived.‎ ‎(2)否定句中，主句谓语动词必须是非延续性动词，从句为肯定式，意为“某动作直到某时间才开始”。‎ I was not aware that I forgot my ticket till/until I got to the station.‎ ‎(3)till不可置于句首，until可以。‎ ‎(4)强调和倒装句中，not ...until应视为一个整体，同时被强调或置于句首。‎ It was not until you told me that I had any idea of it.‎ Not until you told me did I have any idea of it.‎ ‎3．before和since的用法 ‎(1)before常用于表示“还未……就；不到……就；……才；趁……；还没来得及”等含义。‎ We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land.‎ He rushed out of the house before I could say anything else.‎ ‎(2)句型It was/will be＋时间段＋before ...意为“过了多久才……”。It was not long before ... /It will not be long before ...意为“不久就……”。‎ It will be one year and a half before I come back.‎ It was not long before he sensed the danger of the position.‎ ‎(3)since从句的谓语动词一般是短暂性动词，主句谓语动词则是延续性动词或反复发生的动作。since引导的从句时态为一般过去时，主句时态为现在完成时或现在完成进行时。‎ She has been working for the company since she left school.‎ ‎(4)句型It is/has been＋时间段＋since ...意为“自从……到现在多久了”。‎ It is a long time since I saw you last time.‎ ‎＝ I have not seen you for a long time.‎ It has been two years since I was admitted to this key middle school.‎ ‎＝ I was admitted to this key middle school two years ago.‎ It is three years since I smoked a cigar.‎ ‎＝ It is three years since I stopped smoking a cigar.‎ 三、原因状语从句 ‎1．because, as, since, now that的用法区别如下表：‎ 引导词 位置 内涵 语气 能否回答why 能否强调 because 主句前或后 直接原因 强 能 能 as 主句前或后 已知原因 弱 不能 不能 since/now that 主句前 ‎　—Why are you absent from the meeting?‎ ‎—Because I am ill.‎ He is disappointed because he didn’t get the position.‎ As his mother was a great music lover, he lived with music from birth.‎ Since his music style was new, he decided his hairstyle had to be new too!‎ ‎2．除了状语从句外，一些介词短语也可以表示原因。如：because of, thanks to, due to, owing to, on account of等。‎ They were late because of the traffic.‎ ‎3．for引导表示原因的并列句，补充说明根据什么推断出前一分句的结果。‎ He must have gone to bed, for the light is out.‎ 四、地点状语从句 注意地点状语从句与定语从句的区别，试比较：‎ This is the place where we used to live a few years ago.‎ Let’s go where we can find a better job.‎ 五、目的状语从句与结果状语从句 ‎1．so that引导的目的状语从句及结果状语从句的区别：‎ ‎(1)so that引导目的状语从句时，只能置于主句之后，从句谓语部分常需用情态动词can, may, could等，可用in order that代替。后者更正式，引导的状语从句可置于主句前或后。‎ ‎(2)so that引导结果状语从句时，从句的谓语部分一般没有情态动词，其作用等于so。试比较：‎ We got up early so that we could catch the train.(此句只强调早起的目的，结果未明)‎ We got up early so that we caught the train.(此句表明了早起的结果：赶上了火车)‎ ‎2．so ...that与such ...that引导结果状语从句的区别：‎ 其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。常见以下几种句型结构：‎ ‎(1)so＋形容词/副词＋that从句。‎ He was so excited that he could not say a word.‎ ‎(2)such＋a/an＋形容词＋单数可数名词＋that从句。‎ It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.‎ ‎(3)such＋形容词＋复数名词/不可数名词＋that从句。‎ It was such fine weather that we went out for a walk.‎ ‎(4)so＋形容词＋a/an＋可数名词单数形式＋that从句。‎ 试比较：‎ Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe him.‎ ‎＝ Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe him.‎ ‎(5)so＋many/much/few/little＋名词＋that从句。在“两多两少”(many/much/few/little)前要用so来修饰。‎ He earned so little money that he couldn’t support himself.‎ ‎3．除了状语从句外，不定式in order to/so as to等也可以表示目的。‎ In order to get home earlier, we had to run all the way.‎ ‎4．除了状语从句外，too ...to, enough ...to, so ... as to, such (...) to等不定式结构也可以表示结果。‎ We got up early enough to catch the train.‎ 六、条件状语从句 ‎1．条件状语从句分真实性(有可能实现的事情)与非真实性(条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情)条件句。后者应使用虚拟语气，试比较：‎ If you work hard, you’ll make progress.(真实条件句)‎ If you had worked harder, you would have passed the exam.(虚拟条件句)‎ ‎2．“祈使句＋and ...”和“祈使句＋or/otherwise ...”‎ 以上两种结构中的祈使句都表示条件， and或or/otherwise后面的内容表示结果。‎ Climb to the top of the mountain and you’ll see the whole city.‎ ‎＝ If you climb to the top of the mountain, you’ll see the whole city.‎ Hurry up, or/otherwise you’ll be late.‎ ‎＝ If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late.‎ ‎3．“名词＋and ...”结构 此结构中的名词可改为if引导的条件状语从句，有时也可改为由when, after引导的时间状语从句， and后面的句子表示主句内容。‎ Another sound and the enemy would discover us.‎ ‎＝ If we made another sound, the enemy would discover us.‎ A few minutes and they went away.‎ ‎＝ When/After a few minutes had passed, they went away.‎ 七、让步状语从句 ‎1．as引导让步状语从句时，需要使用倒装结构，表示强调。被强调的部分可为名词、形容词、副词等。若名词提前，要求省略冠词。‎ Tired as he was (＝ Though he was tired), he continued his work.‎ Much as I respect him (＝ Though I respect him much), I can’t agree to his proposal.‎ Child as he is (＝ Although he is a child), he could raise a stone of 100 kilos.‎ ‎2．while引导让步状语从句，一般放在句首。‎ While (＝ Although) I don’t like it, I will try to learn it well.‎ ‎3．注意“no matter＋疑问词”引导的让步状语从句。‎ No matter how hard (＝However hard) I have tried, I can’t find the answer.‎ 八、比较状语从句 注意两种特殊的比较状语从句结构：‎ ‎1．the more ...the more结构。‎ The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.‎ ‎2．A is to B what/as X is to Y结构。‎ Food is to men what oil is to machines.‎ 九、方式状语从句 ‎1．方式状语从句表示动作的方式。as之前常可用just加强语气。‎ When in Rome, do as the Romans do.‎ I did just as the teacher did.‎ ‎2．as if/as though引导方式状语从句时，常用虚拟语气。‎ He talks as if he knew everything in the world.‎ She spoke English so well as if she had been to America.‎ ‎[针对训练]‎ Ⅰ.用适当的从属连词填空(每空一词)‎ ‎1．(2013·山东高考)When it comes to a choice, I prefer to go traveling.‎ ‎2．As he grew older, he lost interest in everything except gardening.‎ ‎3．(2013·陕西高考)I went on with my work until I finished washing all the clothes.‎ ‎4．(2013·山东高考)As I was busy preparing for my final exam, I didn’t reply to your email as soon as I received it.‎ ‎5．(2013·广东高考)Although cleaning street is no more than an ordinary job, it contributes to the society.‎ ‎6．(2013·天津高考)No matter what I do, I will try my best to do it well.‎ ‎7．(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)Besides, I will tell him what you look like so that you can find each other easily.‎ ‎8．(2013·江西高考)However, some students were so tired that they couldn’t move any more, so they fell behind.‎ Ⅱ.完成句子 ‎1．No_matter_which_country (无论哪国) you go, you should observe the law of the land.‎ ‎2．The firefighters showed such_great_courage (极大的勇气) that they were highly praised by the government.‎ ‎3．No_matter_where_you_are (无论身在何处), you can keep an intimate contact with the rest of the world.‎ ‎4．I believe that you’ll build a good friendship with the people around you as_long_as_you_want_to (只要你想)．‎ ‎5．There are some other factors that need to be considered, even_if_you_are_right_(即使你是正确的)．‎ ‎6．The task was difficult and the time was not planned well, so_that_he_didn’t_finish_it_on_time (结果他没有按时完成任务)．‎ ‎7．You can’t see the president of the university unless_you_make_an_appointment (除非你预约)．‎ ‎8．Table tennis is such an interesting and popular game that_we_all_like_it (我们都喜欢玩)．‎ Ⅲ.语篇填空(用适当的词填空，注意使用从属连词)‎ Gandhi was honored as the father of the Indian nation.He has been respected and beloved by the Indians with the belief 1.that he is an Indian national hero.‎ He was born in India in 1869.2.As is recorded, he got married at the age of 13, following the local custom.In 1888 he sailed to England, 3.where he studied law for three years and became a lawyer.4.On his return to India, he was sent to South Africa to work on a law case.‎ In South Africa he was surprised to find 5.that the problem of racial discrimination was serious.There he formed an organization and this was 6.how he started to fight for equal rights.‎ Gandhi returned to India in 1915, 7.when India was controlled by the British.He led the Indians to fight for an end to the British rule and independence for his country.8.Although/Though in the political movement many Indians including Gandhi were put in prison and it was still not sure 9.whether they could gain independence, the struggles never stopped.The British government had to give in and India won its independence in 1947.Unfortunately Gandhi was shot by an Indian 10.who opposed his views and died on January 30th, 1948.‎ 第十二周　名词性从句 一、名词性从句的种类 名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。‎ 二、引导名词性从句的连接词 ‎1．连接代词： who, whose, whom, what, which有词义，在从句中担任成分，如主语、表语、宾语或定语等。‎ It has not been decided yet when we will leave.‎ We are worrying about what we should do next.‎ ‎2．连接副词：when, where, why, how有词义，在从句中担任成分，作状语。‎ It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.‎ Scientists study how human brains work to make computers.(2012·四川高考)‎ ‎3．连接词： whether, if, as if, if (whether), as if虽有词义，但在从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用；that无词义，在从句中也不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，有时可省略。‎ My suggestion is that we (should) have a discussion about this matter.‎ The question whether we need more time to do the work hasn’t been discussed.‎ 三、that, what引导的名词性从句的区别 引导名词性从句时，that没有词义，在从句中不作任何成分。当从句意义完整，不缺任何成分时，往往选用that；而what引导名词性从句时，意为“什么”或“……的”，在从句中用来作主语、表语或宾语。‎ What was most important to her, she told me, was her family.(主语从句；what作主语)‎ Before the sales start, I make a list of what my kids will need for the coming season.(2010·山东高考)(宾语从句；what作宾语)‎ As a new graduate, he doesn’t know what it takes to start a business here.(2010·天津高考)(宾语从句；what作宾语)‎ China‎ is no longer what she used to be.(表语从句；what 作表语)‎ It never occurred to me that you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.(2010·陕西高考)(主语从句)‎ One reason for her preference for city life is that she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants.(2010·上海高考)(表语从句)‎ ‎[名师指津]　(1)that引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语，常见句型有：‎ ‎①it＋be＋形容词(如： obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, evident, clear, apparent等)＋that从句。‎ Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week?‎ ‎②it＋be＋名词(如： no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise等)＋that从句。‎ It’s a great pity that it’s probably the last time this will happen.‎ ‎③it＋be＋过去分词(如： said, reported, thought, estimated, expected, decided, announced, ‎ arranged, recognized等)＋that从句。‎ It is known to all that physical exercises can improve our physical and mental health.‎ 类似句型还有：It cannot be denied that ... /It must be admitted that ...‎ ‎④it＋动词(如：seem, appear, happen, occur to sb., doesn’t matter, make no difference等)＋that从句。‎ It doesn’t matter whether you turn right or left at the crossing — both roads lead to the park.(2012·天津高考)‎ It suddenly occurred to him that he had left his keys in the office.(2012·江西高考)‎ ‎(2)that引导主语从句，置于句首时，that不能省略。‎ That we are invited to a concert this evening is good news to us.‎ ‎(3)that引导宾语从句，常可省略。可接that从句作宾语的动词有：see, say, know, imagine, discover, believe, tell, show, think, consider, be sure, be afraid等。可以接复合宾语的动词有： think, make, consider, find, feel, suppose等，在他们之后，可以用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语that从句后置。此时that不可省略。‎ Do you know (that) he has joined the army?‎ We consider it necessary that he should improve his pronunciation.‎ ‎(4)当一个句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时，除第一个从句的that外，都不可省略。‎ He told me (that) the power would be cut off and that I should get ready.‎ ‎(5)引导表语从句：that引导表语从句，不可省略。‎ My decision is that all of us are to start at 6 o’clock tomorrow.‎ 四、连接词whether/if(是否)的用法 ‎　两者都可引导宾语从句，常可互换使用。但以下情况不能互换：‎ ‎1．宾语从句是否定句时，只用if，不用whether。‎ I wonder if it doesn’t rain.‎ ‎2．用if会引起误解，就要用whether。‎ Please let me know whether you want to go.(此句如果把whether改成if, 可作条件状语从句，因而产生歧义。)‎ ‎3．宾语从句中的whether与or not直接连用，就不能换成if。‎ I don’t know whether or not the report is true.‎ ‎4．介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。whether可与不定式连用，也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，还可引导让步状语从句。‎ Whether you can make progress in your study depends on whether you try your best.‎ I don’t know whether to laugh or to cry.‎ Whether you like that gift he gave you, you should express your gratitude.‎ ‎5．在句首引导主语从句时只能用whether。doubt用于肯定句时，其后的宾语从句用whether或if引导；doubt用于否定句时，其后的从句用that引导。‎ Whether they will agree with the plan is not clear.‎ I doubt whether/if you have told me the truth.‎ I don’t doubt that you are the right person for the job.‎ 五、whoever, whatever, whichever, wherever, whenever, however的用法 它们的作用等同于who, what, which, where, when, how, 但语气加强了。这类词引导名词性从句时，不能用no matter＋who/what ...代替。‎ ‎1．引导主语从句。‎ Whoever did this job must be rewarded.‎ ‎2．引导宾语从句，充当直接宾语。‎ I’ll give you however much money you need.‎ ‎3．引导宾语从句，充当间接宾语。‎ She will give whoever needs help a hand.‎ ‎4．引导介词的宾语从句。‎ You can write about whatever topic you prefer.‎ ‎5．引导宾语从句，充当宾语补足语。‎ We’ll make him whatever he is fit for.‎ ‎[针对训练]‎ Ⅰ.用适当的连接词填空 ‎1．(2013·陕西高考)I think that it’s our duty to help parents do some housework.‎ ‎2．(2013·北京高考)I took pride in what I had done in the absence of my father.‎ ‎3．(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)I am wondering whether you can pick him up at the airport.‎ ‎4．(2013·北京高考)This is how I am thinking about the picture.‎ ‎5．(2013·四川高考)I know that it is because I don’t spend much time memorizing them after class.‎ ‎6．(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)I am wondering whether you can help me sell some.‎ ‎7．(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)By the way, do you know what they stand for?‎ ‎8．(2013·天津高考)I sincerely hope that you will give me a chance and please believe that I will be a good vice president.‎ ‎9．(2013·福建高考)Personally speaking, I don’t think what these parents do is helpful to their children.‎ ‎10．(2013·广东高考)It’s reported that about 30 volunteers who are at least 18 years old will be chosen from all over the world to the Mars by the year of 2015.‎ ‎11．(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)I would appreciate it if you could sell the knots for 10 dollars each.‎ ‎12．(2013·重庆高考)It’s our desire that you should provide some money to fund our program, as well as offer us some practical suggestions.‎ Ⅱ.语篇填空(用适当的名词性从句连接词完成下列短文)‎ I am going to tell you an unbelievable thing that happened in my restaurant today.‎ This afternoon a poorlydressed gentleman came into my restaurant.Nobody knew 1.who he was.We wondered 2.why he was so hungry.We were surprised 3.that he finished two orders of food in a very limited time.We doubted 4.whether/if the man was able to pay the bill.The gentleman asked 5.whether/if we would mind waiting for just a few minutes.Then we were shocked to see 6.that he took out of a letter and a million pound bank note.‎ I asked Mr.Clements 7.whether/if it was genuine.Mr.Clements said it was true because two of this amount had been issued by the Bank of England this year.He thought 8.what the gentleman showed them couldn’t be a fake.‎ ‎9．Why a gentleman with a million pound bank note was in rags and ate in our small restaurant was a big puzzle to all the people there.I really couldn’t describe 10.how excited I was.‎ 第十三周　特殊句式 一、倒装 ‎“倒装句”从结构上看有完全倒装和部分倒装两种。谓语动词全部位于主语之前的称作完全倒装；只将谓语的一部分(通常是助动词或情态动词)放在主语之前的称作部分倒装。‎ 从实际使用看，倒装有两种功能作用：一是出于语法要求的语法倒装；二是出于修辞或强调需要的修辞倒装。‎ ‎(一)完全倒装 ‎1．表示方式或方位的副词与介词短语等置于句首时。常见的有： there, here, in, out, away, up, down, from, off, back, over, then, now, so, thus, in the room, on the wall等。‎ There exist different opinions on this question.‎ Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys.‎ ‎[名师指津]　当主语为代词时主谓不倒装。试比较：‎ Out rushed the children.‎ Out they rushed.‎ ‎2．such置于句首时。‎ Such are the facts, and no one can deny them.‎ ‎3．表语置于句首时。‎ Gone are the days when my heart was young and happy.‎ ‎(二)部分倒装 ‎1．当only放在句首，修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句。‎ Only by shouting at the top of his voice was he able to make himself heard.‎ ‎[名师指津]　only后面接句子主语时，不需要用倒装句式。‎ Only with the greatest of luck did she manage to escape from the rising flood waters.(2012·上海高考)‎ ‎2．否定副词或词组not, nor, never, hardly, rarely, few, seldom, little, neither, by no means, at no time, under no circumstances, in no way, at no time置于句首时。‎ Never in my life have I seen such a thing.‎ Hardly do I think it possible to finish the job before dark.‎ ‎3．often, well, many a time, now and again等方式或频度副词(短语)置于句首时。‎ Many a time has John given me good advice.‎ ‎4．在以下九个固定句式结构中，句子可以部分倒装。‎ ‎(1)so＋be/助动词/情态动词＋主语。‎ He used to do sports every day.So did I.‎ ‎[名师指津]　在答句中，有些情况不用倒装，这时，意义有所不同。‎ ‎—Li Hua has made great progress in his spoken English.‎ ‎—So he has.(意为“他确实如此”。表示对以上陈述的肯定赞同)‎ ‎(2)neither/nor＋be/助动词/情态动词＋主语。‎ The headmaster will not permit the change in the course, nor will he even give it a thought.(2012·重庆高考)‎ ‎(3)so ...that ...‎ So hard did he overwork that he fell ill at last.‎ ‎(4)neither ...nor ...‎ Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.‎ ‎(5)not only ...but (also) ...‎ Not only do I like painting, but I (also) take a course.‎ ‎[名师指津]　此结构连接主语时不倒装。‎ Not only he but also his parents are sick.‎ ‎(6)not until ...‎ Not until my son had entered the university did he realize the importance of time.‎ ‎[名师指津]　此结构中主句要求倒装，但从句不倒装。‎ ‎(7)hardly ...when .../no sooner ...than ...‎ Hardly had she sat down when she heard someone knocking at the door.‎ No sooner had she stepped out of the house than it began to rain.‎ ‎[名师指津]　这两个结构都要求主句谓语用过去完成时。‎ ‎(8)as/though引导的让步状语从句。‎ Try as I might, I couldn’t lift the stone.‎ ‎(9)虚拟条件句若有had, were, should时，可省略if, 从句部分倒装。‎ Had they not helped us, we could not have done it so successfully.‎ Should he come, say “nobody in” to him.‎ Were I you, I would not make such a decision.‎ ‎[名师指津]　有时由于修辞或平衡句子的需要也可以用倒装句，也可以不用。‎ On either side of the great avenue stood many block buildings.‎ ‎“I’m leaving for Sichuan tomorrow，” said Tom to his mother.‎ ‎[针对训练]‎ Ⅰ.改写句子(把下列句子变为倒装句)‎ ‎1．The patients can be treated properly in this hospital only by increasing the number of doctors by 50 percent.‎ Only by increasing the number of doctors by 50 percent can_the_patients_be treated_properly in_this_hospital.‎ ‎2．He didn’t realize the love we have for our families is important until he went through real hardship.‎ Not until he went through real hardship did_he_realize_the_love_we_have_for_our families is important.‎ ‎3．I will never make that mistake again.‎ Never_will_I_make that mistake again.‎ ‎4．I will speak to him again only when he apologizes for his rudeness.‎ Only when he apologizes for his rudeness will_I_speak_to_him_again.‎ ‎5．If they should forget to bring a map with them, they would get lost in the woods.‎ Should_they_forget to bring a map with them, they would get lost in the woods.‎ ‎6．I had no sooner gone out than it began to rain.‎ No_sooner_had_I_gone_out than it began to rain.‎ ‎7．I found it so difficult to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice.‎ So difficult did_I_find_it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice.‎ Ⅱ.完成句子(用倒装句完成下列句子)‎ ‎1．只有用这种方法，你才能学好英语。‎ Only_in_this_way_can you learn English well.‎ ‎2．我从来没见过这样的人。‎ Never have_I_seen such a man.‎ ‎3．他刚到家，电话就响了。‎ Hardly had_he_arrived_home_whenthe telephone rang.‎ ‎4．不仅老师自己对足球感兴趣，而且他的所有学生也开始对足球感兴趣了。‎ Not only is_the_teacher_himself interested in football, but all_his_students_are beginning to show an interest in it.‎ ‎5．如果你不去，我也不去了。‎ If you don’t go, neither/nor_shall_I.‎ 二、强调句型 ‎1．强调句的基本句型是“It is/was＋被强调的部分＋that/who＋其他部分”。被强调的部分可以是主语、宾语和状语等。‎ It was 80 years before Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic that Zheng He had sailed to East Africa.‎(2012·重庆高考)‎ It is only children who make such stupid mistakes.‎ ‎2．强调句型的一般疑问句只需将is/was提前，特殊疑问句的结构是“疑问词＋is/was＋it＋that从句”。‎ Is it Professor Wang who teaches you English?‎ What is it that you want me to do?‎ ‎3．如果原句中含有“not ...until”， 在强调时间状语时，将主句中的否定词not连同状语一起提前。‎ It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.‎ ‎4．“it is ... that ...”结构不能强调谓语动词。‎ 如果需要强调动词，用“do/does/did＋动词原形”，以加强语气，意为“的确；真的；务必”。‎ He did say that he would help me.‎ 他的确说过他会帮我的。‎ ‎[针对训练]‎ 用强调句翻译下列句子 ‎1．只有当他说出那个字后他才意识到自己犯了个大错误。‎ Only_after_he_had_spoken_out_the_word_did_he_realize_he_had_made_a_big_mistake.‎ ‎2．学校到底什么时候开运动会呢？‎ When_is_it_that_our_school_will_hold_the_sports_meeting?‎ ‎3．直到信的末尾，她才提到她自己的计划。‎ It_was_not_until_near_the_end_of_the_letter_that_she_mentioned_her_own_plan.‎ ‎4．在当地导游的帮助下，登山者才获救。‎ It_was_with_the_help_of_the_local_guide_that_the_mountain_climber_was_rescued.‎ ‎5．你可一定要跟我说实话，否则我帮不了你。‎ Do_tell_me_the_truth,__or_I_can’t_help_you.‎ 三、省略 ‎1．在when, while, whenever, till, as soon as, if, unless, as if, though, as等引导的状语从句中，若谓语部分含有be动词，而从句的主语又与主句的主语一致或从句的主语是it时，从句的主语和be动词常被省略。‎ Film has a much shorter history, especially when compared to such art forms as music and painting.(2012·新课标全国卷)‎ Get up early tomorrow, if not (you don’t get up early), you will miss the first bus.‎ ‎2．I’m afraid, I think, I believe, I hope, I guess等作答句，后面跟so与not分别等于肯定或否定，宾语从句可省去。‎ ‎—Do you think it will rain?‎ ‎—I hope not (that it will not rain)．‎ ‎—Do you believe our team will win?‎ ‎—I guess so (that our team will win)．‎ ‎3．不定式省略，单独使用不定式符号to。‎ ‎(1)用来代替动词不定式后被省略的动词，常在be afraid / glad /happy, expect, forget, hope, intend, ‎ like, love, mean, prefer, refuse, seem, try, want, wish等的后边。‎ I asked him to see the film, but he didn’t want to.‎ ‎—Will you join in the game?‎ ‎—I’d be glad to.‎ ‎(2)如果不定式中含有be, have, have been，通常保留be, have和have been。‎ ‎—Are you a sailor?‎ ‎—No, but I used to be.‎ ‎[针对训练]‎ 补充句子(找出下列句子的省略成分并把他们补充完整)‎ ‎1．Haven’t seen you for ages.‎ I haven’t seen you for ages.‎ ‎2．I am happy if you are.‎ I am happy if you are happy.‎ ‎3．I meant to write to you, but forgot to.‎ I meant to write to you, but forgot to write_to_you.‎ ‎4．They are going abroad soon, but I don’t know when.‎ They are going abroad soon, but I don’t know when they_are_going_abroad.‎