高考英语试题的教学分析

高考英语试题的教学分析

高考英语试题的教学分析 试题质量分析的目的很多，考试机构研究试题质量是为了评价此次命题的质量、确定考试的效度与信度等，提高以后的试题的质量；学者研究试题质量是为了研究开展语言测试学的相关研究；教师分析试题质量的目的则主要是：1、促进教学，提高复习教学成效，2、提高自己编制模拟试题的能力。‎ I．试题分析标准 试题分析标准一：标准效度 高考试题是基于考纲设计的，而考纲是基于课标设计的。考纲、课标都是试题应该依据的标准。试题标准信度越高，与考纲、课标的契合程度越高，越符合考纲的价值取向和能力结构，试题质量越好。‎ 考纲内容：‎ 普通高等学校招生全国统一考试是合格的高中毕业生和具有同等学力的考生参加的选拔性考试。高等学校根据考生成绩，按已确定的招生计划，德、智、体全面衡量，择优录取。因此，高考应具有较高的信度、效度，适当的难度和必要的区分度。‎ 根据普通高等学校对新生文化素质的要求，依据中华人民共和国教育部2003年颁布的《普通高中课程方案（实验）》和《普通高中英语课程标准（实验）》，确定本学科考试内容。‎ 试题质量越高，越能为高校选拔合格新生，对基础教育的反拨作业越积极。‎ 通过考试中心的材料得知，全卷的难度系数应在0.55-0.60。‎ 试题标准二：能力优先 ‎《普通高中英语课程标准（实验）》规定英语课程的总目标是“培养学生的综合语言运用能力”。‎ ‎《大学英语教学要求》指出，“大学英语的教学目标是培养学生的英语综合应用能力，特别是听说能力，使他们在今后学习、工作和社会交往中能用英语有效地进行交际，同时增强其自主学习能力，提高综合文化素养，以适应我国社会发展和国际交流的需要。”‎ 显然，高考试题应该对语言运用能力进行直接评价。‎ 试题标准三：能力结构合理 能力结构合理，符合大学对新生的能力要求 ‎ A．语用能力与语法准确 考查真实语境中的语用能力优先，尽量不单纯考查结构、语义准确性 B．分析能力与解决问题能力 C．科学与人文 理科学生与文科学生，学生的科学素养与人文素养 科学语篇与人文语篇 II．试题分析与教学建议 以下选择全国新课标卷作为案例。‎ 一、听力试题分析 ‎1．考点 考纲规定了四项听力能力考点，一套试题一般包含全部四项技能，不过主要是细节类试题，推理判断类试题也主要是基于细节的推理判断，而不是基于常识、图式的推理判断，所以很多判断题在相当程度上也是部分意义的细节题。‎ 考纲规定的考点 建议题数 主旨大意 ‎1-2‎ 细节理解 ‎10-15‎ 推理判断 ‎1-5‎ 理解说话人的意图和态度 ‎1-3‎ ‎2．题干 题干只能是完整的问题，不能是嵌入式问句，也不能是嵌入式陈述语句。‎ 题干一定要有明确的语用目的，提出的问题应是询问具体信息、主旨大意、推理判断、说话人意图态度的问题。‎ 要按照合理的比例覆盖所有考点，每个考点的问题要规范。‎ 不要设计Who’s Michael Jordon? Where is Sydney? 这类不需要听就能回答的问题，也不要设计What day is today? 这类不明确的问题。‎ 一套试题之内的题干应包括所有考点。‎ 具体信息的题干要尽可能丰富，包括时间、地点、事件、人物、原因、结果、人物关系等。‎ 推断判断题要有时间、地点、事件、人物、原因、结果、人物关系、下一步发展等的推断。‎ 在多个问题的听力材料中，试题的顺序应该与听力材料内容的发展顺序一致。‎ 问题的长度一般应在5－15词，最长不超过25词，最短不少于5词。长句10－25词的试题一般在3-5小题。‎ 第1-5小题应该主要是具体信息题，题干的问句不要太长，在5-10个词为佳，以保证学生能顺利进入考试。‎ ‎3．选项 选项要与问题形成合理的交际，所答为所问，不要答非所问（交际需要除外）。‎ 根据多项选择的一般要求，三个选项必须为同一范畴，结构、词类必须相同，三个选项长短应尽可能基本一致。‎ 选项应富于变化性，有短语，有句子，有单词。‎ 每个选项的长度一般应在1－15词之间，每个选项最长一般应在10词之内，最短为1个词。‎ 前5小题的选项不要太长。‎ ‎4．材料 听力材料的语言必须是真实的口语材料，不能使用书面语体的材料。‎ 对话应是真实的交际对话，独白应是真实的交际性独白。‎ 对话的题材以日常生活为主，但要丰富，要有变化。‎ 听力材料的词数与问题数应合理，一般按照每30－50词一个问题来设计。短对话30词左右设计一个问题，长对话和独白50词左右设计一个问题。‎ 听力材料可包含1％生词，但这些生词应是根据上下文可理解的生词。‎ ‎5．案例 ‎2012年全国新课标卷听力 ‎1、考点设置 主旨大意 ‎3. What are the two speakers mainly talking about?‎ 细节理解 ‎2. At what time will the film begin?‎ ‎6.Whose CD is broken?‎ ‎7. What does the boy promise to do for the girl?‎ ‎8. What did the man think of the meal?‎ ‎9. What was the 15% on the bill paid for?‎ ‎11. What colour does the man want?‎ ‎14. What is Ariel going to do in Toronto?‎ ‎17. Where does Thomas Manning work?‎ ‎18. Where did the idea of a book of records come from?‎ ‎19. When did Sir Hugh's first book of records appear?‎ 推理判断 ‎1. Where does this conversation probably take place?‎ ‎4. What will the woman probably do?‎ ‎12. What will the man do afterwards?‎ ‎13. What would Joe probably do during the Thanksgiving holiday?‎ ‎16. What might be the relationship between the speakers?‎ ‎20. What are the two speakers going to talk about next?‎ 理解说话人的意图和态度 ‎5. Why did the woman apologize?‎ ‎10. Why is the man at the shop?‎ ‎15. Why is Ariel in a hurry to leave?‎ ‎2、题干、选项与材料选择 ‎1. Where does this conversation probably take place?‎ A. In a bookstore. B. In a classroom C. In a library.‎ ‎2. At what time will the film begin?‎ A. 7:20. B. 7:15. C. 7:00.‎ ‎3. What are the two speakers mainly talking about?‎ A. Their friend Jane. B. A weekend trip. C. A radio programme.‎ ‎4. What will the woman probably do?‎ A. Catch a train. B. See the man off. C. Go shopping.‎ ‎5. Why did the woman apologize?‎ A. She made a late delivery. ‎ B. She went to the wrong place. ‎ C. She couldn't take the cake back.‎ ‎6.Whose CD is broken?‎ A. Kathy's. B. Mum's. C. Jack's.‎ ‎7. What does the boy promise to do for the girl?‎ A. Buy her a new CD. B. Do some cleaning. C. Give her 10 dollars.‎ ‎8. What did the man think of the meal?‎ A. Just so-so. B. Quite satisfactory. C. A bit disappointing.‎ ‎9. What was the 15% on the bill paid for?‎ A. The food. B. The drinks. D. The service.‎ ‎10. Why is the man at the shop?‎ A. To order a camera for his wife. B. To have a camera repaired. C. To get a camera changed.‎ ‎11. What colour does the man want?‎ A. Pink. B. Black. C. Orange.‎ ‎12. What will the man do afterwards?‎ A. Make a phone call. B. Wait until further notice. C. Come again the next day.‎ ‎13. What would Joe probably do during the Thanksgiving holiday?‎ A. Go to a play. B. Stay at home. C. Visit Kingston.‎ ‎14. What is Ariel going to do in Toronto?‎ A. Attend a party. B. Meet her aunt. C. See a car show.‎ ‎15. Why is Ariel in a hurry to leave?‎ A. To call up Betty. B. To buy some DVDs. C. To pick up Daniel.‎ ‎16. What might be the relationship between the speakers?‎ A. Classmates. B. Fellow workers. C. Guide and tourist.‎ ‎17. Where does Thomas Manning work? ‎ A. In the Guinness Company. B. At a radio station. C. In a museum.‎ ‎18. Where did the idea of a book of records come from?‎ A. A bird-shooting trip. B. A visit to Europe. C. A television talk show.‎ ‎19. When did Sir Hugh's first book of records appear?‎ A. In 1875. B. In 1950. C. In 1955.‎ ‎20. What are the two speakers going to talk about next?‎ A. More records of unusual facts.‎ B. The founder of the company.‎ C. The oldest person in the world.‎ ‎（单词26个，编号4个，标点8个）‎ ‎6．教学建议 ‎（1）重点训练听力技能，尤其是辨听语音、获得语义技能，语音与语义的关联 ‎（2）按照真实听力行为设计问题，不设计人为问题 ‎（3）关注生活话题 ‎（4）适当训练读题速度，一题30词，5秒读完理解，相当于每分钟360词 二、语法词汇多项选择 ‎1．考点 考点主要集中在动词时态、从句、交际用法上，其他项目考查都比较少，这是因为这三类项目是基础的，也是学生运用中有一定难度的。‎ 考点 题数 交际用语 ‎2-3（中西文化差异较大的特殊用法为主）‎ 词义辨析 ‎2-3（常用动词及其短语词义为主）‎ 介词 ‎1‎ 代词 ‎1‎ 副词 ‎1（词序为主）‎ 连词 ‎1（词序为主）‎ 动词 ‎3-5（以一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时的特殊用法为主）‎ 从句 ‎3-5（至少状语从句2，定语从句1）‎ ‎2．题干 题干一定要有真实的语境、真实的语用目的，也就是：什么人在什么语境下、为了什么目的说了什么话。‎ 题干应尽可能在语料库中选择语句，不宜自造语句。如要考查完成时，则可在语料库查找have done，则可搜罗出大批完成时语句，然后选择恰当的语句，再改造成题干。‎ 语料库可以是Cobuild或Longman电子词典语料库，也可以是www.nytimes.com纽约时报网站、www.bbc.com英国广播公司网站、www.cnn.com美国有线广播网等的语料库。这样可以确保语言本身的正确性。‎ 现在应彻底避免为了考查某一语法项目而创造的生硬的语句。‎ 题干的内容应主要是学生熟悉的日常话题，但也要有大约一部分的语句内容是学生有些了解、但不是很熟悉的，以便考查学生的图式建构能力。如：‎ The lawyer seldom wears anything other than a suit ______ the season is.‎ 这里律师穿法袍出庭的要求可能很多学生也不是很熟悉。‎ The wet weather will continue tomorrow when a cold front ______ to arrive.‎ 这里的cold front是一个气象专业术语，不经常看气象预报的人可能不大理解。‎ 学生不熟悉话题应该为3-5小题。‎ 每小题题干长度一般应该10－30词之间，10-20词的约10小题，20-30词的约5小题。‎ 第1小题的题干不要太短，也不要太长，在15词左右为宜。‎ 长题干一般搭配短选项，短题干一般搭配长选项。‎ ‎3．选项 选项本身必须语法准确，保证所有选项填入语句中时不存在语法错误，只是语境、语义、语用目的是否符合而已。‎ 四个选项必须为同一范畴，词类应相同（考查词类的小题例外）。‎ 答案项与干扰项一定要貌似一样，要保证干扰项起到一定的干扰作用，但又不能干扰太大，尤其不要出现不确定答案项，或多个答案项。‎ 要注意美国英语、英国英语差异、书面语与口语差异、不同社会阶层话语差异等导致的多个答案项的可能。‎ 四个选项应等长，或两两等长。‎ 每个选项长度一般应在1－5词之间。‎ 选项考点的面要广，同类考点（比如时态）要分散。‎ 答案项要有机排练，可按照散点随机排列，也可人工无序排列。‎ 词义辨析题不要超过2个小题（词汇学习内容较多的单元同步练习可以为5个小题），一般应考查常用词的基本词义。‎ ‎4．案例 ‎2012年全国新课标卷语法词汇多项选择题 ‎21. ----Which one of these do you want?‎ ‎----_______Either will do.‎ A. I don't mind B. I'm sure C. No problem D. Go ahead 语境、语用较好，ABCD均有一定可能 尊重主人，A；以我为主，B；不在乎，C；赶快，别啰嗦，D 常规答案A ‎22. Sarah looked at finished painting with satisfaction.‎ A.不填; a B. a; the C. the;不填 D. the; a 前一项有语境，后一项为固定搭配，非语境选择 ‎23. "Life is like walking in the snow", Granny used to say, "because every step ‎ A. has shown B. is showing C. shows D. showed 考查语法准确性，非语境、语用 ‎24. It is by no means clear the president can do to end the strike.‎ A. how B. which C that D. what that为纯语法干扰，why, when, 则是语用干扰 ‎25. I don't believe we've met before, I must say you do look familiar.‎ A. therefore B. although C. since D. unless 有一定语境 ‎26. The result is not very important to us, but if we do win, then so much ‎ A. the best B. best C. better D. the better 纯固定搭配，搭配教材中不常见，导致难度 而且A、B选项语法不正确 ‎27. Mary is really good at taking notes in class. She can almost every word her teacher says.‎ A. put out B. put down C. put away D. put together 纯词义题 ‎28. The party will be held in the garden, weather .‎ A. permitting B. to permit C. permitted D. permit 纯语法题 ‎29. This restaurant wasn't that other restaurant we went to.‎ A. half as good as B. as half good as C as good as half D. good as half as 纯语法题 ‎30. I use a clock to wake me up because at six o'clock each morning the train comes by my house.‎ A. couldn't B. mustn't C. shouldn't D. needn't 语境较好，若认为是因为火车声音太大导致我听不见闹钟闹，则A；若本来有规定必须用闹钟，则B（mustn’t干扰性太弱）；若认为我应该用闹钟、而应该用其他方式（老婆拧耳朵），则C；若认为火车太吵，我不必、不需要用闹钟，则D。‎ 答案D的唯一性存疑。‎ ‎31. Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him, but of them wants to, because they have work to do.‎ A. either B. any C. neither D none 有一定语境 ‎32. Film has a much shorter history, especially when such art forms as music and painting.‎ A. having compared to B. comparing to C. compare to D. compared to 纯语法题，C项语法不正确 ‎33.1 had been working on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers before my eyes.‎ A. swim B. swum C. swam D. had swum B项语法不正确 ‎34. You have to move out of the way the truck cannot get past you.‎ A. so B. or C and D. but 较好，特定语境下四个选项都可能 目的就是要拦住卡车，则A；B正常逻辑，让路；意识流，则C；让了路车也过不去，则D。没说不正常，所以B。‎ ‎35. If she doesn't want to go, nothing you can say will her.‎ A persuade B. promise C. invite D. support 纯语义 总体而言，好题不多，纯语法、语义题与固定搭配题过多，这一题型难度太大。‎ ‎5．教学建议 ‎（1）关注语境、注重语用，引导学生学会进行语境、语用分析 ‎（2）注意常用语法、常用词汇 ‎（3）注意固定搭配的积累 希望语法词汇多项选择尽早退出高考试题，在其他试题中考查。‎ ‎15小题占整个试卷的10%，却导致课堂教学耗费80%的精力和时间，而且导向非常不好。‎ 有很多试卷不用MC也能很好地考查词汇、语法运用能力。‎ 三、完形填空模拟题设计标准 ‎1．考点 完形填空考查的语篇层面的语词运用能力，所以，小题中70%应该是通过语篇理解才能选择答案的，通过语句理解可以获得答案的小题占30%。‎ 考点应该覆盖考纲所规定的考点，但主要是实义词，占80%，虚词一般只占20%。‎ 完形填空一般不考查语法项目。‎ 完形填空的考点语词和干扰项语词一般应是常用词，偶尔有10%左右有一定难度的词。‎ ‎2．语篇 ‎1）语篇图式 完形填空对于阅读理解能力的考查分两个层面：一是语篇本身一般为学生有些熟悉但不很熟悉、有些内容熟悉而有些内容不熟悉的语篇，这样可以考查学生的图式建构能力。二是选择填空是考查在一定语篇中选择恰当的语词完成短文的能力，学生要理解语篇、词义才能选择恰当的答案。‎ ‎2008年的图式案例：‎ 主人公在生育第二个孩子后重新到餐厅工作（After the birth of my second child, I got a job at a restaurant），由于身体虚弱（文章没有交代），尽管负责照看离厨房不远的桌子（the tables not far from the kitchen），但在搬重盘子（应该是装了比较多食物的盘子，文章中没有交代）时还是感到很难（still felt a little hard to carry the heavy trays），以至于把别人的代步车当作托盘架（I saw the tray stand near the tables，这是错觉）。‎ 这一图式是中学生不具有的，所以才有完形填空进行图式完形的意义。‎ 不过，这一短文还包含了餐厅服务员工作的图式，这可能是很多学生能够推理出来的，但不常去餐厅吃饭的学生，也可能有些没有这一图式。‎ 学生建构本文的两个图式，就能轻易完成这篇短文的完形，尤其是36 waitress, 37 allowed, 39 given, 40 however, 41 restaurant, 42 minding, 43 happy, 45 easier, 48 useful 等，都需要图式的帮助才能完成。‎ ‎2007年的图式案例：‎ 小女孩发现了20个鹅蛋，过了许久母鹅没有回来孵蛋，女孩把鹅蛋带回家进行人工孵蛋，即：用灯给蛋加热，当蛋温度达到一定程度的时候，20个鹅蛋便能孵化出了20‎ 只小天鹅。若阅读本文之前不了解孵化是温度达到一定程度后的现象，也没有人工孵化技术这种图式，则学生理解本句有一定困难，因为文章并没有直接说明孵化是温度达到一定程度后的现象，只是直接说明“加热，然后鹅出生”。‎ 故事接着基于鹅的成长规律展开：刚出生的小天鹅会把出生后第一眼看到的生物当作妈妈，小姑娘精心地采用人工技术孵蛋，自然小天鹅们睁眼第一个看见的是小姑娘，这样，她便成了“鹅妈妈”了。如果学生阅读本文前没有这一图式，则需要读懂短文才能建构这一图式。鹅要见到妈妈飞起来才会飞，不是成长到一定时候就自己会飞。小女孩教他们在草地上学跑，但更想教会这些“孩子们”会飞的本能，并为此操碎了心。于是，她想到请父亲组装飞机，利用飞机来引领小天鹅们学飞。为了小姑娘的安全，父亲代她驾机，但小天鹅们并不跟随飞机起飞，因为与小姑娘有着深厚“母子”感情的小天鹅们只认小姑娘而不认其父亲，所以直到小姑娘冒着危险驾起飞机，飞向天空时，小天鹅们才纷纷地拍起翅膀，跟随飞机方向在天空自由地飞翔。‎ 这一图式是故事中的情节，学生生活中并不能接触到，只有通过完成完形填空，才能构建这一图式。故本篇完形从图式建构的角度来看，学生的选词填空是很有意义的。对于其中36 happened，37 realized，38 decided，39 placed，41 world，42 Thus，43 grow，44 lead，45 fly，46 awake，48 flight，49 her，50 recognize，52 climbed，55 set out等空，如果学生构建了以上图式，便能很容易正确选词完成这个故事。‎ ‎2）其他 完形填空的语篇一般都是说明一定道理的记叙文，即有议论的记叙文。偶尔会用说明文作为完形填空的语篇。‎ 短文长度要与试题数量相适应，一般应该在250－300词之间。‎ 短文中应包含1％左右的生词，但应是学生可以运用词汇策略理解的生词，否则应加汉语注释。‎ ‎3．空距 首句（长句的前15词）不要设空，第一空应在第15－20词。最后一空应在离语篇结束10－15词之前。‎ 最大空距不宜超过30词，最小空距不宜少于5词。‎ ‎20词以上的空距要有适量安排，但不宜超过5个，以3－4个为佳。‎ ‎4．选项 选项和文段应该同页，以避免考生翻页读题引起测试误差。‎ 选项本身必须语法准确，也就是任何一项填入空格语法结构都应无任何错误，只是语义不同。‎ 选项一般为4词，个别小题可为短语。‎ 四个选项必须为同一范畴，词类应相同。‎ 选项考点的面要广，同类考点（比如时态）要分散。‎ 选项考点应以语篇理解背景下的考点为主，即要求学生理解语篇才能得出正确答案。通过理解语篇获得答案的小题占70%，通过语句理解获得答案的小题占30%。‎ 选项应该是常用词。‎ ‎5．案例 ‎2012年全国新课标完形填空 Body language is the quiet, secret and most powerful language of all! It speaks 36 than words. According to specialists, our bodies send out more 37 than we realize. In fact, non-verbal(非言语)communication takes up about 50% of what we really 38 .And body language is particularly _ 39 when we attempt to communicate across cultures.‎ Indeed, what is called body language is so ‎40 a part of us that it's actually often unnoticed. And misunderstandings occur as a result of it.41 ,different societies treat the 42 between people differently. Northern Europeans usually do not like having4 3 contact(接触)even with friends, and certainly not with 44- . People from Latin American countries,45，touch each other quite a lot. Therefore, it's possible that in 46 . it may look like a Latino is一 47一 a Norwegian all over the room. The Latino, trying to express friendship, will keep moving' 48 _. The Norwegian, very probably seeing this as pushiness, will keep 49一一which the Latino will in return regard as一 50- .‎ Clearly, a great deal is going on when people 51 . And only a part of it is in the words themselves. And when parties are from 52 cultures, there's a strong possibility of 53. But whatever the situation, the best 54 is to obey the Golden Rule: treat others as you would like to be 55 ‎ ‎36. A. straighter B. louder C. harder D. further ‎37. A. sounds B. invitations C. feelings D. messages ‎38. A. hope B. receive C. discover D. mean ‎39. A. immediate B. misleading C. important D. difficult ‎40. A. well B. far C. much D. long ‎41. A. For example B. Thus C. However D. In short ‎42. A. trade B. distance C. connection D. greetings ‎43. A. eye B. verbal C. bodily D. telephone ‎44. A. strangers B. relatives C. neighbour D. enemies ‎45. A. in other words B. on the other hand C. in a similar way D. by all means ‎46. A. trouble B. conversation C. silence D. experiment ‎47. A. disturbing B. helping C. guiding D. following ‎48. A. closer B. faster C. in D. away ‎49. A. stepping forward B. going on C. backing away D. coming out ‎50. A. weakness B. carelessness C. friendliness D. coldness ‎51. A. talk B. travel C. laugh D. think ‎52. A. different B. European C. Latino D. rich ‎53. A. curiosity B. excitement c misunderstanding D. nervousness ‎54. A. chance B. time C. result D. advice ‎55. A. noticed B. treated C respected D. pleased 图式不够陌生，无法考查基于语言能力认知、建构图式的能力 语篇标识词考查不够，只有1个，应该有5个左右 ‎55小题在短文最后，不规范 ‎6．教学建议 ‎（1）注重阅读图式建构，图式越丰富，做题越容易 ‎（2）注重从阅读提高完形填空能力 ‎（3）注重基本词汇的基本词义 ‎（4）注重语篇信息词 四、阅读理解模拟题设计标准 ‎1．考点 根据考纲的规定，高考主要考查6项阅读理解技能，不过仍然以具体信息和基于具体信息的推理判断为主。‎ 考纲规定的考点 建议题数 理解主旨和要义 ‎2‎ 理解文中具体信息 ‎8‎ 根据上下文推断生词的词义 ‎2‎ 作出简单判断和推理 ‎6‎ 理解文章的基本结构 ‎1‎ 理解作者的意图、观点和态度 ‎1‎ ‎2．语篇 语篇的话题应该是：‎ 社会、历史与地理、个人情感、人际关系、学习生活、健康（50%）‎ 科普知识与现代技术、自然、世界与环境、天气（40%）‎ 文学艺术、旅游与交通（10%）‎ 语篇的体裁应该是：‎ 说明文（40%）、记叙文（40%）、应用文（10%）、议论文（10%）。‎ 阅读理解短文的应用文主要采用广告、新闻等形式。‎ 语篇中应该有学生熟悉话题的短文2-3篇，不很熟悉、需要建构图式的短文2-3篇。‎ 短文内容不应涉及任何宗教问题、民族问题、敏感的政治问题等。‎ 短文内容应避免任何社会文化偏好与歧视，如国别偏好与歧视、城乡偏好与歧视、地区偏好与歧视、性别歧视、身体歧视（如残障、高矮胖瘦等）等。‎ 每篇短文的平均词数应在280词左右，在180-360之间。每篇短文后的小题数一般在3-5小题。‎ 每篇短文后的题干与选项的平均词数在150词左右，一般在100-200之间。‎ 一般采用语篇短则题干选项长、语篇长则题干选项短的搭配。‎ 每套试题以5篇短文、每篇短文230-270词，每篇短文后4小题为佳。‎ ‎3．题干 短文问题要符合短文的真实阅读目的，即：我们读故事是要了解故事内容、情节、从故事得到的启发，我们读新闻是要了解新闻要素，我们读议论文是为了了解观点、态度，我们读说明文是为了了解内容、特征等。我们读广告不会去问中心大意，读故事不会去比较价格、时间等。‎ 题干一般要明确，不要使用NOT, EXCPET等形式。‎ 题干有问题和嵌入式两种，两种要交替出现。嵌入式一般都采用句尾嵌入式，不大使用中间嵌入式，而且肯定不使用句首嵌入式。‎ ‎5．案例 ‎2012年全国新课标阅读理解 短文A Are you looking for some new and exciting places to take your kids to? Try some of these places:‎ ‎. Visit art museums. They offer a variety of activities to excite your kids' interest. Many offer workshops for making hand-made pieces, traveling exhibits, book signings(签名) by children's favorite writers, and even musical performances and other arts.‎ ‎…‎ 应用文：广告，孩子课外教育地点，学生对内容图式非常熟悉 短文B Honey from the African forest is not only a kind of natural sugar, it is also delicious. Most people, and many animals, like eating it. However, the only way for them to get that honey is to find a wild bees' nest and take the honey from it. Often, these nests are high up in trees, and it is difficult to find them. In parts of ‎Africa ‎, though, people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper - a little bird called a honey guide.‎ ‎…‎ 说明文：科普文章，非洲森林里的蜂蜜，学生对内容图式很不熟悉 短文C About twenty of us had been fortunate enough to receive invitations to a film-studio（影棚）to take part in a crowd-scene. Although our "act" would last only for a short time, we could see quite a number of interesting things.‎ ‎…‎ 记叙文：社会生活，当群众演员的有趣经历，学生对内容图式有一定了解 短文D Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.‎ One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials increase the length of time we will ‎…‎ 论说文：对过度学习规律的解释，学生对内容图式比较熟悉 短文E Kids' health: Four steps for fighting stress Everybody gets stressed time to time. 71 Some ways of dealing with stress 一like screaming or hitting someone一don't solve (解决)，much. But other ways, like talking to someone you trust, can lead you to solving your problem or at least feeling better.‎ Try taking these four steps. the next time you are stressed:‎ ‎…‎ 论说文：向孩子们介绍减轻压力的方法，学生对内容图式非常熟悉，减压是高考必修课 考点：‎ 理解主旨和要义 ‎63. What can be the best title for the text?‎ ‎67. What’s the main idea of Paragraph 1?‎ 理解文中具体信息 ‎57. What can kids do at a Youtheater?‎ ‎60. Why is it difficult to find a wild bees' nest?‎ ‎65. What made the author feel cold?‎ ‎68. The author explains the law of overlearning by ____________‎ 根据上下文推断生词的词义 ‎58. What does "hands-on science" mean in the last paragraph?‎ ‎61. What do the words "the follower" in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ ‎62. The honey guide is special in the way .‎ 作出简单判断和推理 ‎56. If a child is interested in the universe, he probably will visit_____‎ ‎59. Where does this text probably come from?‎ ‎64. Who is the author?‎ ‎66. What would happen in the "three minutes" mentioned, in the last paragraph?‎ 理解文章的基本结构 理解作者的意图、观点和态度 ‎69. According to the author, being able to use multiplication tables is ‎70. What is the author's opinion on cramming?‎ ‎5．教学建议 ‎（1）图式建构永远是阅读能力提升第一位的工作 ‎（2）注重真实阅读技能培养（什么文章获得什么相关信息）‎ ‎（3）关注难词、难句、复杂信息词理解 ‎（4）提高阅读速度，利用记号，减少回读 五、书面表达 ‎1．考点 高考考纲规定的书面表达考查的能力是：‎ ‎“准确使用语法和词汇；使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思。”‎ 显然，这里只是要求准确使用一定句型、词汇进行表达即可。‎ 其最高分的要求为：‎ 完全完成了试题规定的任务；覆盖所有内容要点；应用了较多的语法结构和词汇；词法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑；完全达到了预期的写作目的。‎ 我们可以具体转化为：‎ ‎1）内容无缺失 ‎2）有多种语法结构和词汇 ‎3）有较复杂语法结构和较难词汇 ‎4）有从句 ‎2．题干 题干包括材料和要求两部分。‎ 所给材料要恰当，尤其是英文的背景材料不宜过多，不宜过细。说明外国背景时，可以给英文材料；说明中国背景时，可以给中文背景材料。英文材料应在150词以内，中文材料应在100字以内。‎ 图、图表、表格都可以作为背景材料使用。‎ 背景材料的理解应该不具有任何语言难度，但可以有一定的情景理解的难度。‎ 议论文的背景材料应尽可能给学生比较充分的理由，不宜让学生自己寻找论据，因为本题只是书面表达，而不是写作。但若要加大难度，可以让学生自己说明观点。‎ 材料要便于学生运用不同的语句结构和词汇，时间不能过于单一，因为这会限制时态使用。‎ 短文应以记叙文为主，如人物描述、事件描述、信息说明等内容，也可以设计观点说明等论说文。‎ 指令要清晰，要突出真实写作的语境，一定要说明为了什么语用目的、以什么人为读者对象进行表达，尤其是要注意以外国人为读者对象，这样才能突出用英语进行书面表达的必要性。‎ 语境可以是与外国人书信交往、到国外学习或旅行、向外国人提供自己的相关信息、给外国人介绍自己的学习或学校生活以及家庭或社会生活、给英文报刊写稿或写信询问信息或介绍某些情况等。‎ ‎3．话题 书面表达的话题应是学生日常生活中所熟悉的，因为本题不是考查学生的创作能力，而是考查书面表达能力。‎ 短文内容不应涉及任何宗教问题、民族问题、敏感的政治问题等。‎ 短文内容应避免任何社会文化歧视，如城乡歧视、地区歧视、性别歧视、身体歧视（如残障、高矮胖瘦等）等。‎ ‎4．案例 ‎2012年全国新课标卷/大纲卷 假定你是李华，从互联网上得知一个国际中学生组织将在新加坡((Singapore)举办夏令营，欢迎各国学生参加。请写一封电子邮件申请参加。‎ 内容主要包括：‎ ‎1．自我介绍(包括英语能力)；‎ ‎2．参加意图(介绍中国、了解其他国家)；‎ ‎3．希望获准。‎ Dear Sir or Madam,‎ I'm Li Hua, a middle school student from China. I read the announcement of the summer camp that you have posted on the Internet and I am interested in it. I know that you welcome students from different countries and I'd like to take part in it. I've been learning English for 10 years, and I speak fluent English. What is more, I'll be able to tell students from other countries about China and learn about their countries as well. I hope I will be accepted as a member of your summer camp.‎ Looking forward to your reply!‎ Regards,‎ Li Hua 语句：定从1，宾从2，并列3‎ 时态：一般过去I read，现在完成you have posted，一般现在I am interested，完成进行I've been learning，一般将来I'll be 语态：主动10，被动1 I will be accepted 词汇：49个，主要是初中词汇，极少量高中词汇（announcement, fluent）‎ 结构词22个：a, about(2), and(4), as(2), be(be, am, is, are, been), for, from(2), have(have done)(2), I(9), in(2), it(2), of(2), on, other, that(2), the(3), their, to(to do)(2), well, what, will(’ll, would)(2), , you(your) (3),‎ 实义词27个：accepted, announcement, camp(2), China, countries(2), different, English(2), fluent, hope, interested, Internet, know, learn(learning)(2), like, member, more, part, posted, read, speak, students(2), summer(2), take, tell, ten10, welcome, years 短语：全部是初中短语be interested in, take part in, what is more, learn about, as well ‎5．教学建议 ‎（1）话题作文训练，尽量覆盖学生生活常见话题 ‎（2）常用词汇、常用短语、常用时态、常用从句的准确运用 ‎（3）语句顺序：read the announcement，I am interested，you welcome，I'd like to, I've been learning English, speak fluent English, tell students about China, be accepted ‎（4）语句之间的逻辑关系，并列（you welcome students from different countries and I'd like to take part in it，I've been learning English for 10 years, and I speak fluent English.），what is more 短文改错 ‎1、语篇 基本取材于学生作文或近似语篇 ‎2、考点 中国学生常犯错误 I learned early in life that I had to be more patient and little aggressive. From Less the time I was about four until I was about six, I destroyed each of my toy. I toys was happy when the toys worked, but when things did / ^ wrong, t got angry and went/go broke it. For a while ^ parents bought me new toys. But before long they began them my to see which was happening. When I tear apart my fifth birthday toy train, my what tore father said, "That's it. No more toys to you." My punishment lasted a year.‎ for Meanwhile, I found out that with more patience. I must make my toys to last.‎ My attitude changed from then on.‎ 教学建议 ‎1、了解中国学生常见错误，包括来自语料库的信息 ‎2、引导学生相互修改作文，全班修改作文，不仅仅范文，而且改错过程 欢迎提问 博 客 blog.sina.com.cn/luziwen 信 箱 kwlu@vip.sina.com ‎