2015高考英语试题江西卷答案解析

2015高考英语试题江西卷答案解析

‎2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（江西卷）‎ 英 语 第Ⅰ卷（选择题 共115分）‎ 第一部分 听力 （共两节，满分30分）‎ 回答听力部分时，请先将答案标在试卷上。听力部分结束前，你将有两分钟的时间将您的答案转涂到客观答题卡上。‎ 第一节（共5小题：每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）‎ 听下面5段对话，每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置，听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下小题，每段对话仅读一遍。‎ 例：How much is the shirt?‎ A. ￡19.15. B. ￡ 9.18 C.￡9.15. ‎ 答案是C。‎ 01. What does the woman want to do?‎ A. Find a place. B. Buy a map. C. Get an address.‎ 02. What will the man do for the woman?‎ A. Repair her car. B. Give her a ride. C. Pick up her aunt.‎ 03. Who might Mr. Peterson be?‎ A. Anew professor. B. A department head. C. A company director.‎ 04. What does the man think of the book?‎ A. Quite difficult. B. Very interesting. C. Too simple.‎ 05. What are the speakers talking about?‎ A. Weather. B. Clothes. C. News.‎ 第二节（共15小题：每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）‎ 听下面5段对话。每段对话有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出的最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对 话前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题给出5秒钟的做答时间。每段对话读两遍。‎ 听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。‎ 06. Why is Harry unwilling to join the woman?‎ A. He has a pain in his knee. ‎ B. He wants to watch TV.‎ C. He is too lazy.‎ 07. What will the woman probably do next?‎ A. Stay at home. B. Take Harry to hospital. C. Do some exercise.‎ 听第6段材料，回答第8、9题。‎ 08. When will the man be home from work?‎ A. At 5:45. B. At 6:15. C. At 6:50.‎ 09. Where will the speakers go?‎ A. The Green House Cinema. ‎ B. The New State Cinema.‎ C. The UME Cinema.‎ 听第6段材料，回答第10至12题。‎ 10. How will the speakers go to New York?‎ A. By air. B. By taxi. C. By bus.‎ 01. Why are the speakers making the trip?‎ A. For business. B. For shopping. C. For holiday.‎ 02. What is the probable relationship between the speakers?‎ A. Driver and passenger.‎ B. Husband and wife.‎ C. Fellow and workers.‎ 听第6段材料，回答第13至16题。‎ 03. Where does this conversation probably take place?‎ A. In a restaurant. B. In an office. C. In a classroom.‎ 04. What does John do now?‎ A. He’s a trainer. B. He’s tour guide. C. He’s a college student.‎ 05. How much can a new person earn for the first year?‎ A. ‎$10,000 B. $12,000 C. $15,000‎ 06. How many people will the woman hire?‎ A. Four. B. Three C. Two.‎ 听第6段材料，回答第17至20题。‎ 07. How long has the speaker lived in a big city?‎ A. One year. B. Ten years. C. Eighteen years.‎ 08. What is the speaker’s opinion on public transport?‎ A. It’s comfortable. B. It’s time-saving. C. It’s cheap.‎ 09. What is good about living in a small town?‎ A. It’s safer. B. It’s healthier. C. It’s more convenient.‎ 10. What kind of life does the speaker seem to like most?‎ A.Busy. B. Colorful. C. Quite.‎ 第二部分英语知识运用（共两节.满分45分）‎ 笫一节单项填空（共15小题，每小题1分，共15分）‎ 从A、B、C、D四个选项中.选出可以填入空白的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。‎ 11. ‎---Could I use this dictionary?‎ ‎---____________. It’s a spare one.‎ A. Good idea B. Just go ahead C. You’re welcome D. You’d better not 12. They choose Tom to be _______captain of the team because they knew he was ________smart leader.‎ A. a; the B. the, the C. the, a D. a,a 13. Thanks for your directions to the house; we wouldn’t have found it ________.‎ A. nowhere B. however C. otherwise D. instead 14. ‎---Tony, why are your eyes red?‎ ‎---I ________up pepers for the last five minutes.‎ A. cut B. was cutting C. had cut D. have been cutting 15. Starting your own business could be a way to achieving financial independence, ______, it could just put you in debt.‎ A. In other words B. All in all C. As a result D. On the other hand 16. When it comes to _______in public, no one can match him.‎ A. speak B. speaking C. being spoken D. be spoken 17. Anyway, we’re here now, so let’s _______ some serious work.‎ A. come up with B. get down to C. do away with D. live up to 01. Among the many dangers_______sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog.‎ A. which B. what C. where D. when 02. I don’t believe what you said, but if you can prove it, you may be able to _______me.‎ A. Convince B. inform C. guarantee D. refuse 03. Life is unpredictable; even the poorest _______ become the richest.‎ A. Shall B. must C. need D. might 04. ‎_______nearly all our money, we couldn’t afford to stay at a hotel.‎ A. Having spent B. To spend C. Spent D. To have spent 05. ‎---When shall I call, in the morning or afternoon ‎ ‎---______________. I’ll be in all day.‎ A. Any B. None C. Neither D. Either 06. It is unbelievable that Mr. Lucas leads a simple life______ his great wealth.‎ A. without B. despite C. in D. to 07. He is thought_______foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.‎ A. to act B. to have acted C. acting D. have acted 08. It was the middle of the night__________my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.‎ A. that B. as C which D. when 第二节完形填空(共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分)‎ 阅读下面短文，掌握其段落大意，然后从36至55各题所给的四个选项A.B.C和D，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。‎ ‎ “Mum, can I invite my classmate Brett over to stay tomorrow night, please? It’s Friday, and we don’t have any 36 . Can I, please?” Mum was sitting at the kitchen table. Dad was 37 next to her, resting his head on his arms. Mum could 38 that James wanted so badly to have his friend over.‎ ‎ “I’m so sorry, James,” she said.‎ ‎ “I’m never allowed to have friends come to the house? Why, Mum?” James asked sadly, almost in 39 .‎ ‎ “I know it’s 40 for you.” Mum said softly. “But I’m just worried about other people might think we’re a little …strange. And then they would make fun of you.”‎ ‎ “No, they wouldn’t. Mum,” James protested. “We’re not 41 at all. We’re just ordinary people.”‎ ‎ Mum sighed heavily. “To tell you the truth, James, my neck has been so painful that it’s given me a heavy 42 . And your poor father--- he doesn’t feel 43 . He really needs a rest.”‎ ‎ “I can help, Mum!” James said. “ 44 I can make you and Dad feel better, can Brett come over? Please?”‎ ‎ “Well…” Mum began.‎ ‎ “Great! Thanks. Mum!” James almost shouted. “Just sit there, don’t move.” He rushed over to the kitchen drawer and 45 what he needed ---two spanners(扳手). “Hang on, Mum.” He said. “This won’t take a second.” After some 46 , James was finished. With a smile of 47 on his face he said, “There! How does that feel?” “Oh, James, ” Mum said. “That’s much better! How did you do it?”‎ ‎ “Easy,” James said 48 . “Dad had tightened your neck bolts(螺栓) too much! I just 49 them slightly! I learned that in robotic science at school.”‎ ‎ “What about your father? Can you 50 him?” asked Mum.‎ ‎ “I’ll try,” James replied. He 51 up Dad’s hair at the back of his neck, and plugged the electric wire into Dad’s head. Then he turned the 52 on. Dad opened his eyes and 53 immediately. “He just let his 54 run too low, that’s all.” James said. “Shall I tell Brett to come over straight after school tomorrow?”‎ ‎ “I guess so,” replied Mum. “your friends will just have to 55 that we are very unusual family. Thanks, son!”‎ 09. A. chance B. message C. homework D. difficulty 01. A. asleep B. reading C. alone D. standing 02. A. explain B. see C. agree D. doubt 03. A. terror B. tears C. surprise D. silence 04. A. fair B. easy C. good D. hard 05. A. strange B. normal C. popular D. anxious 06. A. headache B. loss C. task D. day 07. A. ill B. funny C. sorry D. well 08. A. As B. If C. Since D. Before 09. A. kept B. controlled C. found D. returned 10. A. requests B. thoughts C. repairs D. instructions 11. A. sympathy B. satisfaction C. bitterness D. politeness 12. A. embarrassedly B. gratefully C. impatiently D. proudly 13. A. adjusted B. collected C. produced D. covered 14. A. greet B. accompany C. help D. ask 15. A. lifted B. caught C. gave D. filled 16. A. television B. power C. light D. gas 17. A. grew up B. lay down C. broke down D. sat up 18. A. food B. temperature C. battery D. blood 19. A. prove B. expect C. suspect D. accept 第三部分 阅读理解（共20小题；每小题2份，满分40分）‎ 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。‎ A ‎ Larry was on another of his underwater expeditions(探险)but this time, it was different. He decided to take his daughter along with him. She was only ten years old. This would be her first trip with her father on what he had always been famous for.‎ ‎ Larry first began diving when he was his daughter’s age. Similarly, his father had taken him along on one of his expeditions. Since then, he had never looked back. Larry started out by renting diving suits from the small diving shop just along the shore. He had hated them. They were either too big or too small. Then, there was the instructor. He gave him a short lesson before allowing him into the water with his father. He had made an exception. Larry would never have been able to go down without at least five hours of theory and another similar number of hours on practical lessons with a guide. Children his age were not even allowed to dive.‎ ‎ After the first expedition, Larry’s alter diving adventures only got better and better. There was never a dull moment. In his black and blue suit and with an oxygen tank fastened on his back, Larry dived from boats into the middle of the ocean. Dangerous areas did not prevent him from continuing his search. Sometimes, he was limited to a cage underwater but that did not bother him. At least, he was still able to take photographs of the underwater creatures.‎ ‎ Larry’s first expedition without his father was in the Cayman Islands. There were numerous diving spots in the area and Larry was determined to visit all of them. Fortunately for him, a man offered to take him around the different spots for free. Larry did not even know what the time was, how many spots he dived into or hwo many photographs he had taken. The diving spots afforded such a side array of fish and sea creatures that Larry saw more than thirty varieties of creatures. ‎ ‎ Larry looked at his daughter. She looked as excited as he had been when he was her age. He hoped she would be able to continue the family tradition. Already, she looked like she was much braver than Larry had been then. This was the key to a successful underwater expedition.‎ 20. In what way was this expedition different for Larry?‎ A. His daughter had grown up. B. He had become a famous diver.‎ C. His father would dive with him. C. His daughter would dive with him.‎ ‎57. What can be inferred from Paragraph 2?‎ A. Larry had some privileges. B. Larry liked the rented diving suits.‎ C. Divers had to buy diving equipment. D. Ten-year old children were permitted to dive.‎ ‎58. Why did Larry have to stay in a cage underwater sometimes?‎ A. To protect himself from danger. B. To dive into the deep water.‎ C. To admire the underwater view. D. To take photos more conveniently.‎ ‎59. What can be learned from the underlined sentence?‎ A. Larry didn’t wear a watch. B. Larry was not good at math.‎ C. Larry had a poor memory. D. Larry enjoyed the adventure.‎ ‎60. What did Larry expect his daughter to do?‎ A. Become a successful diver. B. Make a good diving guide.‎ C. Take a lot of photos underwater. D. Have longer hours of training.‎ ‎ B ‎ HOLIDAY FUN AT THE POWERHOUSE ‎ 500 HARRIS STREET ULTIMO, TELEPHONE(02) 9217 0111‎ ‎ Join in the holiday fun at the powerhouse this month linked to our new exhibition, evolution& Revolution: Chinese dress 17000s to now. DON’T FORGET our other special event, the Club Med Circus School which is part of the Circus(马戏团)! 150 years of circus in Australia exhibition experience!‎ l Chinese Folk Dancing: Colorful Chinese dance and musical performances by The Chinese Folk ‎ Dancing School of Sydney. Dances include: The Golden stick dance and the Chinese drum dance. A feature will be the Qin Dynasty Emperor’s court dance. Also included is a show of face painting for Beijing Opera performances. ‎ Sunday 29 June and Wednesday 2 July in the Turbine Hall, at 11:30 am &1:30 pm.‎ l Chinese Youth League: A traditional performing arts group featuring performance highlights such as the ‎ Red scarf and Spring flower dances, and a musician playing Er Hu.‎ Sunday 6 to Tuesday 8 July in the Turbine Hall, 11:30 am to 1:30 pm.‎ l Kids Activity: Make a Paper Horse: Young children make a paper horse cut-out. (The horse is a ‎ frequent theme in Chinese painting, indicating a kind of advancement.) Suitable for ages8-12 years.‎ Saturday 28 June to Tuesday 8 July in the Turbine Hall, 12:00 pm to 1:00pm.‎ l Club Med Circus School: Learn circus skills, including the trapeze, trampolining and magic. Note only ‎ for children over 5. There are 40 places available in each 1 hour session and these must be booked at the front desk, level 4, on the day.‎ Tuesday 1 to Saturday 5 July at 11:30 am &1:00pm.‎ Enjoy unlimited free visits and many other benefits by becoming a Family member of the Powerhouse. ‎ Our family membership cover two adults and all children under the age of 16 years at the one address.‎ ‎ Members receive Powerline, our monthly magazine, discounts in the shops and the restaurants, as well as free admission to the Museum. All this for as little as $50,000 year! Call (02) 9217 0600 for more details.‎ ‎61. When can you watch the Chinese drum dance?‎ A. On July 2 B. On July 3. C. On July 6. D. On July8.‎ ‎62. To learn the magic tricks, you can go to _______.‎ A. Kids Activity B. Chinese Youth League. ‎ C. Club Med Circus School. D. Children’s Arts Theatre ‎63. What is required if you want to enjoy free visits to the Museum?‎ A. Calling (02)9217 0600. B. Gaining family membership.‎ C. Coming for the holiday fun. D. Paying Poerline $50,000 a year.‎ ‎64. What is the main purpose of the text?‎ A. To attract visitors. B. To present schedules. ‎ C. To report the performances. D. To teach kids Chinese arts.‎ ‎ C ‎ Close your eyes for a minute and imagine what life would be like if you had a hundred dollars less. Also imagine what it would be like spending the rest of your life with your eyes closed. Imagine having to read this page, not with your eyes but with your finger-tips.‎ ‎ With existing medical knowledge and skills, two-thirds of the world’s 42 million blind should not have to suffer. Unfortunately, rich countries possess most of this knowledge, while developing countries do not. ‎ ‎ ORBIS is an international non-profit organization which operates the world’s only flying teaching eye hospital. ORBIS intends to help fight blindness worldwide. Inside a DC-8 aircraft, there is a fully-equipped teaching hospital with television studio and classroom. Doctors are taught the latest techniques of bringing sight back to people here. Project ORBIS also aims at promoting peaceful cooperation(合作) among countries.‎ ‎ ORBIS tries to help developing countries by providing training during three-week medical programs. ORBIS has taught sight-saving techniques to over 35,000 doctors and nurses, who continue to cure tens of thousands of blind people every year. ORBIS has conducted 17 plane programs in China so far. For the seven to ten million blind in China. ORBIS is planning to do more for them. At the moment an ORBIS team is working on a long-term plan to develop a training center and to provide eye care services to Shanxi Province. ORBIS needs your help to continue their work and free people form blindness.‎ ‎ For just US $38, you can help one person see; for $380 you can bring sight to 10 people; $1,2000 helps teach a doctor new skills; and for $13,000 you can provide a training program for a group of doctors who can make thousands of blind people see again. Your money can open their eyes to the world. Please help ORBIS improve the quality of life for so many people less fortunate than ourselves.‎ ‎65. The first paragraph is intended to ___________.‎ A. introduce a new way of reading B. advise the public to lead a simple life C. direct the public’s attitude to the blind D. encourage the public to use imagination ‎66. What do we learn about existing medical knowledge and skills in the world?‎ A. They are adequate. B. They have not been updated.‎ C. They are not equally distributed. D. They have benefited most of the blind.‎ ‎67. ORBIS aims to help the blind by _________.‎ A. teaching medical students B. training doctors and nurses C. running flying hospitals globally D. setting up non-profit organization.‎ ‎68. What does the author try to do in the last paragraph?‎ A. Appeal for donations. B. Make an advertisement.‎ C. Promote training programs. D. Show sympathy for the blind.‎ ‎69. What can be the best title for the passage?‎ A. ORBIS in China B. Fighting Blindness C. ORBIS Flying Hospital D. Sight-saving Techniques ‎ D ‎ Everyone looks forward to progress, whether in one’s personal life or in the general society. Progress indicates a person’s ability to change the way he is living at the moment. Progress must lead to a better life and a better way of doing things. All these, however, remain true only in so far as people want to accept technology and move forward by finding new and more efficient ways of doing things.‎ ‎ However, at the back of the minds of many people, especially those who miss the “good old days”, efficiency comes with a price. When communication becomes more efficient, people are able to contact one another no ‎ matter where they are and at whatever time they wish to. The click of a button allows people miles apart to talk or see each other without even leaving their homes. With the communication gadgets, such as mobile phones and ipads, people often do not take the effort to visit one another personally. A person visit carries with it the additional feature of having to be in the person’s presence for as long as the visit lasts, we cannot unnecessarily excuse ourselves or turn the other person off.‎ ‎ With efficiency also comes mass production. Such is the nature of factories and the success of industrialization today. Factories have improved efficiency. Unskillful tasks are left to machines and products are better made and produced with greater accuracy than any human hand could ever have done. However, with the improvements in efficiency also comes the loss of the personal touch when making these products. For example, many handcrafts(手工艺品) are now produced in a factory. Although this means that supply is better able to demand, now that the supply is quick and efficient, the demand might fall because mass production lowers the quality of the handcraft and it is difficult to find unique designs on each item.‎ ‎ Nevertheless, we must not commit the mistake of analyzing progress only from one point of view. In fact, progress has allowed tradition to keep up. It is only with progress and the invention of new technology that many old products can be brought back to their old state. New technology is required for old products to stay old.‎ ‎ It is people’s attitude towards progress that causes the type of influence that technology has on society. Technology is felxible. There is no fixed way of making use of it. Everything depends on people’s attitude. The worst effects of progress will fall on those who are unable to rethink their attitudes and views of society. When we accept progress and adapt it to suit our needs, a new “past” is created.‎ ‎70. According to Paragraph1, progress can benefit people when they are willing to _______.‎ A. live a better life B. look for better methods C. change ways of living D. accept technology and advance steadily ‎71. The underlined word”gadgets” is closest in meaning to _____________.‎ A. tools B. messages C. barriers D. skills ‎72. The author explains “efficiency comes with a price” by __________.‎ A. describing a process B. using examples C. following time order D. making classification ‎73. Compared with home-made handcrafts, machine-made products__________.‎ A. lack great accuracy B. lack the personal touch C. are of high value D. are quite welcome ‎74. What can be learned about technology from Paragraph 4 ?‎ A. It can destroy old traditions. B. It can lead to social progress.‎ C. It can be used to correct mistakes. D. It can be used to preserve old products.‎ ‎75. What can be concluded from the last paragraph?‎ A. Progress can suit the needs of daily life. ‎ B. People review the past with great regret.‎ C. Technology should be introduced in a fixed way.‎ D. People’s attitude decideds the sue of technology.‎ 第二卷（非选择题 满分35分）‎ 注意事项：‎ ‎ 第二卷2页，须用黑色墨水签字笔在答题卡上书写作答。如在试题卷上作答，答案无效。‎ 第四部分 写作（共两节，满分35分）‎ 第一节 阅读表达（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）‎ ‎ 阅读下面短文并回答问题，然后将答案写到答题卡相应的位置上（请注意问题后的词数要求）。‎ ‎ [1] A safari park si a park in which wild animals are kept. They are mainly located in east or central Africa. They often occupy a very wide area, with mountains and rivers. To visit the park and look at the animals, people have to drive around in a car for a few hours because the park is huge.‎ ‎ [2] In south Africa there is a safari park, which contains all sorts of wild animals like lions, elephants, rhinoceroses (犀牛), zebras, wild pigs, deer and giraffes.‎ ‎ [3] There is a wide road leading through the park, but nobody is permitted to walk on the road. Anyone traveling in the park has to go in a car because wild animals may fiercely attack people. From the car he may see almost every type of African wildlife. Some of these are getting scarce(稀有的)because people killed them for various reasons. For example, rhinoceroses are killed for their horns(角), which are used in traditional Chinese medicines for colds and headaches. Perhaps they will be seen only in museums and books one day.‎ ‎ [4] Travelers my purchase food for the animals. They can feed them when they tour the park. Of course, they should not feet them in a close distance because the wild animals may attack people. In addition, they should only give proper food to the animals.‎ ‎ [5] A traveler may carry a gun with him in his journey. The gun is given to him by the government. However, it is not used for hunting. In fact, a seal is fixed to it. The traveler may fire at a wild beast to defend himself in case he is attacked. However, he has to prove to the government that he has been attacked and that he has not fired at a harmless animal.‎ ‎76. List one of the reasons why travelers have to stay in a car during their visit. (no more than 6 words)‎ ‎___________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎77. Why are rhinoceroses getting scarce? (no more than 7 words)‎ ‎___________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎78. What warnings are given to travelers when they feed the animals? (no more than 15 words)‎ ‎___________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎79. How does the government know the gun is fired? (no more than 10 words)‎ ‎___________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎80. What is the passage mainly about? (no more than 6 words)‎ ‎___________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 第二节 书面表达（满分25分）‎ ‎ 假定你是星光中学的高中毕业生李华，母校将为高一新生举办主题为 “What to learn in senior high school?”的英语沙龙活动，特邀请你结合自身经历谈谈自己的体会。请你根据以下提纲准备一份英语发言稿。‎ ‎ 1、学会学习：方法、习惯等；2、学会做人：真诚、友善等； 3、其他方面：考生自拟。‎ 注意：1、词数120左右；2、发言稿开头和结尾已经给出，不须抄在答题卡上，不计入总词数。‎ Good morning, everyone! It is my honor to be here to share with you my opinions on what to learn in Senior high school.‎ ‎______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎ Thank you!‎ 英语高考（江西卷）‎ 参考答案 ‎01-05 ABCBA 06-10 BCACA 11-15 ACBCA 16-20 CBCAB ‎21-25 BCCDD 26-30 BBAAD 31-35 ADBBD ‎36-40 CABBD 41-45 AADBC 46-50 CBDAC 51-55 ABDCD ‎56-60 DAADA 61-65 ACBAC 66-70 CBACD 71-75 ABBDD ‎76. The park is huge. Or Animals may attack people.‎ ‎77. People kill them for their horns.‎ ‎78. Staying away from the animals and giving them proper food. ‎ ‎79. By checking the seal.‎ ‎80. A safari park in South Africa.‎ ‎81. Writing:‎ ‎ Good morning, everyone! It is my honor to be here to share with you my opinions on what to learn in senior high school.‎ ‎ In the coming three year, our school life will be challenging. Firstly, we should learn to learn efficiently. Personally, I used to try effective methods to achieve my academic goals. Developing a good habit is also of importance. It really benefited me a lot to preview lessons, get actively involved in class, and review what had been taught after class.‎ ‎ In addition, we should learn how to get along well with others. In school, I respected teachers and was friendly with classmates. It was with sincerity and faithfulness that we created a harmonious atmosphere.‎ ‎ Finally, we should take part in sports and outdoor activities frequently. They were really helpful to build up my body and enrich my school life.‎ ‎ No pain, no gains. I’m sure that with you great efforts, you will enjoy a colorful and fruitful life here.‎ ‎ Thank you!‎ 多年的财务工作实践给了我巨大的舞台来提高自已观察问题、分析问题、处理问题的能力，使我的业务水平和工作能力得到了长足的进步，但我也清醒地认识到，自己的工作中还存在许多不足之处，今后，我将更加注意学习，努力克服工作中遇到的困难，进一步提高职业道德修养，提高业务学识和组织管理水平，为全县交通事业的发展作出新的贡献。‎