高考三大从句讲义

高考三大从句讲义

高考三大从句讲义 名词性从句归纳演绎表 陈述句五大句型 句子类型 引导词 从句中是否做成份 如何 变化 变化后的句子 主语+谓语 I do.‎ 陈述句 W doesn’t have a girl friend.‎ that(宾从中，原则：可省略；例外：宾从并列使用不可省)‎ 否 句首+that 主从 That W doesn’t have a girl friend is a fact.→It is a fact that 宾从 We know (that) W doesn’t have a girl friend.‎ 表从 The fact is that W doesn’t have a girl friend.‎ 同从 The fact that W doesn’t have a girl friend is well-known.‎ We know the fact that W doesn’t have a girl friend.‎ 主语+谓语+宾语 I love you.‎ 主语+同位语+谓语+宾语+同位语 I, your teacher, love you, my students.‎ 一般疑问句 Is there anything wrong with w?‎ （① 助动词+主语+谓语？）‎ （② 系动词+主语+表语？）‎ if/whether 原则：if只用于宾从→whether名从 例外：①介词后的宾从；②放于句首宾语从句；③包含or not的名从 否 ‎①句首+whether/if ‎②正装语序 主从 Whether there is something wrong with W is a rumor.‎ 宾从 We don’t know if/whether there is something wrong with W.‎ 表从 The rumor is whether there is something wrong with W.‎ ‎(同从)‎ The rumor whether there is something with W is spread.‎ We spread the rumor whether there is something with W.‎ 主语+系动词+表语（主语补足语）‎ You are/like an angel.‎ 特殊疑问句 Ⅱ 疑问词+‎ 一般疑问句 When/where/how/why can I become W’s girl friend?‎ 连接副词 when where how why whenever wherever however 状语 正装语序 主从 When I can become W’s girl friend is a question.‎ 宾从 I don’t know when I can become W’s girl friend.‎ 表从 The question is when I can become W’s girl friend?‎ 同从 The question when I can become W’s girl friend is puzzling.‎ I know the question when I can become W’s girl friend.‎ 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 You make me happy.‎ Which/whose girl is W’s girl friend?‎ 连接代词 Which whose ‎ ‎ 定语（+名词）‎ ‎(主从)‎ Which/whose girl W’s girl friend is is a question.‎ 宾从 We don’t know which/whose girl W’s girl friend is ‎(表从)‎ The question is which /whose girl W’s girl friend is. ‎ ‎(同从)‎ The question which /whose girl W’s girl friend is is puzzling.‎ I know the question which /whose girl W’s girl friend is 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 I give you a kiss.‎ Who can become W’s girl friend?‎ Whom will W marry?‎ What is the result of this marriage?‎ Who whom what whatever Whoever whomever 主语/宾语/表语 主从 Whom W will marry is a problem.‎ 宾从 We don’t know whom W will marry.‎ 表从 The problem is whom W will marry.‎ ‎(同从)‎ The question whom W will marry is puzzling.‎ I know the question whom W will marry.‎ ‎ ‎ 形容词性从句归纳表 分类 引导词 定从中所做成分 变化前的句子 变化后的句子 规律总结 定语从句 限定性 关系代词 主语 I thanked my ex-girlfriend.‎ She left me.‎ I thanked my ex-girlfriend who/that left me.‎ P5 表一：非限定性定语从句和限定性定语从句的关系词对比表 The letter is mine.‎ It is on the wall.‎ The letter which/that is on the wall is mine.‎ 宾语 动宾 The woman is her mother.‎ I meet her.‎ The woman (whom/who/that) I meet is her mother.‎ The movie wasn’t very good. We saw it the year before last year.‎ The movie (which/that) we saw the year before last year wasn’t very good.‎ 介宾 She is my girlfriend.‎ I told you about her.‎ She is my girlfriend about whom I told you.‎ She is my girlfriend (whom/who/that) I told you about.‎ The music was sentimental.‎ I listened to it last night.‎ The music to which I listened last night was sentimental.‎ The music (which/that) I listened to last night was sentimental.‎ 表语 I am no longer a poet.‎ I was a poet.‎ I am no longer the poet (who/that) I was.‎ The campus is not a paradise of poem. It was a paradise of poem.‎ The campus (which/that) it was is not a paradise of poem.‎ 关系形容词 定语 I am a boy.‎ My heart was broken.‎ I am a boy whose heart was broken.‎ We didn’t take a picture together.‎ Its value is inestimable.‎ We didn’t take a picture together whose value is inestimable.‎ 关系副词 时间 状语 I will never forget the day.‎ We broke up on that day/then.‎ I will never forget the day (when/on which/that) we broke up.‎ 关系副词和关系代词的关系：‎ ① 关系副词=介词+关系代词 ② 非正式文体中that可以替代 when/why/where并且that常常省略 地点 状语 I wandered into the park.‎ We dated first in that park/there.‎ I wandered into the park (where /in which /at which/that) we dated first.‎ 原因 状语 Self-respect is the reason.‎ I didn’t apply for Tsinghua University for the reason.‎ Self-respect is the reason (why/for which/that) I didn’t apply for Tsinghua University.‎ 非限定 性 P5 表二：非限定性定语从句和限定性定语从句的对比表 表一：非限定性定语从句和限定性定语从句的关系词对比表 关系词 从句中成分 非限定性定语从句 限定性定语从句 人 事物 其他 人 事物 其他 关系代词 主语 who which that/who that/which 表语 ‎(who)‎ ‎(which)‎ ‎(that/who)‎ ‎(that/which)‎ 宾语 ‎(whom /who)‎ ‎(which)‎ ‎(that/ whom / who)‎ ‎(that/which)‎ 关系 形容词 定语 whose whose whose whose 关系副词 状语 When/where when/why/where 表二：非限定性定语从句和限定性定语从句的对比表 限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句 与先行词的关系 紧密，删除后影响整个意义的表达 疏松，只是补充说明，删除后不影响整个意义的表达 逗号的运用 不运用逗号 运用逗号 That的运用 可用that 不可用that Why的运用 可用why 不可用why Which/who在从句中做宾语时是否可以省略 可省略（that在从句中做宾语时也可以省略）‎ 不可省略 Whom在从句中做宾语时是否可以用that/who替代 原则：可替代 例外：紧跟在介词后的情况 不可替代 读时是否停顿 不停顿 读时停顿，用降调 是否可以修饰句子 不可修饰 可修饰， which/as 翻译时的区别 译为定语 译为并列句 摘自：《星火英语巧学活用语法》‎ 特殊关系词as 引导非限制性定语从句 作成分 主语 They have helped me to finish the work, as/which is very kind of them.‎ 宾语 The woman was from Beijing, as/which they know from her accent.‎ 表语 He seems to be a foreigner, as/which in fact he was. ‎ 与which 区别 形式上 as可以放在句首/句中/句末。‎ which只能放在句中/句末。‎ 意义上 as引导的从句表示“正如/像” 肯定主句 Mary married again, as was natural.‎ 只能用as 固定 搭配 as is well known, as we all see, ‎ as often happen, as has been said before 省略be As (was) planned, we met at the airport.‎ 只能用which 否定 主句 GR married ZRF, which was unexpected.‎ 介宾 She might possibly come, about which I’ll ask him.‎ 宾补 He admires everyone in the class, which I find quite interesting.‎ 引导限制性定语从句 such as,‎ the same as,‎ 两个固定搭配中 关系代词 主语 We will give you such data as will help you 宾语 I like the same book as you do.‎ 表语 He is not same man as he was 关系副词 状语 I shall do it in the same way as you did.‎ 注意：①the same as中的as可以用that来代替，但as后省略了谓语时不能用that。He told me the same story as(非同一)/that(同一 )she told. He uses the same books as you (do).‎ ① as引导的从句谓语动词和主句谓语动词是同一时态的be, do, have时，从句谓语动词常常被省略。‎ She works in the same building as my sister.‎ 副词性从句引导词演绎表 状语从句引导词 时间 when, while， as, ‎ when指时间段/点，从句谓语延续性/非延续性动词，从句动作和主句动作同时/之前/之后发生 省略 When (you are) in trouble, you should ask for your parents’ help. S=s & v=be 状语从句引导词 代替 ‎“when+分词”代替状语从句 When my father came into the room (=When coming into the room), he found me reading novels in the bed.‎ while强调主句动作语从句动作同时持续地进行 强对比 主/从句谓语动词都是延续性动词 Study while you study; play while you play.‎ 主句动作发生在从句动作进行过程中，逐句动词是为非延续性动词 I love her while I was at high school.‎ as两个动作同时发生/一种动作伴随着另一种动作的变化而变化 I slipped in the kitchen when I sleepwalked. My father jumps as I sleepwalk.‎ before, after 主句动作先于从句动作 See me before you tell a lie.‎ 主句动作晚于从句动作 I found my father’ white lie after I has graduated from high school.‎ till, until 放在句首时常用until Until my father returns, nothing can be done.‎ 强调句型中主句的not移到until之前 It was not until my father told me yesterday that I noticed my literary talent.‎ ‎“到为…止”主句动词：肯定/否定形式，延续性 Run till/until you come to the ends of the world(天涯海角). ‎ ‎“直道…开始”主句动词 否定形式，非延续性 We didn’t discuss some problems until I got the admission to the TJPU.‎ since 副词 现在完成时主句since一般过去时从句 I haven’t been home for a long period since I graduated.‎ It be[一般时/完成时（强调）]+一段时间+since时间状语从句 It is/was two years since I graduated/had graduated.‎ 介词 since+过去某时间点 He’s been playing piano since childhood.‎ since+一段时间+ago I have been Taiyuan since one year ago.‎ 目的 ‎“为了、以便”(so) that, in order that 替换：in order to The early bird catches the worm. The early bird sets out early that they might catch the worm.‎ 从句主语=主句主语，in order to, so as to取代目的状语 The early bird sets out so early as to catch the worm.‎ ‎“以免，以防”‎ lest, for fear that 省略should的虚拟语气 I am working hard for fear that I (should) fail.‎ in case ‎ 虚拟语气 You hid your weakness lest it should be take advantage by somebaby.‎ 陈述语气 Take you umbrella in case it rains.‎ 条件 if“如果”正面条件 unless(=if not)“除非，如果不”负面条件 You are sure to succeed unless you haven’t studied hard in case, on condition that, providing, provided(that), supposing, suppose(that)“假如/使，在…条件下” ‎ I will pursue my further study, providing/provide (that) I get the admission to Yale/Harvard University.‎ Suppose/Supposing(that) you do not study abroad, what will you do？Lawyer?‎ as long as(=so long as)充要条件“只要”‎ We will support you as long as pursue further study. ‎ ‎“虽然/即使/尽管”‎ ‎(al)though< even if/though though 倒装/不倒装 ‎(Al)though my parents are not wealthy, they are healthy.‎ Even though it was raining my father insistently walked to work.‎ 让步 as 必须倒装 形容词/副词/名词/动词/过去分词+as+主语+谓语的其他部分 Rich as LY is, he is not happy.‎ Child as you are, you can tell black from white.(倒装时要省去单个名词前的冠词) ‎ Try as he would, he could not succeed.‎ ‎“不管/无论”‎ no matter+疑问词>带后缀ever的疑问词 No matter how (>however) much you tried, I failed to understand your parents’ love for you. 正装语序 whether…or…‎ 选择范围的从句 ‎ You must make a decision, whether you try your best or give up now.‎ 方式 as, as if/though连接 Think as others think. ‎ 结果 so that 结果?目的?‎ My mother worried so that she couldn’t sleep. ‎ so+adj./adv.+that so+adj.(+a/an)+n.+that such(+a/an)(+adj.)+n.+that My mother speaks so fast that no on can catch her.‎ Our parents have so much love that they can express it in the different way.‎ Our parents are such good person that I mustn’t blame them.‎ 从句主语=主句主语,so as to取代结果状语 My mother is so kind that she prepare the breakfast every morning.‎ My mother is so kind as to prepare the breakfast every morning.‎ 地点 where连接 Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ 原因 because主句之后，直接原因，语气最强，not because否定从句 You do it because you like it.‎ You are not strong because you are physically healthy.‎ since “既然”主句之前，已知显然的理由，较为正式语气弱于because.‎ Since you are free today, you had better be busying yourself about the house. 表“既然”：seeing(that), now(that), considering(that), in that as 附带说明的“双方已知的原因”语气弱于since，常位于主句之前 As it is raining, you’d better take an umbrella.‎ for辅助性的补充说明，主句之后且用逗号隔开 We could not have understood our parents, for we are not parents now.‎ 形从单选步骤 划分出从句，判断定从是限定性定从还是非限定性定从，两种定从中关系词分别做什么成分 限定性定从 主语 见：非限定性定语从句和限定性定语从句的关系词对比表 宾语 表语 定语 状语 非限定性定从 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 名从单选步骤 划分出从句，判断名从中是否缺句子成分 是：从句缺失的句子成分是 状语 Where why when how 主语 Who whom what whatever whoever 宾语 表语 定语 Which whose 否：判断从句与主句的意思关系 陈述关系：‎ That 一般疑问关系 主从 Whether 表从 同从 宾从 原则：if 例外：whether 介宾 句首 Or not 三大从句的简化 名词性从句 不定式 ① 从句谓语往往含有情态意义should can ② 连接代词、连接副词、whether引导的名从 I don’t know what I should do. I don’t know what I do.‎ Please tell me how I can get to the station. Please tell me how to get to the station. ‎ I haven’t decided whether I should vote for Bill. I haven’t decided whether to vote for Bill 动名词 ‎(复合结构)‎ 主从 That he lost the game came as a surprise to everybody. His losing the game came as a surprise to everybody. ‎ 同从 ‎+of There was no chance that he would come from the battle alive. ‎ There was no chance of he coming from the battle alive.‎ 宾从 不定式 I hope that I can drive to work in my own car. I hope to drive to work in my own car. ‎ 动名词 I consider that I will emigrate to America in the future. I consider emigrating to America in the future.‎ 形容词性从句 短语 从句中含有be动词 ‎（省略关系词&v-be）‎ 主动 Do you know the boy (who is) playing the violin?‎ 被动 Books (that are) written in English are more expensive.‎ 从句中不含be动词 ‎（省略关系词+动词变为现在分词）‎ They live in a room that faces the south.‎ They live in a room facing the south.‎ 不定式 被the only, the last, the next,序数词，最高级形容词修饰的名词 She is the only one that understands me.‎ She is the only one to understand me.‎ 副词性从句 短语 S=s 从句中含有be动词 ‎（省略s&v-be）‎ 主动 While (he was) waiting, he took out a magazine to read.‎ 被动 Metals expand when (they are) heated and contract when (they are) cooled 从句中不含be动词 ‎（省略s+动词变为现在分词）‎ Since I came to Taiyuan, I have made many new friends. ‎ Since coming to Taiyuan, I have made many new friends.‎ 名词性从句在高考写作中的应用：‎ 1、 主语从句在高考写作中的应用：‎ ① It is +过去分词 +that从句 ‎ It is reported that据报道 It is believed that人们相信 It is generally thought that人们普遍认为 It should be noted that应当注意 It has been found that现已发现 It must be point out that必须指出 ② It is +形容词 +that从句 It is clear that显然 It is possible/likely that很可能 ③ It is +名词短语 +that从句 It is a fact that事实上 It is a pity/shame that可惜的是/遗憾的是 It is good new/a good thing that太好了 It is common knowledge that是常识 It is no wonder that难怪 It is my belief that我相信 ④ It +不及物动词 +that从句 It happens that碰巧 It turns out thatt结果证明是 It follows that由此/由此可见 2、 宾语从句在高考写作中的应用：‎ We believe that→ it is my belief that(主从)we hold the point of view that（同从）‎ 动词+it形式宾语+宾语补足语+that宾语从句 We must make it clear that the parties involved are to make every effort to curb the pollution.‎ We believe it true that 3、 表语从句在高考写作中的应用：‎ The reason why he was dismissed is that he was careless and irresponsible.‎ 4、 同位语从句在高考写作的应用：‎ We hold the point of view that+陈述句(/一般疑问句/特殊疑问句)‎