高考介词及介词短语专项讲解

高考介词及介词短语专项讲解

介词英语中称为“preposition”是由“前缀pre-（在……前部）+position（位置）”构成的，所以又叫前置词。一般放在名词、代词或动名词的前面。介词是虚词，主要用来表示人、物、事件等与其他人、物、事件之间的关系,如空间位置、时间先后、因果关系、方式方法等。介词与其宾语构成介词短语。可作介词宾语的主要有名词、代词、动名词（或动名词短语）、名词性从句等。‎ 在英语里，它的搭配能力最强。但它不能单独作句子成分，需和名词或代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语及从句)构成介词短语，才能在句中充当成分。‎ 解题技巧：‎ ‎ 1. 要认真掌握好常用介词的主要用法及动词与介词的搭配。这是考查的重点，也是做题的基础。‎ ‎ 2. 在具体的题目中，要首先判断考查方式，是考查介词辨析，还是带介词的定语从句中的介词的选用，判断后才能做具体分析。‎ 分类 特点 例词 简单介词 即一个介词 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on等等。‎ 合成介词 由两个介词构成合成词 into, onto, throughout, upon, within 短语介词 由短语构成 according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to等等。‎ 双重介词 由两个介词搭配而成 from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between等等。‎ 分词介词 由现在分词转化而来 considering(就……而论), including，regarding，concerning等。‎ 兼类介词 由形容词直接转化而来 like, unlike, near, next, opposite等等。‎ 介词不能独立在句中做成份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分，‎ 表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。‎ 介词短语的功能 例 句 作定语 They didn’t find the solution to the problem.‎ 作状语 We have breakfast at seven.（表时间）‎ They were late for the meeting because of the heavy rain.（表原因）‎ What do you mean by doing such a thing?（表方法）‎ Nothing in the world could live without air or water.（表条件）‎ 作表语 When I paid a visit to you yesterday, you were not at home.‎ 作宾语补足语 I found the old building in a bad condition.‎ 在高考试题中对介词的考查主要集中在常见介词搭配中。如：‎ ‎1．for为了；因为 ‎ I apologised to the teacher for my being late.‎ For some reason, I refused his invitation.‎ ‎2．without 没有 ‎ He came in without his manager's permission.‎ I wouldn't have finished the task without your help. ‎ ‎3．by 借助于某种手段 ‎ The old man earned his living by selling fruits.‎ ‎4．over “在正上方(但未接触)；超过”，多表示年龄，距离或跨越一定的高度 ‎ You can't wear a blue jacket over that shirt.‎ The plane can fly over the mountain. ‎ ‎5．beyond 超越(界限、范围、限度)，可指时间或程度 ‎ ‎ It's quite beyond me why such things have been allowed to happen.‎ ‎6．across 表示从空间表面上横穿。through 表示从人体或物体的内部穿过，也可指抽象意义上的通过。‎ He suddenly saw Mary across the room. He pushed his way through the crowd of people to get to her.‎ ‎7．besides“除……之外”，其宾语包括在内。‎ except“除了”，其宾语不包括在内。‎ except for强调整体中的细节，前后事物不属于同类。‎ but常和except互换，强调不在其中。‎ but for“要不是”，往往用在虚拟语气的含蓄条件句中。‎ Besides flowers, the pupils sent their teacher a nice greeting card for her birthday.‎ The article is very good except for some spelling mistakes.‎ 介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一，使用频率相当高，其用法跟冠词一样复杂。但根据近年来高考命题的情况来看，考生需要掌握以下内容。‎ ‎1.表示相同或相似概念的介词（短语）的区别 表示的概念 介词（短语）‎ 区 别 例 子 时间[来源:Z,xx,k.Com]‎ in on at at在一个时间点上；[来源:学科 in在一段的时间之内；‎ on在具体日子。[来源:学科网]‎ ‎①at 8 o’clock, at noon ‎②in the 1990s, in January ‎③on Monday, on a warm morning[来源:‎ since from since 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用；‎ from指从时间的某一点开始。‎ ‎①We have not seen each other since 1995.‎ ‎②I hope to do morning exercises from today.‎ in,‎ after in指在一段时间之后，也可以指一段时间之内=within；‎ after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中。‎ ‎①We’ll be back in three days.‎ ‎②After seven the rain began to fall.‎ ‎③What shall we do after graduation?‎ in the end at the end of by the end of in the end作“最后”、“终于”解，单独作句子成分，后不接介词of；at the end of 表示“在……末梢”，“到……尽头”，既可指时间，也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用；by the end of 作“在……结束时”，“到……末为止”解，只能指时间。不可单独使用。‎ ‎①In the end they reached a place of safety.‎ ‎②At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden.‎ ‎③They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week.‎ ‎④By the end of last month he had finished the novel.‎ 位置 between among 一般说来，between表示两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间。‎ ‎①You are to sit between your father and me.‎ ‎②He is always happy among his classmates.‎ 注意：但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西，‎ 强调的是两两相互间接关系时、在谈到一些事物或一组事物，而把它们视为分居两边时以及在谈事物间的差别时，就用between。‎ ‎①Agreements were made between the different countries.‎ ‎②The little valley lies between high ‎ mountains.‎ ‎③They don’t know the difference between wheat, rice and coin.‎ in on to in表示在某范围内；‎ on指与什么毗邻；‎ to指在某环境范围之外。‎ ‎①Changchun is in the northeast of China.‎ ‎②Mongolia is on the north of China.‎ ‎③Japan is to the east of China.‎ on in on只表示在某物的表面上，而用in表示占去某物一部分。‎ ‎①There is a book on the piece of paper. ②There is an interesting article in the newspaper.‎ ‎③ He dug a hole in the wall.‎ in into in通常表示位置（静态）；‎ into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置。‎ ‎①We walked in the park.‎ ‎②We walked into the park.‎ through across through表示从内部通过，与in 有关；across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过，与on有关。‎ ‎①Water flows through the pipe.‎ ‎②The old man walked across the street.‎ in the corner ‎ on the corner ‎ at the corner in the corner 表示在角落里，in指角的内面；on the corner表示“在角上”，on指的不是内面，也不是外面，而含内外兼有之意；at the corner指“在拐角处”，at指的是拐角外附近的外面。‎ ‎①The lamp stands in the corner of the room.‎ ‎②I met with him at the street corner.‎ ‎③He sat on the corner of the table.‎ 除了 besides except but except for besides指“除了……还有，再加上”；except指“除了，减去什么”，不能放在句首。but 与except意思近似，表示“除了……外”经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。except for表示“如无……就，只是”表明理由细节。‎ ‎①All went out besides me. ‎ ‎②All went out except me.‎ ‎③I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.‎ ‎④His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.‎ 表示的概念 构成 例 子 动作（表进行概念、表被动的关系）‎ at+名词 at dinner/table在吃饭 at work在工作 at war交战 ‎ at cards 在玩牌            at work 在办公 at play  在玩耍     ‎ at rest在休息        at school school在上学       at press正在排印 at church在做礼拜 beyond+名词 beyond belief难以置信   beyond control不听管教。 beyond compare无可比拟 beyond description难以形容 beyond expression无法表达 beyond suspicion无可怀疑 in+名词 或in +名词+of+名词 in the army在当兵 in need of需要 in action在运转 in progress在进行 in operation在运行中 in use 开始使用 ‎ in sight看得见 in store贮藏着 in view of鉴於; 由於; 考虑到 in terms of就……而言 in favor of赞成某人[某事物]; 支持某人[某事物 in sb's favour对某人有利 be in/out of `favour (with sb); be in/out of sb's `favour得到[失去]某人的尊/赞同等 in course of construction正在兴建当中。in (good) repair维修良好的 in course of shipment. 定的货正在运输途中。 in charge of 负责                               in the charge of 由……负责 in possession of 拥有                          in the possession of 被…拥有 on+名词 on business办事/出差 on holiday/vacation/leave在休假 on watch值班 on duty值勤/日。‎ on guard在值勤 on strike在罢工 on sale出售 on loan借贷 on the move 在移动，搬迁，离开 on the march在行军 on the air在广播　　 on fire在燃烧。‎ on trial在试用 on show/display/ exhibition在展出 on `view陈列着; 展览着 on the contrary与此相反; 正相反 to the `contrary与此相反（的）‎ I will continue to believe it until I get proof to the contrary.‎ under+名词 under control在控制之中 under discussion在讨论 underdevelopment在发展中 under observation在观察中 under test在被测试 under construction在建设中 under fire在炮火中        under examination在检查/调查中 under consideration在考虑中 under repair在修理中 under arrest被逮捕 under attack受到袭击 under medical treatment在治疗中 under study在研究中 with+the+名词 with the help of...（在……的帮助下），with the lead of.（在…的带领下）‎ 其他 against one’s opinion反对某人的见解 for one’s opinion同意某人的见解 above reproach无可指责，无可非议 ‎ above suspicion不受怀疑 above criticism无可指责 at the mercy of在……支配下；任由……摆布 for sale供出售 for rent供出租 within sight看得见 ‎2.常见同一形容词与不同介词搭配时意义上的差别 常见形容词 搭配 意义 absent ‎(be) absent from 缺席 ‎(be) absent in 不在这里而在……‎ afraid ‎(be) afraid of 担心……‎ ‎(be) afraid for 为……而担心 angry ‎(be) angry with sb.‎ 对某人生气 ‎(be) angry at/about sth.‎ 因某事而生气 anxious ‎(be)anxious for sth 急于想得到 ‎(be)anxious about sth./sb.‎ 对某事/某人担心 different ‎(be) different from 与……不同 ‎(be) different to 不关心 familiar ‎(be) familiar with 精通，熟悉 ‎(be) familiar to 为……熟知（悉）‎ good ‎(be) good at 擅长于 ‎(be) good for 对……有益 ‎(be) good to 对……友好/态度好 popular ‎(be) popular with sb.‎ 受……欢迎 ‎(be) popular for 因……而流行 strict ‎(be) strict with sb.‎ 对某人要求严格 ‎(be) strict in sth.‎ 对某事要求严格 ‎3. with复合结构一点通  (1) with复合结构的构成   ①with+宾语十名词（短语）   He died with his daughter yet a school girl.他死的时候，他的女儿还是个学生。   ②with+宾语十形容词   He used to sleep with all the windows open.他过去常常开着所有的窗子睡觉。‎ ‎   She lay in bed with her face pale.她躺在床上，面色苍白。   ③with+宾语十副词   The girl fell asleep with the light on.那个女孩睡着了，灯还亮着。    Her mother sat in an armchair with her head down.她母亲低着头坐在扶手椅上。   ④with+宾语十不定式    I can't go out with these clothes to wash.因为这些衣服要洗，所以我不能出去。    I had to go to bed with nothing to do.我无事可做，只好睡觉。   ⑤with+宾语十介词短语 He sat near the fire with his back to the door.他坐在炉火旁，背朝着门。    The teacher came in with a bookin his hand.老师进来了，手里拿着一本书。   ⑥with+宾语+现在分词    With the machine helping us,we could finish the work on time．由于有机器的帮助，我们能按时完成工作。   She lives in the room with the light burning.她住在亮着灯的那个房间里。   ⑦with+宾语十过去分词 With everything done,she went home.做完一切事情以后，她回家了。‎ He lay on his back,with his eyes closed.他闭着眼仰卧着。 (2) with复合结构的句法作用   ①作定语    She saw a brook with red flowers and green grass on both sides．她看到一条两岸长着红花和绿草的小溪。    The woman with a baby in her arms is Tom's aunt.怀里抱着一个婴儿的那个妇女是汤姆的姑姑。    The city lies in a valley with high mountains around it．这座城市位于一个由高山环绕的山谷中。    ②作状语    a．表示伴随    She left the office with tears in her eyes.她眼里含着泪离开了办公室。    He was covered with a national flag with his face exposed．他身上盖着一面国旗，脸露在外面。   b．表示原因   With his key lost, he couldn't get into the office．由于钥匙丢了，他进不了办公室。    With the weather changing, we decided to put off the sports meetmg.由于天气变化，我们决定推迟运动会。   c．表示时间    The children began to watch TV with the homework done.孩子们完成作业以后开始看电视。   The meeting was over with the problem settled．问题解决以后，会议结束了。   d．表示条件    I'd like to see the new film with time permitting.如果时间允许，我想看那部新电影。    We will have an outing tomorrow with the weather fine.如果明天天气好的话，我们要去郊游。   e．表示结果   The battle ended with the enemy defeated.战斗结束了，敌人被打败了。   They have finished the peace talks with the agreements reached．‎ ‎   他们结束了和谈，达成了协议。‎ ‎4.容易混淆的含有介词固定搭配的词组 类 型 举 例 差一冠词，大相径庭 in front of（在……前面)——in the front of（在……前部） ‎ in charge of（负责）——in the charge of（由……负责） out of question（毫无疑问）——out of the question（不可能） ‎ at table（在吃饭；在吃饭时）——at the table（在桌子旁边）‎ 有无介词，意义不同 know sb.认识某人——know about sb.了解某人 ‎ shoot sb.击中某人——shoot at sb.向某人射击 search sb.搜身——search for sb.搜寻某人 ‎ believe sb.相信某人的话——believe in sb.信任某人的人格 benefit sb.使某人受益——benefit from sb.从某人那里得到益处 画蛇添足，误加介词 serve the people为人民服务（容易在serve后加for） ‎ enter the room进入房间（容易在enter后加into） follow me跟在我后面（容易在follow后加behind） ‎ marry sb.与某人结婚（容易在marry后加with）‎ go abroad出国（容易在go后面加to） ‎ live upstairs住在楼上（容易在live后面加 in）‎ 母语思维，误用介词 be caught in the rain被雨淋着（不用by） ‎ leave for some place动身去某地（不用to） set an example to sb.为某人树立榜样（不用for） ‎ in the direction朝着……方向（不用to） do a favor for sb.帮某人一个忙（不用to） ‎ different from和……不同（不用with） with the help of在……的帮助下（不用under） ‎ steal sth. from sb.偷某人的东西（不用of）‎ read sth. to sb.给（为）……读（念）……（不用for）‎ ‎ ‎ 现将（2006-2012）七年来高考全国卷和各省市自主命题卷所涉及到的介词短语及固定搭配总结如下，‎ 以便考生熟悉这一块的考点。‎ 英语 汉语意义 英语 汉语意义 above one’s own 在自己的……之上 in front of 在……的前面 above average 在平均分以上 in general 大体上，总体上 according to 根据 in honour of 为了纪念 after all 毕竟 in need of 需要，紧缺 along with 与……一道(又), 连同……一起, 随同……一起 in one’s mind 在某人心里 apart from 除……之外 in other words 换句话说 as a result (of)‎ ‎（由于）……的结果 in place 在适当的地方 as well as 也，还有 in place of 代替 be convinced of sth.‎ 坚信 in praise of 歌颂，赞美 be curious about sth 对某事物感到好奇的 in return 作为回报, 作为交换 because of 因为 in search of 寻找 below average 在平均分以下 in short 简言之 beyond control 无法控制 in sight 在视程内，（被）看得见 beyond description 无法描述 in spite of 尽管 beyond reach 无法到达 in terms of 就……而言 beyond repair 无法修理 in the direction of 朝……方向 by chance 偶然地，碰巧地 in the form of 以……方式（形式）‎ by means of 通过……的方式 in turn 反过来 by nature 天生地 in vain 徒劳，白费 by oneself 单独地，独自地 instead of 代替，而不是 except for 除了（除去瘕疵、枝节末节）‎ next to 次于，在……旁边，紧邻 far from 远离；远远不； 远非 of one's own age 跟某人自己的年龄相同 for one thing 一方面, 常与for another thing（另一方面）连用 on average 平均 hear from 收到……的来信，得知某人的消息 on condition that 条件是, 以……为条件 in addition to 另外=besides或except on one’s mind 某人有心事， 担心 in all 总共 on purpose 故意地，有目地 in case（of）‎ 万一, 以防……‎ on the other hand 另一方面 in detail 详细地，详尽地 on time 按时，准时 for the benefit of 以对某人进行帮助﹑ 指引﹑ 指导等；为…好 in time 及时 in doubt 怀疑 on top of 在……之上/顶部；除……之外 in effect 实际上，生效，在实行中 regardless of 不顾，不管 in exchange for 作为交换 to the point 中肯，切题 in face of 面对 with regard to 至于, 关于 in favour of 支持 within easy reach 在容易达到……的地方，在……的附近 for 对于，因为，为了 off 距, 离, 到（远至某处）; 离开 at 在….‎ out of place 不适当的，格格不入的 in `place恰当的，适当的 On the contrary 与此相反，正相反 against 反对，靠着，顶着 Without 没有 across 从（某物）的一边到另一边; 横过（某物）‎ 考点1 常见介词的活用 by，with，against，over，on，in，at，besides，for等是常考的介词。掌握这些介词的用法和意义、准确把握句子语境是解题的关键。下面是近年高考考查最多的几个介词，应重点掌握：‎ ‎1．over可表位置，意为“在……上方，越过；遮住，盖住”，也可表时间，意为“在……期间，(多年)以来”等，它还有“在……(问题)上，对(某事)”等引申意义。如：‎ ‎①You can’t wear a blue jacket over that shirt—it’II look terrible．你不能在那件衬衣外面再穿上蓝色的夹克——太难看了。‎ ‎②We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea．我们一边喝茶一边愉快地交谈。‎ ‎③We heard it over the radio．我们从广播中听到了它。‎ ‎2．by的主要意思有“在……旁，靠近；乘(车、船等)；不迟于；到……为止；被，由；根据，按照(关系)；通过……方式”等，还可以用来表示增加或减少的程度。by构成的常见短语有：‎ by and by不久，迟早 by and large大体上 by oneself单独 by the way顺便说说 by far……得多，最…… by chance碰巧 by accident偶然地 by means of借助 by no means绝不，一点也不 by mistake错误地 ‎①The water in the river rose by two meters．河水上涨了两米。‎ ‎②He is an Englishman by birth．他在血统上是英国人。‎ ‎3．with可以用来表示“带有，拥有；随着；就……来说；用，以；和，与；对于，关于”等意思。with还可用来表示原因。如：‎ ‎①He turned red with anger．他气得脸变红了。‎ ‎②The problem with looking into space from the earth is that there is a lot of dust in the earth’s air．从地球上观察太空存在一个问题，就是地球的大气中有大量的尘埃。‎ ‎4．beyond这个词同学们平时接触的机会不是太多，但它却是一个考查热点。beyond表示“(时间)过了，比……晚，迟于；(位置)在……那边，超出……之外；(范围)超过，为……所不及，超出……的范围”等意思。如：‎ ‎①They arrived beyond nine o’clock．他们过了9：00才到。‎ ‎②The book is beyond me．这本书我看不懂。‎ ‎③Tom is far beyond his elder brother in maths．汤姆的数学比他哥哥的好多了。‎ 典例：(2010高考英语四川卷,5)Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back ______ a big tree.‎ A. in B. below C. beside D. against ‎ ‎ 考点2 介词的固定搭配-‎ 高考主要考查学生对固定短语的掌握程度、对短语意义的了解以及介词在这些固定搭配中的应用。‎ ‎1．名词词组：on the contrary相反；in turn依次；in one’s opinion根据某人的看法；off time准时；out of reach够不着 ‎2．动词词组：remind sb of sth提醒某人某事；rob sb of sth抢劫某人的……；restdt from由……引起；call at访问(某地)‎ ‎3．形容词词组：be curious about对……好奇；be proud of因……而自豪；be popular with受到……的欢迎 ‎4．介词短语：apart from除……Pb；in addition to除……之外(还)；because of因为；instead of代替；in fear of为……提心吊胆；for fear of以免；in case of防备；thanks to由于；in the middle of在……中间；according to根据；in front of在……前面；in return for作为对……的回报；in charge of负责；as a result of作为……的结果；in exchange for与……交换等 典例：(2010高考英语江西卷,34)Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients ______ name, not case number.‎ A of B as C by D with ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查介词辨析。句意：如今有些医院是以姓名来查阅患者的，而不是凭病例编号(去查询的)。by name按姓名．‎ 考点3核心介词用法归纳与辨析 ‎1.表示时间的介词in的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in，如：in the 1990s,in January,in(the)winter in和during表一段时间内两词可互用。如：in the night,during the night,in the war,during the war。但略有区别：当接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用during，接“活动”的动名词及短语时用in。如：during the discussion/in discussing the problem during her stay in Hubei/in playing basketball/during the course of/in digging the tunnel ‎ ‎2.在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on。‎ ‎3.表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。‎ 有些时间名词前有one，each，any，every，some，all，next，last，that修饰时,不接介词。如：‎ that day，next Sunday some day，one day ‎4.till、until、to的用法。‎ ‎(1)till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。如：‎ He waited for me till twelve o’clock.‎ He didn’t get up till (until) 10 a.m.(不可用to)‎ 但注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。如：‎ Not until 9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back to school.‎ ‎(2)to表“终结”时常和from连用，但要注意不与from连用时的意义。如：‎ from July to September,from six to (till) eight(从……到……为止)，但from morning till night(从早到晚)，不能用to。‎ ‎5.表示方式、手段、工具的介词 ‎(1)by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天，但to the pound按磅算，to the ton按吨计。‎ ‎(2)表泛指的方式、手段:by post,by telephone(radio),但on the phone/on the radio/on TV(电讯器材)，by electricity，by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescope ‎(3)交通工具类。另外：by means of 用……方法，by way of 经由，取道于，用……方法;with the help(permission)of sb./with sb.’s help(permission)“在……帮助下”。‎ ‎(4)表方式、手段的其他用法。‎ He beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具、机器)‎ One smells with his nose.(with+人体器官，但by hand“手工，用手”)‎ He stood up with pride.(with+情绪、情感、态度的名词)‎ 注意：使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如in English(ink,pencil)。另外如：‎ in high(good,low)spirits,in anger,in joy,in comfort,in sorrow,in safety,in danger,in need,in debt,in love,in fun,in pain,in tears,in surprise, in good(poor)health,in good order,in flower,in a way,in a low voice,in silence,in(with)satisfaction,in a hurry,in(with)words,live/feed on food,kneel on one’s knee,take(catch)sb.by surprise(出其不意)‎ ‎6.表示“除……之外”的几组常用介词比较。‎ ‎(1)besides “除……以外，(还有)”。作副词时意思是“而且，更何况”。如：‎ It was too late to see a film,and besides,I was tired.‎ ‎(2)except“除去，除……之外(不再有)”。如：‎ We all went except John.‎ 在否定句中，两词可以换用，如：‎ He has no other hats except/besides this one.‎ ‎(3)except for“除了……(对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明)”后接名词、代词或what从句，此时与except that+句子意思相同。如：‎ He was very clever except for carelessness.‎ ‎(4)except that...“除了……一点以外”。如：‎ He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.‎ ‎(5)but和except在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：前面有不定人词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。‎ All but one are here.Nobody but I likes making model ships.后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。He has nothing to do but wait.(前有do,后省to)；‎ but与一些固定结构连用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不……，but for...如不是……‎ ‎7.介词的省略：‎ 介词for表示时间的省略要求。‎ ‎(1)以all开头的名词短语，for要省略。如：‎ I stayed with her all the morning.‎ ‎(2)否定句中，表示时间的短语前的for不能省略。如：‎ I haven’t seen you for thirty years.‎ ‎(3)时间状语在主句之前，for不能省略。如：‎ For the whole morning,the old man kept reading.‎ ‎8.某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。‎ ‎(1)要求接to的名词有：key,answer,visit,entrance,apology,introduction,road等。‎ ‎(2)要求接in 的名词有：interest,satisfaction,expert等。‎ He is expert in teaching small children.‎ 介词的用法很繁杂，要在平时注意积累。‎ ‎①Although my opinion, the old professor didn’t come up with his own. ‎ A. against B. on C. for D. in ‎②Some people choose jobs for other reasons money these days. ‎ A. for B. except C. besides D. with ‎【解析】答案为C。句意：如今一些人选择工作时，除了钱的原因还有其他原因。besides意为“除了（包含除去的）”；except意为“除了（不包含除去的）”。根据题意besides符合题意。‎ ‎③Some students often listen to music classes to refresh themselves. ‎ A. between B. among C. over D. during ‎【解析】答案为A。between用于两者之间，也可指多个事物中的两两之间的关系；among用于三者或三者以上。“课间”是指两节课之间，因此应用between。‎ ‎④This is a junior school. You should go to a senior school girls of your age. （2007北京卷）‎ A. for B. about C. from D. to ‎【解析】答案为A。for在此表示“适于、适合”。句意：这是一所初级中学，你应该去一所适合你这个年龄段女孩子的高级中学读书。‎ ‎⑤ the silence of the pauses, we could hear each other’s breathing and could almost hear our own heartbeats. ‎ A. In B. For C. Under D. Between ‎【解析】答案为A。句意：在停顿的沉默中，我们能听到对方的呼吸，甚至能听到我们自己的心跳。In意为“在……之中”。‎ ‎⑥Sorry, Madam. You’d better come tomorrow because it’s the visiting hours. （2006福建卷） A. during B. at C. beyond D. before ‎【解析】答案为C。beyond表示“（时间）晚于、迟于”。句意：对不起，女士，你最好明天来，因为参观的时间已经过了。‎ ‎⑦This new model of car is so expensive that it is the reach of those with average incomes. ‎ A. over B. within C. beyond D. below ‎⑧It was a pity that the great writer died his works unfinished. ‎ A. ‎ for B. with C. from D. of ‎【解析】答案为B。句意：那个著名作家的作品还未完成他就去世了，真是遗憾。with引导的是复合结构作伴随状语。‎ ‎⑨—What do you want ________those old boxes? ‎ ‎—To put things in when I move to the new flat. ‎ A. by B. for C. of D. with ‎【解析】答案为D。所提到的情景“To put things in when I move to the new flat. ”说明了箱子的用途。with的意思是“用”后接工具。如：cut with a knife用刀切。‎ ‎⑩Luckily, the bullet narrowly missed the captain ______an inch. ‎ A. by B. at C. to D. from ‎【解析】答案为A。介词by可以和表示数量的词构成短语，表示“尺寸、距离”等。句意：幸运的是，子弹在距离船长一英尺的地方与他擦肩而过，没有射中他。‎ ⑾When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster, many teachers would prefer to see him step aside ______ younger men. (2011·湖北卷)‎ ‎ A. in terms of B. in need of ‎ C. in favor of D. in praise of ‎【点拨】考查介词短语辨析。in praise of表扬；in terms of就……而言；in favor of支持，赞成；in need of需要。句意：当被问及对这个学校的校长有什么看法时，很多老师都支持年轻人，希望他让位。故答案为C。 ‎ ⑿We'd better discuss everything ______ before we work out the plan. (2011·江苏卷)‎ ‎ A. in detail B. in general ‎ ‎ C. on purpose D. on time ‎【点拨】考查介词短语辨析。in detail 详细地；in general 一般情况下，总的说来；on purpose 故意地，特地；on time按时，准时。句意：在我们制订计划之前最好把各项事宜详细地讨论一下。故答案为A。 ‎ ⒀(2010高考英语上海秋季卷,30)In ancient times, people rarely travelled long distances and most farmers only travelled______ the local market.‎ ‎ A. longer than B. more than C. as much as D. as far as ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】本题考查介词词组。根据动词travel可判断此处应填关于路程的介词词组，本题即为as far as。as far as远到...‎ ⒁(2010高考英语浙江卷,7)I guess we’ve already talked about this before but I’ll ask you again just ______. ‎ A．by nature B．in return C．in case D．by chance ‎ ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】本题考查介词短语。分析四个选项的意思：by nature 天生地；in ‎ return作为回报，作为交换；in case 万一，以防；by chance偶然地。根据句意：我想我之前已经跟你谈论过这件事，但是以防万一，我再问你一次。‎ ⒂(2010高考英语江西卷,29)We give dogs time, space and love we c an spare, and ______, dogs give us their all.‎ A in all B in fact C in short Din return ⒃.(2010高考英语湖北卷,30)It is illegal for a public official to ask people for gifts or money ______ favors to them.‎ A. in preference to B. in place of ‎ C. in agreement with D. in exchange for ‎【答案】D.‎ ‎【解析】考查介词短语的辨析。句意为：公务员向别人索要礼物或金钱以换取对他们的好处的做法是非法的。D项in exchange for“交换，调换”在此与题意切合。A项in preference to表示“优先于”；B项 in place of“代替，取代”；C项in agreement with“与…一致，与…相符”。‎ ⒄.(2010高考英语福建卷,27)More and more high-rise buildings have been built in big cities ______ space.‎ A. in search of B. in place of C. for lack of D. for fear of ‎ ‎【答案】 C ‎【解析】考查介词短语。句意为：“因为缺少空间，越来越多的高层建筑在城市中被建造。”A项意为“寻找……”；B项意为“代替，替代”；C项意为“缺乏，短缺”；D项意为“担心，害怕”。据句意可知，C项符合。‎