高考考前阅读精选10篇

高考考前阅读精选10篇

‎2019 届高考考前外刊阅读精选 10 篇 目录 ‎1 Artificial Intelligence: Friend And Foe[M] ....................................................................................................................... 2‎ 人工智能：亦敌亦友 ............................................................................................................................................................. 2‎ ‎2 The digital proletariat[H]....................................................................................................................................................... 5‎ 数字无产阶级........................................................................................................................................................................... 5‎ ‎3 Why we can’t stop checking Facebook[M] ....................................................................................................................... 8‎ 我们为何忍不住刷“脸书”？................................................................................................................................................ 8‎ ‎4 Jam tomorrow[H] ..................................................................................................................................................................11‎ 未来的拥堵 .............................................................................................................................................................................11‎ ‎5 Competition and tech: Taming the titans[H] ...............................................................................................................15‎ 竞争与科技：驯服巨人 ......................................................................................................................................................15‎ ‎6 Having Your Smartphone Nearby Takes a Toll on Your Thinking[M] .....................................................................19‎ 你的智能手机不利于你的思考.........................................................................................................................................19‎ ‎7 The Third Education Revolution[M] ................................................................................................................................23‎ 第三次教育革命 ....................................................................................................................................................................23‎ ‎8 Rules of the road[M].............................................................................................................................................................27‎ 道路规则 ..................................................................................................................................................................................27‎ ‎9 Epic fail[M].............................................................................................................................................................................30‎ 脸书劫数 ..................................................................................................................................................................................30‎ ‎10 Can Reading Help My Brain Grow and Prevent Dementia? [M] ............................................................................33‎ 阅读有助于大脑发育，预防痴呆吗？...........................................................................................................................33‎ ‎1 Artificial Intelligence: Friend And Foe[M]‎ 人工智能：亦敌亦友 来源: FORBES DEC. 26 2019‎ ‎1 Artificial intelligence has a huge role to play on both sides of the cybersecurity equation. The industry faces a protracted and severe skill shortage. AI can perform both rote management tasks more quickly and efficiently, without getting bored or distracted. It can also learn new and better security practices from the evolving digital framework it inhabits. (1) In ou r world whe re conne cti vit y ‎ ‎ has far ou tpac ed securit y, int ell igent a gents that ca n h eal and defend themse lves are invaluabl e all ies. Machine learning has already proven effective in sandbox environments at exploring potential vulnerabilities and devising defenses.、‎ ‎2 But cybercriminals are developing their own AI, and are unlikely to do so ethically. In legitimate lab settings, AI can be carefully monitored and trained for years to be predictable and reliable. (2)Cybercriminals are less likely to avoid these potentially dangerous side effects, favoring speed over ‎ safet y. Malware rings resembling intelligent swarms of (一大群) angry bees are already starting to appear, weaponizing devices against their owners.‎ ‎3 It is the rise of the hive (数据仓库工具) . Today the term botnet refers to automated, zombie-like devices that are remotely programmed to target other vulnerable systems with malware (恶意软件) ,‎ or to infect them via blunt-force attacks, such as denial of service. Botnets are dangerous and account for billions of unauthorized network communications every quarter. The hivenet, however, is much more frightening because each unit of the hivenet, a swarmbot, will itself be powered by AI. (3)Swarmbots will be able to make autonomous decisions without relying on a botnet herder and join ‎ togethe r int o larger autonom ous thi nking networks. The potential for hivenet damage is substantially greater than anything we have faced from already-potent botnets.‎ ‎4 (4)That’s why one of the most serious threats we face in 2019 and beyond is malware with the ‎ capa cit y to learn and gro w throu gh it s own su cces ses . Polymorphic (多态的) malware with pre-coded algorithms (算法) designed to subvert (破坏) countermeasures and screens is already a reality. But that approach simply generates millions of slight variations on the same theme. Nextgen Al- generated malware will be aware and capable of adapting itself.‎ ‎5 (5) Instead of sim pl y f oll owing a set of pre -p rogramm ed inst ructi ons, it will select targets of ‎ ‎ opportuni t y, assess th eir weakness es, dev elo p a plan of att ack and cover it s tracks. And it will make intelligent decisions about what information to exfiltrate, and when. (6) In sh ort , tom orrow’s A I ‎ att acker will behave with the autonom y an d inven ti veness of a hi ghl y skil l ed and ‎ mot ivated human ‎ ‎ att acker, but at fri ghtenin gl y hi gh er speeds. Hostile AI will be extremely dedicated to exploration, finding weaknesses at every possible crease (折痕) in the network perimeter (周边) . (7)Without any ‎ need for op erator in terv en tion , it will be able to full y map ta rgets, desi gn and d ep loy ex ploi ts, an d ‎ ‎ even coll ect ( and spend ) ran soms . These are not fever dreams. These are the clear and demonstrable goals of the cybercriminal branch of artificial intelligence research. Unsupervised, unfettered AI poses a massive threat to data security and infrastructure integrity.‎ ‎6 We are at a very delicate moment in our transformation to a digital society and economy. Humans and machines must work together to prepare for the next level of sophistication.‎ 一、生词和词块释义 foe /fəʊ/ n. 敌人；反对者 equation /ɪ'kweɪʒ(ə)n/ n. 方程式，等式 protracted /prə'træktɪd/ adj. 拖延的 rote /rəʊt/ n.生搬硬套 inhabit /ɪn'hæbɪt/ vt.&vi. 栖息；占据 outpace /aʊt'peɪs/ vt. 赶过；超过…速度 heal /hiːl/ vt.&vi 治愈；和解 allies /ˈæ,laɪz/ n. 盟友 vulnerability /vʌlnərə'bɪlətɪ/ n. 弱点 devise /dɪ'vaɪz/ vt. 设计；想出 ethically /'eèikli/ adv. 伦理上 legitimate /lɪ'dʒɪtɪmət/ adj. 合法的 infect /ɪn'fekt/ vt. 感染，传染 ‎第一部分、课文小助手 substantially /səb'stænʃ(ə)lɪ/ adv. 实质上；大体上 potent /'pəʊt(ə)nt/ adj. 有效的；强有力的 generate /'dʒenəreɪt/ vt. 使形成；发生 exfiltrate /'eksfɪltreɪt/ vi. 漏出 hostile /'hɒstaɪl/ adj. 敌对的，怀敌意的 intervention /ɪntə'venʃ(ə)n/ n. 介入；调停 deploy /dɪ'plɒɪ/ vt.&vi. 配置；展开 ransom /'ræns(ə)m/ n. 赎金 demonstrable /dɪ'mɒnstrəb(ə)l/ adj. 显而易见的 integrity /ɪn'tegrɪtɪ/ n. 完整；正直 sophistication /sə,fɪstɪ'keɪʃn/ n. 复杂 be unlikely to 不大可能 account for 导致；解释 be capable of 能够 in short 总之； 简言之 be dedicated to 从事于； 献身于 pose a threat to 构成威胁 二、话题概要 大意：具有自我学习能力高效完成任务的人工智能给人类带来了福音，但另一方面，无人监督，不收约束 的人工智能，如僵尸网络，恶意软件等，对数据安全和基础设施的完整性也构成了巨大威胁。由此，要学 会人机共舞，迎接更加成熟的 AI。‎ Para. 1:人工智能在网络安全等式的两边都扮演着重要的角色。人工智能具有高效完成任务而且不会产生 厌倦分心心理等优点，此外它还具有自我学习能力。‎ Para. 2: 但网络罪犯也在开发他们自己的人工智能，而且做法上不大可能符合道德准则。‎ Para. 3: 随着而来的是 Hive 的崛起。“僵尸网络”潜在的危害超乎人们想象。‎ Para. 4: 具有自己的成功来学习和成长能力的恶意软件是我们在 2019 及以后面临的最严重威胁之一。‎ Para. 5: 恶意软件可怕之处在于：选择性，即评估攻击目标的软垫，制定计划并掩盖其轨迹；专注性，它 在每个转折处找到可能存在的弱点。‎ Para. 6: 我们正处于向数字社会和经济转型的微妙时刻，人类和机器必须共同努力，为下一阶段的成熟做 好准备。‎ 一、长难句翻译 (见文章划线处)‎ 二、词块填空 ‎第二部分、同步练习 ‎1. These two distinguishing characteristics the difference between the extraordinarily successful and those who were successful.‎ ‎2. I got a chance to speak with him through e-mails and he seems very knowledgeable and his product and to serving people.‎ ‎3. So unless they take the first step they get the increase in energy that they’re hoping for.‎ ‎4. _, people no longer always need to know stuff; they just need to know where it can be found.‎ ‎5. Do the radio waves that phones emit health?‎ ‎6. Yet my experience tells me that, when they are told the story in a way they can grasp, children understanding the message of Easter.‎ 答案： 一、‎ ‎1. 在我们的世界中，连通性 (网络的连接速度) 远远超过了安全性，能够治愈和保护自己的智能代理是无 价的盟友。‎ ‎2. 网络罪犯不大可能避免这些潜在危险的副作用，他们喜欢速度甚于安全。‎ ‎3. 今天，“僵尸网络”指的是自动化的类似僵尸的设备，通过远程编码，可以用恶意软件攻击其他脆弱的系 统，或者通过直接攻击来感染它们，比如拒绝服务。‎ ‎4. 简而言之，未来的人工智能攻击者将表现出高技能和有动机的人类攻击者的自主性和创造性，但速度会 更快得惊人。‎ ‎5. 不需要任何操作员的干预，它将能够完全绘制目标，设计和部署漏洞，甚至收集 (和花费) 赎金。‎ 二、1. account for 2. dedicated to 3. are unlikely to 4. In short 5. pose a threat to 6. are capable of ‎2 The digital proletariat[H]‎ 数字无产阶级 来源：The Economist 2019-1-13‎ Economists propose a radical (激进的)solution to the problems posed by artificial intelligence ‎1 You have multiple jobs, whether you know it or not. Most begin first thing in the morning, when you pick up your phone and begin generating the data that make up Silicon Valley’s most important resource. That, at least, is how we ought to think about the role of data-creation in the economy, according to a fascinating new economics paper. We are all digital labourers, helping make possible the fortunes generated by firms like Google and Facebook, the authors argue. If the econom y is t o ‎ ‎ functi on properl y in t he f uture —and if a crisis o f t echnolo gical unemplo ym ent i s to b e avoided —we ‎ ‎ must take accou n t of thi s, and ch an ge the relations hip between bi g int e rnet c ompanies and their users. ‎ ‎2 Artificial intelligence (AI) is getting better all the time, and stands poised ( 准 备就 绪的 ) to transform a host of industries, say the authors (Imanol Arrieta Ibarra and Diego Jiménez Hernández, of Stanford University, Leonard Goff, of Columbia University, and Jaron Lanier and Glen Weyl, of Microsoft). But, in order to learn to drive a car or recognise a face, the algorithms (计算机算法) that make clever machines tick must usually be trained on massive amounts of data. Internet firms gather these data from users every time they click on a Google search result, say, or issue a command to Alexa (排名网站) . They also hoover up valuable data from users through the use of tools like ‎ reC APTC HA (求助系统 ) , which ask visi tors to solve problems that ar e ea s y fo r humans but hard fo r ‎ ‎ A Is, su ch as d ecip h erin g (解读) tex t from books that machines are unabl e to p arse (作文法分析) . ‎ That does not just screen out malicious bots (恶意的程序) , but also helps digitise books. People ‎“pay” for useful free services by providing firms with the data they crave.‎ ‎3 These data become part of the firms’ capital, and, as such, a fearsome source of competitive advantage. Would-be startups that might challenge internet giants (巨头 ) cannot train their AIs without access to the data only those giants possess. Their best hope is often to be acquired by those very same titans (巨头) , adding to the problem of uncompetitive markets.‎ ‎4 That, for now, AI’s contributions to productivity growth are small, the authors say, is partly because of the free-data model, which limits the quality of data gathered. Firms tr yin g to develop usefu l ‎ ‎ appli cati ons for A I m ust hope that the data the y h ave are sufficient, or co me up with wa ys to coa x ‎ ‎ (哄骗 ) users int o providi ng them with bett er in for mation at no cost. For example, they must pester ‎(纠缠) random people—like those blur-deciphering visitors to websites—into labelling data, and hope that in their annoyance and haste they do not make mistakes.‎ ‎5 Even so, as A I im prove s, the amount of work made vu ln erab le (易受影响的) to d isp lacemen t (取 ‎ ‎ 代 )b y technolo g y grows, and ever more of the value gener ated in the econom y a cc ru es (增加) to ‎ ‎ profit able firms rather th an workers. As the authors point out, the share of GDP paid out to workers in wages and salaries—once thought to be relatively stable—has already been declining over the past few decades.‎ ‎6 To tackle these problems, they have a radical proposal. R ather than bein g re ga rded as c apit al, dat a ‎ ‎ shoul d be treat ed as l abo ur— and, more specifi call y, re gard ed as th e p rop er ty of those who gen erat e ‎ ‎ such information, unl ess the y a gre e to provide it to firms in exch an ge f or pa ym ent. In such a world, user data might be sold multiple times, to multiple firms, reducing the extent to which data sets serve as barriers to entry. Payments to users for their data would help spread the wealth generated by AI. Firms could also potentially generate better data by paying. Rather than guess what a person is up to as they wander around a shopping centre, for example, firms could ask individuals to share information on which shops were visited and which items were viewed, in exchange for payment.‎ Perhaps most ambitiously, the authors muse(思考) that data labour could come to be seen as useful work, conferring(赋予) the same sort of dignity as paid employment: a desirable side-effect in a possible future of mass automation (自动化) .‎ 一：生词和词块释义 pose/pəʊz/ v.造成，引起 generate/'dʒen.ər.eɪt/ v.产生，创造 take account of 考虑 tick / tik /v. 运作，有特点地或正常地运行 hoover /'hu:.vər/ up 获得大量的(某物)‎ screen out 驱逐，剔除 crave/kreɪv/ v.渴望 as such 因此，因而 add to 增加 haste/heɪst/ n.匆忙，仓促 tackle/'tækl/ v.对付，处理 property/'prɒpəti/n.财产；资产 in exchange for 作为(对…的)交换 desirable/dɪ'zaɪərəbl/ adj.渴望获得的 二：话题概要 大意：数字无产阶级 ‎‎ 第一部分、课文助手 Para.1 人工智能时代我们都是数字劳动者：如今，每天每个人工作时就开始产生数据，这些数据构成了硅 谷最重要的资源。我们都是数字劳动者，帮助像谷歌和脸书这样的公司产生财富。‎ Para.2-Para.3 人工智能的发展需获取用户的有价值的数据：人工智能一直在变得越来越好，并且随时准备 改变许多行业。但聪明机器的运作必须依靠大量数据的训练。每当用户点击谷歌搜索结果或向 Alexa 排名 网站发出指令的时候，互联网公司就会从用户那里收集大量有用的数据。这些数据成为公司 “资本” 的一 部分，因此成为竞争优势的来源。可能挑战互联网巨头的初创公司如果得不到那些巨头所拥有的数据，他 们就无法训练他们的人工智能，这增加了无竞争力的市场问题。‎ Para.4-Para. 5 人工智能利用数据产生的价值给公司带来利润却使工人成了数字无产阶级：试图开发有用 的人工智能应用的公司想出办法哄骗用户提供更好的信息。随着人工智能的进步，容易被技术取代的工作 的数量在增加，而在经济中产生的更多的价值给公司带来了利润，而不是工人得到好处。正如作者指出的 那样，在过去几十年里，工人工资和薪水在 GDP 中所占的份额—曾经被认为是相对稳定的—现在已经在 下降了。‎ Para. 6 解决办法：为了解决这些问题，他们提出了一个激进的建议。数据应被视为劳动，应被视为产生信 息的人的财产。向用户支付数据费用将有助于扩展人工智能产生的财富。企业也可以通过支付来潜在地产 生更好的数据。或许最雄心勃勃的是，作者认为，数据劳动可以被视为有用的工作，作为有偿就业而被赋 予同样的尊严。‎ 一、长难句翻译 (文章划线处)‎ 二、词块填空 ‎第二部分、同步练习 ‎1. The report will only the public's fears about genetically modified foods.‎ ‎2. He is the master and must be obeyed.‎ ‎3. The company applicants motivated only by money.‎ ‎4. They were given food and shelter work.‎ ‎5. I hope my teacher will the fact that I was ill just before the exams when she marks my paper.‎ 答案 一、‎ ‎1. 如果未来经济能正常运作 —如果技术失业的危机能够避免—我们必须考虑到这一点，并改变大互联网 公司与其用户之间的关系。‎ ‎2. 他们还通过使用像 reCAPTCHA 这样的工具从用户那里大量获取有价值的数据，这些工具要求访问者 解决问题，这些问题对于人类来说是容易的，但对于人工智能来说是很困难的，比如解读机器无法作文法 分析的书籍中的文本。‎ ‎3. 试图开发有用的人工智能应用的公司必须希望它们所拥有的数据是足够的，或想出办法以不需要花代价 的方式来哄骗用户提供更好的信息。‎ ‎4. 即使这样，随着人工智能的进步，容易被技术取代的工作的数量在增加，而在经济中产生的更多的价值 给公司带来了利润，而不是工人得到好处。‎ ‎5. 数据不应被视为资本，而应视为劳动 —更具体地说，应被视为产生这种信息的人的财产，除非他们同 意向公司提供以换取报酬。‎ 二、1. add to 2. as such 3. screened out 4. in exchange for 5. take into account ‎3 Why we can’t stop checking Facebook[M]‎ 我们为何忍不住刷“脸书”？‎ 来源: Chicago Tribune-18-1-4‎ ‎1 (1)Facebook’s recent acknowledgment that social media may be making its users feel bad in some ‎ cases is a significant mi le stone. So far, the technology industry hardly has talked about the downsides of their products. Now a realization seems to be setting in that perhaps something has gone wrong along the way.‎ ‎2 (2)Academic research that Facebook cited in a corporate blog ( 企业博客) post in December ‎ documented that wh en p eople spend a lot of ti me passi vel y consum ing inf ormati on the y fe el wors e . For example, reading Facebook posts for even 10 minutes can put people in a bad mood, and clicking or liking too many links and posts can have a negative effect on mental health.‎ ‎3 Social media may well be making many of us unhappy, jealous and anti-social.‎ ‎4 (3)Although Facebook said that, as a result of the assessments, it would make some changes to its ‎ platform (e. g. give peopl e more c ontrol of what t he y se e and help with suicide preventi on), it also ‎ ‎ h igh li gh ted some of the benefits of using th e socia l network. (4) It point ed to resea rch it helped condu c t, ‎ ‎ which concludes that “sharing mess a ges, post s and comm ents with close friends and re min iscin g ‎ ‎ about past int eracti ons ” can make people fe el bett er. Face-book said it is working with sociologists and scientists to find ways to enhance “well-being through meaningful interactions” and more- active engagement.‎ ‎5 But that approach doesn’t seem to be an effective solution for those who can’t pull themselves away from such platforms. The Pew Research Center estimates 24 percent of teens go online “almost constantly,” for example. It is becoming a matter of addiction.‎ ‎6 In July 2019, former Google “design ethicist” Tristan Harris published the essay “The Slot Machine (老虎机) in Your Pocket,” which detailed the many ways in which technology affects people’s minds and makes them addicted. (5)He drew a direct line of descent to phones and computer screens from ‎ the numerous techniques that slot -machine design ers use to en tice gambl e rs to sit for hours losi ng ‎ mone y. ‎ ‎7 These techniques are similar to the work of psychologist B.F. Skinner, who in the 1930s put rats in boxes and taught them to push levers to receive a food pellet (食物丸) . They would push the levers only when hungry, though. To get the rats to press the lever repeatedly, even when they did not need food, he gave them a pellet only some of the time, a concept now known as intermittent variable rewards.‎ ‎8 The casinos (赌场) took variable rewards to a new level, designing multiple forms of rewards into slot machines. Those machines now bring in the majority of casino profits. These techniques entice ‎ humans to keep playing, because our brains are hardwired to become addicted to variable rewards, as Skinner had found. (6)And it is intermittent variable rewards that have us checking our smart-‎ ‎ phones for em ail s, new f oll owers on Twitt er or m ore li kes on phot ographs we post ed on F ac ebook. ‎ ‎9 The “bottomless bowl” of information we are served also leaves us always seeking more.‎ ‎10 Cornell University researcher Brian Wansink led a 2019 study that found that people who ate soup from bowls that had a tube in the bottom so they constantly refilled themselves consumed 73 percent more than those who ate out of normal bowls. And they felt no more satiated. This is the effect Netflix has when it auto-plays the next episode of a show after a cliffhanger and you continue watching, thinking, “I can make up the sleep over the weekend. “And it is the effect that Facebook, Instagram and Twitter have in tacking on their scrolling pages (滚动页面) and updating news feeds, causing each article to roll into the next.‎ ‎11 This doesn’t seem to be a fair fight. The tech industry is constantly mining our data, using artificial intelligence to learn our habits and building tools to have us returning for more. We can turn off our applications, but some of us are subconsciously addicted to them. So we need to be aware of what we are up against. Technology, when used correctly, can be wonderful. But perhaps the best solution is just to use technology in moderation.‎ ‎12 Remember when we would just pick up the phone and call someone rather than emailing them and creating greater misunderstandings? This may be an old-fashioned choice but the right one. And maybe we should just turn away from our screens sometimes and meet friends and family in person.‎ 一、生词和词块释义 downside /'daʊnsaɪd/ n. 缺点 highlight /'haɪlaɪt/ v. 强调 ‎第一部分、课文小助手 cliffhanger /'klɪfˌhæŋə(r)/ n. 悬念 subconsciously /ˌsʌbˈkɒnʃəslɪ/ adv. 潜意识地 reminisce /ˌremɪ'nɪs/ v. (对愉快的往事) 追忆 enhance /ɪnˈhɑːns/ v. 增强 interaction /ˌɪntə'rækʃən/ n. 互动 engagement /ɪnˈgeɪdʒmənt/ n. (与…的) 密切关系 descent /dɪ'sent/ n. 出身 entice /ɪn'taɪs/ v. 诱使 intermittent /ˌɪntə'mɪtənt/ adj. 间歇的 hardwired 无法改变的 satiated /ˈseɪʃɪeɪtɪd/ adj. 饱足的 episode /'epɪsəʊd/ n. 一集 二、话题概要 ‎have an effect on 对…有影响 may well 很可能 a matter of 关乎…的事情 bring in 挣 (钱)‎ become/be addicted to 对…上瘾的 make up 补足 tack on 添加 be up against 遇到问题 in moderation 适度地 in person 亲自 大意： 本文由“脸书” (Facebook) 发表博文，从承认社交媒体可能会给人带来消极影响谈起，指出虽然这 些社交平台表示会调整改变，但对于一些人而言，不断刷新动态已经“成瘾”。接着从两方面具体分析为何 成瘾。最后指出，科技行业可以深挖我们的数据、利用人工智能了解我们的习惯，让我们不断转回平台—‎ ‎—这似乎是一场不公平的战斗。但是，我们要意识到，科技，只有被正确使用，才是美妙的。并指出，我 们应该适度使用科技，也要离开屏幕，和朋友和家人面对面交流。‎ Para. 1-3：社交媒体可能也会带来消极影响——“脸书” (Facebook) 最近发布的学术研究论证了在某些情况 下，社交媒体可能会让用户感觉糟糕。作者指出，这是一个里程碑——在此之前很少有科技公司会谈及他 们产品的消极面。‎ Para. 4-5：虽然表示会对自己的平台做出一定改变，“脸书” (Facebook) 还是强调社交媒体的一些好处。譬 如，与朋友分享信息等以及共同回忆之前的交流互动，会让人们感觉不错。同时还表示，“脸书”正在与社 会学家、科学家一起寻找让这种互动变得更有意义、让参与变得更积极的方法。但本文作者指出，对于无 法脱离这些平台的人而言，这些方法并没有用，因为“刷脸书”正 “成瘾”，由此引出下文的论述。‎ Para. 6-8：指出忍不住刷“脸书”的原因之一：间歇性的变量奖励促使人们不断的拿出手机刷新邮箱、查看 Twitter 上是否有新的追随者、或者发布的照片是否有人“点赞”。作者接着作如下论述：‎ Tristan Harris 在《你口袋中的老虎机》一文中，详述科技如何改变人们的思维并让他们上瘾。他认为手机 及电脑屏所使用的技术与老虎机的设计一脉相承——设计者利用无数的技巧诱使赌徒一坐几小时，不断地 输着钱。该观点与心理学家 B.F. Skinner 的研究也有异曲同工之处。实验中，他把老鼠关进箱子并教它们 推动杠杆来得到食物。不过，它们只有在饥饿的时候才会推动杠杆。但为了让老鼠不停地按杠杆，即使它 们不需要，他也会时不时地给一点食物。这就是现在被称为“间歇性变量奖励”的概念。赌场则把这种变量 奖励推到一个新的高度，设计了有多种形式奖励的老虎机，带来了赌场绝大部分的利润。‎ Para. 9-10：指出忍不住刷“脸书”的原因之二：社交媒体给我们提供了“无底洞”似的信息，让我们忍不住寻 求更多。作者接着作如下论述：‎ 康奈尔大学(Cornell University)的研究人员 Brian Wansink 在 2019 年的一项研究中发现，那些喝汤的人，如 果碗底有根管子，碗可以不断被再装满的话，他们会比那些用正常碗喝汤的人多吃 73%。并且，他们不会 再有饱足感。这也好比是 Netflix 在悬念之后，自动播放下一集的效果。你会继续看，并且想，“我可以在 周末补觉。”当然，这也是 Facebook, Instagram and Twitter 等社交媒体加入滚动页面、动态新闻的效果，每 一条都会滚动到下一条。‎ Para. 11-12：本文作者认为，虽然与 “刷脸书成瘾”的斗争似乎并不公平，但我们要意识到：科技，只有被 正确使用，才是美妙的。而适度使用科技就是最好的解决办法。并指出，与其发邮件而带来更大的误解， 不如直接打电话。或者偶尔离开屏幕，面对面地和朋友和家人见面。‎ 一、长难句翻译 (见文章划线处)‎ 二、词块填空 ‎第二部分、同步练习 ‎1. If you can't be there , the next best thing is watching it on TV.‎ ‎2. Any change in lifestyle will your health.‎ ‎3. Sorry I’ m late; I’ll the time this evening.‎ ‎4. Teachers are some major problems these days.‎ ‎5. Some people prefer the older version to the new one. It's taste.‎ ‎6. Their fund-raising efforts more than $1 million so far.‎ ‎7. I went through about four years of video games.‎ ‎8. It be that the information is not available.‎ ‎9. You can eat whatever you like as long as it's .‎ ‎10. The poems at the end of the book.‎ 答案：‎ 一、1. Facebook 最近承认，在某些情况下，社交媒体可能让用户感觉糟糕，而这种承认是一个重要的里程 碑。‎ ‎2. Facebook 引用的学术研究 (发布于 12 月的企业博客中) 论证说，当人们长时间被动地沉溺于信息时，他 们会感觉更糟。‎ ‎3. 基于这些评估结果，Facebook 表示将对其平台做出一些改变，譬如，更好地管理人们所看到的内容、帮 助自杀预防。但是，它同时也强调了使用社交网络的一些好处。‎ ‎4. Facebook 指向它协助实施的研究，该研究断定：与亲密的朋友分享讯息、帖子和评论，以及回忆之前的 交流互动，这些都会让人感觉更好。‎ ‎5. 老虎机的设计者使用许多技巧诱使赌徒一坐好几小时，不断地输着钱。他认为，手机、电脑屏与老虎机 的技术设计正是一脉相承。‎ ‎6. 正是这种间歇性的变量奖励，让我们不断地刷新手机，查看有无邮件、Twitter 上是否有“新粉”，或者看 看我们在 Facebook 上发布的照片，是不是有更多“赞”。‎ ‎4 Jam tomorrow[H]‎ 未来的拥堵 来源：The Economist 2019-02-20‎ Driverless cars will not save cities from either traffic or infrastructure expense ‎1 THE most distractingly unrealistic feature of most science fiction is how the great soaring cities of the future never seem to struggle with traffic. Whatever dystopias（糟透了的地方） lie ahead,‎ futurists seem confident we can sort out congestion. If hope that technology will fix traffic springs eternal, history suggests something different. Transport innovation, from railways to cars, reshaped cities and drove economic advance. But it also brought crowded commutes. Now, as tech firms and carmakers aim to roll out fleets (车队) of driverless cars, it is worth asking: might this time be different? (1) Alas (唉), artificial intelligence (AI) is unlikely to succeed where steel rails and internal- combustion engines (内 燃机 ) failed.‎ ‎2 More’s the pity. In America alone (仅仅), traffic congestion brings economic losses estimated in the hundreds of billions of dollars each year. Such costs will rise unless existing transport systems receive badly needed investment. For example, fixing New York’s beleaguered ( 饱 受批评 的),‎ overcrowded subway will take at least $100bn, according to one recent estimate. A driverless deus ex machina (解围之物) might seem to spare governments some difficult decisions.‎ ‎3 But congestion is a near-inevitable side-effect of urban growth. Cities exist because being near to other people brings enormous advantages. Proximity (邻近) allows people to find friends, mates and business partners, to discuss ideas and generate new ones, and to trade. (2) Regrettably, clumping (聚 ‎ ‎ 集成群 ) leads to crowding: the more people an area houses, the greater the competition for its scarce resources, from seats at a hot new restaurant to space on public roadways. Each new arrival enhances a city’s magic but also adds to congestion. Cities grow until costs outstrip benefits.‎ ‎4 New transport technologies are not useless. Mass-transit (大容量公共交通) railways and highways allowed big cities to get bigger. But their congestion-easing benefits inevitably proved temporary. (3) When the New York subway extended into northern Manhattan, it became practical to live far from the dirty, expensive, cro wded downtown are a, w hil e sti ll enjo yin g ac cess to the cit y’ s social and ‎ economic benefits. So the city’s population rose—a lot—leaving New Yorkers once more cheek by jowl. A post-war highway-building boom in America yielded explosive growth in city suburbs. Cities once again found their equilibrium (平衡), however, as the suburban land-rush led to road congestion,‎ raising the cost of living far from employment centres. In a paper published in 2019, Gilles Duranton, of the University of Pennsylvania, and Matthew Turner, of Brown University, identified a “fundamental law of road congestion”: namely, that building more highways does not alleviate congestion. Rather, it attracts more residents, leads to more driving by existing residents and boosts transport-intensive economic activity, until roads are once again ‎5 Driverless cars should cut traffic, other things being equal. Lower accident rates will mean fewer crash-related hold-ups, while AIs that can pilot cars more closely together will boost road capacity. But reductions in traffic will make living in currently congested areas more attractive and hence more populous (人口密集的). Miles travelled per person might also rise, since self-driving technology frees passengers to use travel time for work or sleep. And just as new highways prompt a rise in transport-intensive business, driverless vehicles could generate lots of new road-using activity. (4)‎ Where now a worker might pop into the coffee shop before going to work, for example, a latte (拿铁 ‎ ‎ 咖啡 ) might soon be delivered in a driverless vehicle. The technology of driverless cars may make us safer and more productive, but not necessarily less traffic-bound.‎ ‎6 It might, however, improve traffic by making it easier, politically, to impose tolls on roads. Jams occur because a scarce resource, the road, is underpriced, so more people drive than it can accommodate. But tolls could favour (特别照顾) use of the roadway by those who value it most.‎ Some places already use such charges—London and Singapore are examples—but they are rarely popular. Some drivers balk at paying for what they once got for nothing, and others are uneasy about the tracking of private vehicles that efficient pricing requires. People seem not to object to paying by the mile when they are being driven—by taxis and services like Uber and Lyft—and the driverless programmes now being tested by Waymo and GM follow this model. (5) If a driverless world is one in which people generally buy rides rather than cars, then not only might fewer unnecessary journeys be made, but also political resistance to road-pricing could ease, and congestion with it.‎ ‎7 Should congestion prove ineradicable in a driverless world, people will continue to hope for technological solutions, like the long-promised flying cars. While we wait for that—and the clotted ‎(凝结的) skyways (航线) that would soon follow — governments would be wise to keep their underground systems in good working order.‎ 一、生词和词块释义 crammed (拥挤不堪的).‎ ‎第一部分、课文小助手 hence /hens/ adv. 因此 distractingly /dis'træktiŋli/ adv. 使(人)快乐地 soar / sɔ: / v. 腾飞 congestion /kənˈdʒɛstʃən/ n. 拥堵 innovation / inəu'veiʃən/ n. 创新 eternal /i'tə:nəl/ adj. 永恒地 estimate /'estimeit/ v. 估计 inevitable /in'evitəbl/ adj. 不可避免的 enhance /in'hɑ:ns/ v. 增强 outstrip /ˌaut'strip/ v. 超过，胜过 alleviate /ə'li:vieit/ v. 减轻 boost /bu:st/ v. 促进 yield / ji:ld/ v. 产生 ‎prompt /prɔmpt/ v. 促使 impose /im'pəuz/ v. 强制实行 scarce /skåəs/ adj. 短缺的 ineradicable /ini'rædik əbl/ adj. 难以根除的 sort out 解决 roll out 推出（新产品） cheek by jowl 离某人很近 not necessarily 未必 balk at 反对 object to 反对 二、话题概要 大意：即使有了无人驾驶汽车，城市依然不能避免拥堵的现象，也依然需要在基础设施的建设上投入资 金。‎ Para 1：如火车和汽车一样，无人驾驶车不能解决交通拥堵的问题。本段中，作者由科幻小说中普遍提及 的未来无车辆拥堵，谈到历史上曾有过的交通创新如铁路和小汽车都曾导致上下班人群拥挤。故作者认 为科技公司和车辆制造商计划推出的无人驾驶车也照样无法解决交通拥堵这一问题。‎ Para 2：拥堵使美国经济损失严重，修复当前交通体系又耗资巨大，在此背景下，无人驾驶车貌似是一个 可行的选择。本段中，作者首先提出：“更多”是一种遗憾，即路上车辆太多导致的拥堵会造成种种问题。 接着给出数据来说明每年交通拥堵给美国造成了大量的经济损失，并强调倘若当前的交通体系没有得到 所急需的投资，那这一损失将继续上升。之后，作者以纽约为例，提出其地铁系统估计需要至少 1000 亿 的修复资金。在这种情况下，无人驾驶车辆好像是一个妥善的解围之物，可以使政府免于痛苦抉择(是否 要投入大量的修复资金)。‎ Para 3：城市的拥堵是必然的，密集的城市人口会导致对稀有资源的争抢，也增加了交通的拥堵度，当发 展到利大于弊之时，城市将不再发展。然而作者认为城市的发展必然会导致拥堵。城市之所以存在，原 因是彼此相邻近会带来巨大的好处，如结交朋友、寻求伴侣和商业伙伴、讨论问题从而产生新想法、以 及做生意。接着作者话锋一转，指出人群集聚在城市这一现象有着令人遗憾的一面：这样的群集导致了 拥挤：一个地区的居民越多，为获得该地区短缺资源而产生的竞争就会越激烈，从争抢一家爆红新餐馆 的座位到争抢公共马路空间。作者承认：城市的每个新居民都增强了城市的魔力，但同时也指出他们的 到来增加了城市的拥堵。而当（城市因人口众多产生的）损失超过（它从众多人口中获取的）益处时， 城市的发展就停滞了。‎ Para 4：作者引用专家论文，并结合实例分析说明曾经的交通新科技——高速公路和铁路未能缓解交通堵 塞。作者首先承认新的交通科技是有用的，铁路和高速公路高容量交通这样的使大城市发展地更大。接 着又一次话锋一转，指出这些科技只是暂时解决了拥堵问题。然后举例：当初纽约地铁开通到了曼哈顿 北区，于是人们便选择搬离肮脏昂贵拥挤的市中心，同时（利用地铁上下班）继续享受城市社会和经济 的好处。因此，城市人口剧增，导致纽约居民之间几乎又脸蹭脸了（即人口密集导致人均空间狭小）。 再举一例：战后美国的高速公路的建设量激增，导致城市周边地区突飞猛进地发展，然而，城市又一次 找到了它的平衡，因为人们纷纷奔向郊区寻求更大居住空间因而导致了道路拥堵，也使郊区，虽远离城 市这个就业中心，生活费上涨。最后，作者借用了 2019 年的一篇论文中专家们对道路拥堵基本规律的总 结：高速公路的增加并不能缓解道路拥堵的现状，反倒吸引了更多的入住者，同时导致现有居民驾驶出 行率更高，促进了交通密集型经济活动，这些现象一直持续到道路再次拥挤不堪。‎ Para 5：无人驾驶车会提高乘客的安全性，增加乘客工作效率，却未必能减少他们的交通堵塞之苦。作者 首先指出了无人驾驶汽车的优势：其他条件都一样的情况下，无人驾驶车应该会减少交通量。事故的减 少意味着因事故而导致的堵塞也会减少，与此同时，操纵车辆、并使车辆能够近距离（安全）行驶的人 工智能将提升道路交通容纳量。然而，作者再次话锋一转：若（未来）路上车流量减少，目前拥堵的地 区将（比现在）更具吸引力，也因此会导致人口更为密集。作者再提出另一个无人驾驶车的优点：人均 行驶里程可能会提高，因为自动驾驶的科技使得乘客可以利用车上的时光工作或睡觉。继续拓展：正如 新的高速公路促进了那些交通密集型商业，无人驾驶车辆也可能会产生大量新的公路活动。例如：目 前，在一些地区，工作者可能会上班前匆匆进入一家咖啡店（喝咖啡醒神），将来，一杯拿铁咖啡可能 会快速送至该地区的无人驾驶车上。最后，作者总结本段并重回话题：无人驾驶车的科技可能会使我们 安全，高效，却未必能减少我们的交通受阻率。‎ Para 6：增收公路通行费也许能缓解交通堵塞，但人们有着种种顾虑而不愿付费。相比起自己开车，缴纳 公路通行费，人们更愿意“被驾驶”。作者在这段提出改善交通状况的可能性，如：制定政策收取公路通 行费。他分析交通堵塞存在的原因是：作为一种稀缺的资源，道路却被定了低价（即：道路曾免费使 用），所以路上的车辆超过了道路的容纳量。但是对那些最看重驾车出行这种交通方式的人们，道路通 行费是可以优惠点的。作者接着举例说明了这一政策的实际实施情况：在一些地区，如伦敦和新家坡， 这样的收费已经存在，但是却鲜受欢迎。原因如下：有些司机反对支付曾经可以免费使用的道路，其他 人则是担心有效收取道路通行费需要追踪私家车的行驶路径（这样一来，隐私恐被侵犯）。所以，当收 取私家车司机的道路通行费这一政策实施受阻时，还有什么途径可以缓解交通堵塞呢？作者接着分析： 当人们乘坐别人驾驶的车辆，如的士，以及利用 Uber 和 Lyft 这样的打车软件坐车时，人们似乎并不介 意按照里程付费。目前，Waymo 正在测试无人驾驶项目，通用汽车公司也跟着这样干。若在未来无人驾 驶车普及的世界里，人们普遍付钱乘坐别人开的车出行而非自己买车的话，那么人们不仅会减少那些能 免就免的行程，而且他们对于收取道路通行费的政策的抵制也可能会缓和一些，交通堵塞状况也同时会 得到缓解。‎ Para 7：作者做出最坏的假设并给出建议：在解决道路拥堵问题的理想方法出现之前，政府要保证地铁系 统运作秩序良好。万一道路拥堵的状况在无人驾驶车普及的未来也难以根除的话，人们会继续期望科技 带来解决方法，比如早就承诺会造出的飞行车。但在我们坐等飞行车以及紧随其后的凝结航线的到来之 时，政府最好还是让地铁系统保持良好的运作秩序吧（呼应主题：基础建设依然需要资金的投入）。‎ 第二部分、同步练习 一、长难句翻译 (见文章划线处)‎ 二、词块填空 ‎1. The responsible way is for you to the business affairs before going.‎ ‎2. Other heart doctors say heart disease prevention is important but with pills.‎ ‎3. Northern Telecom says its products will over 18 months beginning early next year.‎ ‎4. Those students doing part-time jobs argue that they should not spend their precious time this way.‎ ‎5. Even biology undergraduates may animal experiments, which are believed to be cruel.‎ 一、‎ ‎1. 唉，钢轨（代指铁路）和内燃机（代指汽车）搞不定的事情（指交通堵塞），人工智能（代指无人驾驶车辆）也不太可 能会成功啊！‎ ‎2. 遗憾的是，这样的群集导致了拥挤：一个地区的入住人口越多，对该地区短缺资源的竞争就越激烈，从争抢一家爆红新 餐馆的座位到争抢公共马路空间。‎ ‎3. 当纽约地铁线延伸到了曼哈顿北区，搬离肮脏昂贵拥挤的市中心，同时继续享受城市社会和经济的好处就成了一个可行 之事。‎ ‎4. 目前，在一些地区，工作者可能会上班前匆匆进入一家咖啡店（喝咖啡醒神），将来，一杯拿铁咖啡可能会快速送至该 地区的无人驾驶车上。‎ ‎5. 如果在（将来）无人驾驶车普及的世界里，人们普遍花钱坐车而不是自己买车开，那么人们不仅会减少那些能免就免的 行程，而且他们对于收取道路通行费这一政策的抵制也可能会缓和一些，交通堵塞状况也同时会得到缓解。‎ 二、‎ ‎1. sort out 2. not necessarily 3. roll out 4. objecting to 5. balk at ‎5 Competition and tech: Taming the titans[H]‎ 竞争与科技：驯服巨人 来源：The Economist Jan 4th 2019‎ Google, Facebook and Amazon are increasingly dominant. How should they be controlled?‎ ‎1 NOT long ago, being the boss of a big Western tech firm was a dream job. As the billions rolled in, so did the plaudits: Google, Facebook, Amazon and others were making the world a better place. Today these companies are accused of being BAADD—big, anti-competitive, addictive and destructive to democracy. Regulators fine them, politicians grill them and one-time backers warn of their power to cause harm.‎ ‎2 Much of this techlash（技术抵制） is misguided. The presumption that big businesses must necessarily be wicked is plain wrong. Apple is to be admired as the world’s most valuable listed company for the simple reason that it makes things people want to buy, even while facing fierce competition. Many online services would be worse if their providers were smaller. Evidence for the link between smartphones and unhappiness is weak. Fake news is not only an online phenomenon.‎ ‎3 But big tech platforms, particularly Facebook, Google and Amazon, do indeed raise a worry about fair competition. That is partly because they often benefit from legal exemptions. Unlike publishers, Facebook and Google are rarely held responsible for what users do on them; and for years most American buyers on Amazon did not pay sales tax. Nor do the titans simply compete in a market. Increasingly, they are the market itself, providing the infrastructure (or “platforms”) for much of the digital economy. Many of their services appear to be free, but users “pay” for them by giving away their data. Powerful though they already are, their huge stockmarket valuations suggest that investors are counting on them to double or even triple in size in the next decade.‎ ‎4 There is thus a justified fear that the tech titans will use their power to protect and extend their dominance, to the detriment of consumers. The tricky task for policymakers is to restrain them without unduly stifling innovation.‎ The less severe contest ‎5 The platforms have become so dominant because they benefit from “network effects”. (1)Size begets ‎ size: the more sell ers Am az on, sa y, can att r act, th e more bu yers will shop there, which att ra cts more ‎ ‎ sell ers, and so on. By some estimates, Amazon captures over 40% of online shopping in America. With more than 2bn monthly users, Facebook holds sway over the media industry. Firms cannot do without Google, which in some countries processes more than 90% of web searches. Facebook and Google control two-thirds of America’s online ad revenues.‎ ‎6 America’s trustbusters（反垄断机构） have given tech giants the benefit of the doubt. They look for consumer harm, which is hard to establish when prices are falling and services are “free”. The firms themselves stress that a giant-killing startup is just a click away and that they could be toppled by a new technology, such as the blockchain. Before Google and Facebook, Alta Vista and MySpace were the bee’s knees. Who remembers them?‎ ‎7 However, the barriers to entry are rising. Facebook not only owns the world’s largest pool of personal data, but also its biggest “social graph”—the list of its members and how they are connected. Amazon has more pricing information than any other firm. Voice assistants, such as Amazon’s Alexa and Google’s Assistant, will give them even more control over how people experience the internet. China’s tech firms have the heft to compete, but are not about to get unfettered access to Western consumers.‎ ‎8 If this trend runs its course, consumers will suffer as the tech industry becomes less vibrant. Less money will go into startups, most good ideas will be bought up by the titans and, one way or another, the profits will be captured by the giants.‎ ‎9 The early signs are already visible. The European Commission has accused Google of using control of Android, its mobile operating system, to give its own apps a leg up. Facebook keeps buying firms which could one day lure users away: first Instagram, then WhatsApp and most recently tbh, an app that lets teenagers send each other compliments anonymously. Although Amazon is still increasing competition in aggregate, as industries from groceries to television can attest, it can also spot rivals and squeeze them from the market.‎ The rivalry remedy ‎10 What to do? In the past, societies have tackled monopolies either by breaking them up, as with Standard Oil in 1911, or by regulating them as a public utility, as with AT&T in 1913. Today both those approaches have big drawbacks. The traditional tools of utilities regulation, such as price controls and profit caps（最高额度）, are hard to apply, since most products are free and would come at a high price in forgone investment and innovation. Likewise, a full-scale break-up would cripple the platforms’ economies of scale, worsening the service they offer consumers. (2) And ev en then, i n ‎ ‎ all li keli hood one o f th e Goo glettes or Fa ceb a bies would ev entuall y s weep all be fore it as the ‎ ‎ in exorab le logic of n etw ork effects reasse rted it self. ‎ ‎11 The lack of a simple solution deprives politicians of easy slogans, but does not leave trustbusters impotent. (3)Two broad changes of thinking would go a long way towards sensibly taming the titans. The first is to make better use of existing competition law. Trustbusters should scrutinise mergers to gauge whether a deal is likely to neutralise a potential long-term threat, even if the target is small at the time. Such scrutiny might have prevented Facebook’s acquisition of Instagram and Google’s of Waze, which makes navigation software. (4)To ensure that the platforms do not favour their own ‎ products, oversi ght grou ps could be set up to de li berate on compl aint s fr om rivals —a bit li ke the ‎ ‎ independent “technic al c omm it tee ” cr eated b y the anti trust case a gainst Mic rosoft in 2019. Imm unit y ‎ ‎ to content l iabili t y must go, too. ‎ ‎12 (5)Second, trustbusters need to think afresh about how tech markets work. A central insight, one ‎ increasin gl y discussed a mong e co nomi sts and r e gulators, is th at person al data are the cu rren c y in ‎ ‎ which custom ers actual l y bu y s ervic es. Through that prism, the tech titans receive valuable information—on their users’ behaviour, friends and purchasing habits—in return for their products. Just as America drew up sophisticated rules about intellectual property in the 19th century, so it needs a new set of laws to govern the ownership and exchange of data, with the aim of giving solid rights to individuals.‎ ‎13 In essence this means giving people more control over their information. If a user so desires, key data should be made available in real time to other firms—as banks in Europe are now required to do with customers’ account information. Regulators could oblige platform firms to make anonymised ‎（匿名的） bulk data available to competitors, in return for a fee, a bit like the compulsory licensing of a patent. Such data-sharing requirements could be calibrated to firms’ size: the bigger platforms are, the more they have to share. These mechanisms would turn data from something titans hoard, to suppress competition, into something users share, to foster innovation.‎ ‎14 None of this will be simple, but it would tame the titans without wrecking the gains they have brought. Users would find it easier to switch between services. Upstart competitors would have access to some of the data that larger firms hold and thus be better equipped to grow to maturity without being gobbled up. And shareholders could no longer assume monopoly profits for decades to come.‎ 一、生词和词块释义 tame /teɪm/ v. 驯服 titan /taɪtn/ n. 巨人 plaudit /'plɔːdɪt/ n. 喝彩，赞扬 grill /grɪl/ v. 盘问 one-time adj. 从前的 plain /pleɪn/ adv. 完全的 listed /'lɪstɪd/ adj. 上市的 exemption /ɪɡ'zempʃn/ n. 豁免 detriment /'detrɪm(ə)nt/ n. 损害 unduly /ʌn'djuːlɪ/ adv. 过度地 stifling /'staɪf(ə)lɪŋ/ adj. 令人窒息的 topple /'tɒp(ə)l/ v. 推翻 heft /heft/ n. 分量，影响力 ‎第一部分、课文小助手 wreck /rek/ v. 破坏 rolled in （金钱等）大量涌进 count on 指望 hold sway 具有重大影响 a click away 弹指间 be the bee’s knees 好极了 runs its course 自然地发展 size begets size 体量带来增加 gobble up /'gɒb(ə)l/ 吞并 unfettered /ʌn'fetəd/ adj. 自由的，不受约束的 attest /ə'test/ v. 证明 utility /juːˈtɪlɪtɪ/ n. 共用事业 inexorable /ɪn'eks(ə)rəb(ə)l/ adj. 不可更改的 reassert /riːə'sɜːt/ v. 重新发挥作用 impotent /'ɪmpət(ə)nt/ adj. 无影响力的 merger /'mɜːdʒə/ n. 合并 gauge /geɪdʒ/ v. 判断 neutralise /'nju:trəlaiz/ v. 失效，时抵消 calibrate /'kælɪbreɪt/ v. 校准刻度 hoard /hɔːd/ v. 囤积 话题概要 大意：谷歌、Facebook、亚马逊等科技巨头的势力已经濒临失控。它们掌握着海量的数据及丰富的信息， 能识别出尚在发展初期的竞争对手并将其挤出市场。有理由担心，科技巨头会利用自身实力来保护和扩大 它们的主导地位，进而损害消费者利益。政策制定者面临的棘手任务是既要约束它们，又要避免过度约束 而扼杀创新。‎ Para. 1：曾经一段时间，谷歌，亚马逊，Facebook 这些科技公司为人所赞誉。但是，这些巨头现在反而成 了自大，反对竞争和摧毁民主的代表。‎ Para. 2：技术抵制（意指飞速发展的科技和出奇强大的科技公司，正引发越来越强大的政策层面的紧张感） 走入了一条错误的道路。人们错误地认为大公司就一定是邪恶的。但是，例如苹果公司，就是一个人们喜 爱的公司。‎ Para. 3-4：但是一些大的科技巨头，例如谷歌，Facebook，亚马逊，影响了市场的公平竞争，并且他们也 不认为需要为他们的用户在这些平台上所做的事情负责。有理由担心，科技巨头会利用自身实力来保护和 扩大它们的主导地位，进而损害消费者利益。政策制定者面临的棘手任务是既要约束它们，又要避免过度 约束而扼杀创新。‎ Para. 5-8 越来越没有悬念的竞争：例如，亚马逊上的卖家越多，就会吸引更多买家来购物，而这又能吸引 更多的卖家。如此这般，雪球越滚越大。Facebook 和谷歌控制了美国 2/3 的线上广告收益。美国的反垄断 组织对这些科技巨头虽有怀疑，但是仍然相信他们。这就致使这些科技巨头拥有绝对优势并且非常容易识 别出尚在发展初期的竞争对手并将其挤出市场。如果任由这种趋势发展，最后利益受到损伤的还是顾客。 Para. 9-14 对抗疗法：在过去，政府通过拆分一些传统行业巨头来控制垄断。例如，标准石油公司和 AT&T 电话公司。但是即使拆分了谷歌，Facebook 这样的企业，由于网络效应无可避免地会重新发挥作用，期中 的某个“小谷歌”或“小 Facebook”最终还是很有可能再次横扫市场。所以，必须转变思维才能对付这些新的 科技巨头。第一，反垄断组织应该仔细审查巨头对小公司的兼并以检测是否有潜在的威胁，即使这些威胁 当下并不突出。其次，反垄断组织需要重新思考科技市场的运作方式。政策制定者面临的最核心和棘手的 任务是既要约束它们，又要避免过度约束而扼杀创新。‎ 第二部分、同步练习 一、长难句翻译（见文章划线句） 二． 词块填空 ‎1. It was drink that their marriage.‎ ‎2. She doesn’t seem concerned his exams.‎ ‎3. Her performance won from critics.‎ ‎4. It was just crazy to spend all your pay as soon as you get it.‎ ‎5. Emergency services seem in the face of such disaster.‎ 一、‎ ‎1. 比如说，亚马逊上的卖家越多，就会吸引更多买家来购物，而这又能吸引更多的卖家。如此这般，雪球越滚越大。‎ ‎2. 而且即使拆分了谷歌，Facebook 这样的企业，由于网络效应无可避免地会重新发挥作用，期中的某个“小谷歌”或“小 Facebook”最终还是很有可能再次横扫市场。‎ ‎3. 如果能大幅转变两种思维方式，将大大有助于巧妙地驯服这些巨头。‎ ‎4.要确保平台不偏袒自己的产品，可以设立监督小组来审议对手的投诉。这有点像 2019 年针对微软反垄断案成立的独立“技 术委员会”。对内容免责的豁免也必须取消。‎ ‎5. 其次，反垄断组织需要重新思考科技市场的运作方式。经济学家和管理者通过越来越频繁的讨论得到的一个中心论点是 个人数据才是用户购买服务所使用的真正货币。‎ 二、‎ ‎1. wrecked 2. unduly 3. plaudit 4. plain 5. impotent ‎6 Having Your Smartphone Nearby Takes a Toll on Your Thinking[M]‎ 你的智能手机不利于你的思考 来源：New Yorker April 20 2019‎ ‎1. “Put your phone away” has become a commonplace phrase that is just as often dismissed. Despite wanting to be in the moment, we often do everything within our power to the contrary. We take out our phones to take pictures in the middle of festive family meals, and send text messages or update our social media profiles（配置文件） in the middle of a date or while watching a movie. At the same time, we are often interrupted passively by notifications（通知）of emails or phone calls.‎ Clearly, interacting with our smartphones affects our experiences. But can our smartphones affect us even when we aren’t interacting with them—when they are simply nearby?‎ ‎2.In recent research, we investigated whether merely having one’s own smartphone nearby could influence cognitive abilities. In two lab experiments, nearly 800 people completed tasks designed to measure their cognitive capacity. (1)In one task, participants simultaneously completed math problems and memorized random letters. This tests how well they can keep track of task-relevant information while engaging in a complex cognitive task. In the second task, participants saw a set of images that formed an incomplete pattern, and chose the image that best completed the pattern. This task measures “fluid(流体）intelligence,” or people’s ability to reason and solve novel problems.‎ Performance on both of these tasks is affected by individuals’ available mental resources.‎ ‎3.Our intervention（干预）was simple: before completing these tasks, we asked participants to either place their phones in front of them (face-down on their desks), keep them in their pockets or bags, or leave them in another room. Importantly, all phones had sound alerts and vibration（振动） turned off, so the participants couldn’t be interrupted by notifications.‎ ‎4. The results were striking: individuals who completed these tasks while their phones were in another room performed the best, followed by those who left their phones in their pockets. In last place were those whose phones were on their desks. We saw similar results when participants’ phones were turned off: people performed worst when their phones were nearby, and best when they were away in a separate room. Thus, merely having their smartphones out on the desk led to a small but statistically significant impairment（损伤）of individuals’ cognitive capacity—on par with（等 同） effects of lacking sleep.This cognitive capacity is critical for helping us learn, reason, and develop creative ideas. In this way, even a small effect on cognitive capacity can have a big impact,‎ considering the billions of smartphone owners who have their devices present at countless moments of their lives. This means that in these moments, the mere presence of our smartphones can adversely ‎（不利地）affect our ability to think and problem-solve — even when we aren’t using them. Even when we aren’t looking at them. Even when they are face-down. And even when they are powered off altogether.‎ ‎5.Why are smart phones so distracting, even when they’re not buzzing or chirping（吱喳） at us?‎ The costs of smartphones are inextricably（逃不开地）linked to their benefits. (2)The immense value ‎ smartphones provide, as personal hubs（枢纽） connecti n g us to each oth er and to virtu all y all of ‎ ‎ the world ’s coll ecti ve knowledge, nec essaril y pos it ions them as im portant and relevant to myria d ‎ ‎ （种种的） aspects of our ever yda y li ves. Research in cognitive psychology shows that humans learn to automatically pay attention to things that are habitually（习惯地）relevant to them, even when they are focused on a different task. For example, even if we are actively engaged in a conversation, we will turn our heads when someone says our name across the room. Similarly, parents automatically attend to the sight or sound of a baby’s cry.Our research suggests that, in a way, the mere presence of our smartphones is like the sound of our names – they are constantly calling to us,‎ exerting（运用）a gravitational（引力的） pull on our attention. If you have ever felt a “phantom ‎（幻影的） buzz” you inherently（天性地） know this.(3)Attempts to block or resist this pull takes ‎ a toll（代价） b y i mp air in g（损害） our cognit ive abil it ies. This means that when we are suc ces sful ‎ ‎ at resis ti ng the urge to at tend to our smartphones, we ma y a ctuall y b e u n der min in g (渐渐破坏)our ‎ ‎ own co gnit ive perfo rman ce. ‎ ‎6. Are you affected? Most likely. Consider the most recent meeting or lecture you attended: did anyone have their smartphone out on the table? Think about the last time you went to the movies, or went out with friends, read a book, or played a game: was your smartphone close by? In all of these cases, merely having your smartphone present may have impaired your cognitive functioning. Our data also show that the negative impact of smartphone presence is most pronounced for individuals who rank high on a measure capturing the strength of their connection to their phones—that is, those who strongly agree with statements such as “I would have trouble getting through a normal day ‎ without my cell phone” and “It would be painful for me to give up my cell phone for a day.” In a world where people continue to increasingly rely on their phones, it is only logical to expect this effect to become stronger and more universal.‎ ‎7.We are clearly not the first to take note of the potential costs of smartphones. Think about the number of fatalities(灾祸) associated with driving while talking on the phone or texting, or of texting while walking. Even hearing your phone ring while you’re busy doing something else can boost your anxiety. Knowing we have missed a text message or call leads our minds to wander, which can impair performance on tasks that require sustained attention and undermine our enjoyment. Beyond these cognitive and health-related consequences, smartphones may impair our social functioning: having your smartphone out can distract you during social experiences and make them less enjoyable.‎ ‎8.With all these costs in mind, however, we must consider the immense value that smartphones provide. In the course of a day, you may use your smartphone to get in touch with friends, family, and coworkers; order products online; check the weather; trade stocks; read HBR; navigate your way to a new address, and more.(4) Evidently, smartphones increase our efficiency, allowing us to save time and money, connect with others, become more productive, and remain entertained.‎ ‎9. How do we resolve this tension between the costs and benefits of our smartphones? Smartphones have distinct uses.There are situations in which our smartphones provide a key value, such as when they help us get in touch with someone we’re trying to meet, or when we use them to search for information that can help us make better decisions. Those are great moments to have our phones nearby. But, rather than smartphones taking over our lives, we should take back the reigns: (5)when ‎ our smartp hones aren ’t directl y n ecess ar y, and wh en being full y co gnit ively avail abl e is im portant, ‎ ‎ sett ing aside a period of t im e to p u t th em aw ay —in another room —c an be quit e valuable. ‎ ‎10.With these findings in mind, students, employees, and CEOs alike may wish to maximize their productivity by defining windows of time during which they plan to be separated from their phones, allowing them to accomplish tasks requiring deeper thought. Moreover, asking employees not to use their phones during meetings may not be enough. Our work suggests that having meetings without phones present can be more effective, boosting focus, function, and the ability to come up with creative solutions. More broadly, we can all become more engaged and cognitively adept in our everyday lives simply by putting our smartphones (far) away.（1238wds）‎ 第一部分、课文小助手 一、生词和词块释义 commonplace /'kɒmənpleɪs/ 老生常谈 cognitive /'kɒɡnɪtɪv/ 认知的 simultaneously /,sɪml'teɪnɪəslɪ/ 同时地 individual /ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒʊəl/ 个人的 capacity /kə'pæsɪtɪ/ 能力 device /dɪ'vaɪs/ 装置 distracting /dɪ'stræktɪŋ/ 分心的 virtually /ˈvəːtʃʊəli/ 几乎 sustained /sə'steɪnd/ 持续的 undermine /ʌndə'maɪn/ 渐渐破坏 evidently /'evɪd(ə)ntlɪ/ 显然 tension /'tenʃ(ə)n/ 紧张 reign /reɪn/ 统治 maximize/'mæksimaiz/对…极为重视 broadly /'brɔːdlɪ/ 宽广地 interact with 相互作用 keep track of 记录；与…保持联系 in a way 在某种程度上 associated with 与.....有关系 take over 接管 put...away 放好 adept in 善于 二、话题概要 大意：本文主要剖析智能手机如何影响我们以及说明我们要如何利用好它们。‎ Para. 1：“把你的手机放在一边”已经成为一个司空见惯的而经常被忽略的用语。尽管我们想要活在当下， 但我们却常常做着相反的事情。显然，与我们的智能手机互动会影响我们的体验。但甚至当它们就只是在 附近时而我们没有和它们互动时，我们的智能手机是否会影响我们呢？‎ Para. 2：在最近的研究中，我们通过两个实验室实的实验来调查仅仅是在附近拥有自己的智能手机是否会 影响认知能力。‎ Para. 3：我们的干预很简单，要求所有的手机都有声音提醒和振动，这样参与者不能被通知打断。‎ Para. 4：结果是惊人的：仅仅把智能手机放在桌子上就会导致个人认知能力的轻微但统计上显著的缺陷—‎ ‎—与缺乏睡眠的效果相媲美。这种认知能力对于帮助我们学习、推理和发展有创造性的想法是至关重要的。‎ 仅仅是智能手机的出现了，即使我们没有使用它们，它们会对我们思考和解决问题的能力产生负面影响。‎ Para. 5：为什么智能手机会让人分心，即使它们没有在我们身边嗡嗡叫，也不叫唤我们？我们的研究表明，‎ 在某种程度上，仅仅是智能手机的存在就像我们名字的声音——他们不断地呼唤我们，给我们的注意力施 加一个引力。‎ Para. 6：你是否会受影响?最有可能。很多情况下，仅仅拥有你的智能手机可能会损害你的认知功能。我们 的数据还显示，智能手机存在的负面影响最明显的是那些在一项捕捉与手机连接的强度上指标排名靠前的 人。‎ Para. 7：我们显然不是第一个注意到智能手机潜在成本的人。智能手机有认知和健康相关的后果，也可能 会削弱我们的社交功能。‎ Para. 8：考虑到所有这些成本，我们必须考虑到智能手机提供的巨大价值。‎ Para. 9：我们该如何解决智能手机的成本与收益之间的这种紧张关系呢？智能手机有不同的用途。我们有 手机在附近的美妙时刻，但我们不要让手机接管我们的生活，我们应该夺回统治地位。‎ Para. 10：有了这些发现，学生、员工和首席执行官们之类都希望通过限定他们计划与手机分离，让他们完 成需要更深入思考的任务的时间窗口来最大化他们的工作效率。‎ 第二部分、同步练习 一、长难句翻译(见文章划线处)‎ 二、词块填空 ‎1. Your composition is well done ．‎ ‎2. When he retired, his eldest son the farm．‎ ‎3. I always the smell of these flowers my childhood．‎ ‎4.They told us that rhymes and songs can really help parents their babies.‎ 一、翻译 ‎1.在一项任务中，参与者同时完成了数学问题并记住了随机的字母。这就测试了他们在进行复杂的认知任 务时，能够很好地跟踪任务相关的信息。‎ ‎2.智能手机提供的巨大价值，作为人与人之间的联系，将我们与世界上几乎所有的集体知识联系在一起， 必然使它们与我们日常生活的方方面面息息相关。‎ ‎3.试图阻止或抵制这种吸引力会损害我们的认知能力。这意味着，当我们成功地抵制住智能手机的冲动时， 我们可能会渐渐破坏破坏我们自己的认知能力。‎ ‎4.显然，智能手机提高了我们的效率，让我们可以节省时间和金钱，与他人联系，变得更有效率，并保持 娱乐。‎ ‎5.当我们的智能手机不是直接需要的时候，当完全有认知能力的时候是很重要的，留出一段时间把它们放 好——在另一个房间里——是很有价值的。‎ 二、词块填空 ‎1. in a way 2. took over 3.associate...with 4. interact with ‎7 The Third Education Revolution[M]‎ 第三次教育革命 来源：https://www.theatlantic.com 2019-03-22‎ ‎1.In a higher-education system that is often divided between two- and four-year colleges and further segregated（隔离）between elite（精英）and nonelite institutions, it’s not often that a community college is mentioned in the same breath as an Ivy（长青）League campus. Nor is a two-year college seen as a training ground for jobs in the so-called creative economy, which include industries such as design, fashion, and computer gaming that typically require bachelor’s degrees.But the Community College of Rhode Island, New England’s largest two-year college with more than 15,000 students, is working hard to change the tired image of two-year institutions. (1) Led b y Me gh an Hu gh es, a ‎ ‎ relativel y new preside nt wit h an ac ademi c b ack gr ound in art hist or y, the co ll ege is overh au li n g （精 ‎ 细检查 ）it s approach to workfor ce developm ent b y bett er ali gn in g（调整） programs with the state’ s ‎ economi c p riorities than is currentl y the c ase. ‎ ‎2.“Like many colleges, we tended to be more reactive（反应的）and slower to respond to training needs,” said Julian Alssid, who started last summer as vice president of workforce development. The college would typically wait for displaced（下岗的） workers to come to the campus to receive retraining instead of intervening（介入） before they were laid off. Now, the college is in the process of reorganizing its continuing-education division （ 部 门 ） to build ongoing partnerships with companies to keep it current on industry trends and operate training programs responsive（响应） to and in sync（同步）with the labor market.‎ ‎3.The problem with many existing workforce-training programs, Alssid said, is that employers, colleges, and local workforce boards（董事会） responsible for doling out（发放） federal funds “all operate separately, calcified（硬化） in their own silos（筒仓）.” In this new economy, he world of work is undergoing a massive shift. Not since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries and the Information Age that followed in the last century has the scale of disruption（分裂）taking place in the workforce been so evident. (2)An oft-cited（引用） 2013‎ ‎ stud y from the Universit y of Ox ford predicted that nearl y h alf of Ame ric an jobs —including real - ‎ ‎ estate b rok e rs （经纪人）, insurance underw rite rs, and loan officers —w e re at risk of being taken ‎ ‎ over b y comput ers withi n the nex t two de cad es. Just last fall, the McKinsey Global Institute released a report that estimated a third of American workers may have to change jobs by 2030 because of artificial intelligence.‎ ‎4. Previous shifts in how people work have typically been accompanied in the United States by an expansion in the amount of education required by employers to get a good job. In the early 1900s, the “high-school movement” turned secondary schools into a nationwide system for mass education that provided training for life instead of small-scale institutions designed to prepare a select group of students for college. This expansion of high schools was the first wave in a century-long broadening of education in the United States in response to the changing needs of the economy. The high-school movement was “truly path breaking,” wrote Claudia Goldin, a Harvard University economist,“No other country underwent the transformation to virtually universal public secondary education” so early and so quickly. “Without the rapid rise of the high school,” Goldin argued, “America could not have put the GI Bill of Rights … into immediate action after 1944 for American youth would not yet have graduated high school.”‎ ‎5. The second wave in expanding education for a changing workforce occurred in the 1960s with the “college-for-all” movement. In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Higher Education Act, which bolstered(加固) federal aid for higher education. Meanwhile, states built community college campuses and widened the mission of state teachers’ colleges by adding a bevy（一群）of programs in all academic fields. Between 1970 and 2019, enrollment in higher education more than doubled from 8.5 million to 20.5 million students.‎ ‎6. Now a third wave in education and training has arrived, argue economists, educators, and workforce-development officials. The level of preparation that worked in the first two waves—adding more time to education early in life—does not seem sufficient in the 21st-century economy.(3) Instead ‎ the thi rd wave is li kel y t o be marked b y conti nua l traini ng throughout a p erson ’s li feti me —to kee p ‎ ‎ current in a c are er, to lea rn how to co mp le men t （补足） rising levels o f autom ati on, and to gai n ‎ ‎ skil ls for new work. Workers will likely consume this lifelong learning in short spurts（奋发） when they need it, rather than in lengthy blocks of time as they do now when it often takes months or years to complete certificates and degrees.‎ ‎7.With this third wave will come a shift in how workers perceive retraining, said Brent Parton, deputy director of the Center on Education and Skills at the think tank(智囊团) New America. “We tend to think of retraining now as something that follows a traumatic（创伤）event—a job loss, for instance,”‎ said Parton, who served as a policy advisor in the U.S. Department of Labor during the Obama administration. “We’re entering a stage where retraining will be the day-to-day world that people live in.”One big worry, however, is that the arrival of lifelong education will only exacerbate（使恶化）‎ the economic divide that already exists in the United States. Rich kids are far more likely to graduate from college than are their poor and working-class peers. There’s no reason not to believe that trend ‎ won’t continue in this third wave of lifelong learning. (4) It is li k ely to h elp workers who alread y hav e ‎ ‎ high levels of educati on get the tr aini ng the y n eed rather than assi st under empl o yed o r unempl o yed ‎ ‎ workers who n eed to ups kil l t o keep a job or get a new one. ‎ ‎8. Two simultaneous （同时）forces in the job market are driving this push toward lifelong learning. The first is automation and the widening divide between the lifetime earnings of high-school and college graduates. While experts predict that few occupations will ever be totally automated, most jobs are likely in the future to have many of their basic activities performed by a computer. The shift could be on a scale not seen since the transition of the labor force out of agriculture in the early ‎1900s in the United States and Europe.‎ ‎9.The second is the emergence（出现） of the gig（零工）economy, which is reshaping the traditional employer-employee relationship as more contractors（承包商）and freelancers（自由职业者） fill roles once reserved for full-time workers making good salaries. (5)While the term “the gig ‎ econom y” conjures（想起）up images of popular apps for temporary work, such as Uber and Task Rabbit, the army of professional white-collar freelancers is larger than that encompassing the services we can request on our smartphones. In a 2016 study, two economists, Lawrence F. Katz and Alan B. Krueger, found that all net（净余的）employment growth in the United States since 2019‎ appears to have come from what they termed “alternative work”.（1319 wds）‎ 第一部分、课文小助手 一、生词和词块释义 priority /praɪ'ɒrɪtɪ/ 优先考虑的事 ongoing /'ɒngəʊɪŋ/ 不间断的 undergo /ʌndə'gəʊ/ 经历 evident /'evɪd(ə)nt/ . 明显的 estate /ɪ'steɪt; e-/ 财产 expansion /ɪk'spænʃ(ə)n; ek-/ 扩张 virtually /ˈvəːtʃʊəli/ 实质上 sufficient/sə'fɪʃ(ə)nt/ 足够的 lengthy /'leŋèɪ; 'leŋkèɪ/ 漫长的 occupation /ɒkjʊ'peɪʃ(ə)n/ 职业 encompass /ɪn'kʌmpəs; en-/‎ be laid off 下岗 at risk of 冒……之危险 take over 接管 in response to 响应；回答 be likely to do sth. 很可能做某事 rather than 而不是 on a scale 在某个规模 二、话题概要 大意：本文主要说明为了满足当今经济的需要，学校正在朝着持续不断学习的模式迈进。‎ Para. 1：在高等教育体系中，通常被分成两到四年制的大学，并在精英和非精英机构之间进行进一步的隔 离，通常情况下，社区学院与常春藤盟校的关系并不相同。但是 Rhode 岛社区学院，新英格兰最大的两年 制学院正在努力改变这一令人厌倦的两年期机构的形象。‎ Para. 2：Julian Alssid 说，“和许多大学一样，我们对培训需求的反应往往更积极，反应也更慢，”。现在， 该学院正在重组其继续教育部门，与企业建立持续的合作关系，以保持其对行业趋势的关注，并运营与劳 动力市场同步的培训项目。‎ Para. 3：Alssid 说，许多现有的劳动力培训项目的问题在于，雇主、大学和当地的劳动力委员会负责发放 联邦资金，“所有的工作都是分开运作的，在他们自己的筒仓里硬化。” 他补充说，在这个新经济中，这些 世界将融合在一起。职场的世界正在经历巨大的转变。‎ Para. 4：以前人们工作方式的转变通常伴随着美国人的教育需求的增加，以获得一份好工作。在美国，为 了应对经济的不断变化的需求，美国高等教育的扩张是美国教育持续一个世纪以来的第一波浪潮。‎ Para. 5：在 20 世纪 60 年代，随着“大学全民”运动的兴起，第二波对劳动力不断变化的教育浪潮发生了。‎ Para. 6：经济学家、教育工作者和劳动力发展官员认为，教育和培训的第三波浪潮已经到来。‎ Para. 7：新美国教育与技能中心智囊团的副主任 Brent Parton 说，第三波浪潮将会改变工人对再培训的看 法。然而，一个很大的担忧是，终身教育的到来只会加剧美国已经存在的经济鸿沟。‎ Para. 8：在就业市场上同时出现的两股力量正在推动这一趋势，推动终生学习。 第一个是自动化，以及高中和大学毕业生的终生收入差距不断扩大。‎ Para. 9：第二个是零工经济的出现，它正在重塑传统的雇主-雇员关系，因为更多的承包商和自由职业者填 补了曾经为全职工人提供高薪的职位。‎ 一、长难句翻译(见文章划线处)‎ 二、词块填空 ‎第二部分、同步练习 ‎1.A changing climate will threaten food security, and put more people of malnutrition( 营 养 不 良 ) and disease.‎ ‎2.Children who live in the country’s rural areas be poor and have no opportunity to receive education.‎ ‎3. Finally, he contributed one hundred dollars my request．‎ 一、翻译 ‎1. 在一位具有艺术史学术背景的新总统 Meghan Hughes 的带领下，学院正在改革其劳动力发展的方法，通 过更好地调整项目与国家的经济优先事项，而不是目前的情况。‎ ‎2. 牛津大学 2019 年的一项经常被引用的研究预测，近一半的美国就业岗位——包括房地产经纪人、保险 公司和贷款官员——都有可能在未来 20 年内被电脑接管。‎ ‎3. 然而第三次浪潮可能会在一个人的一生中持续不断的培训——以保持当前的职业生涯，学习如何补充不 断上升的自动化水平，并获得新工作的技能。‎ ‎4. 这可能会帮助那些已经接受高水平教育的工人得到他们需要的培训，而不是帮助那些需要提高技能来保 住工作或得到新工作的未充分就业或失业的工人。‎ ‎5.虽然“零工经济”这个词让人联想到一些热门应用的临时工作，比如 Uber 和 Task Rabbit，但职业白领自由 职业者大军的规模要比我们在智能手机上所能提供的服务要大得多。‎ 二、词块填空 ‎1.at risk of 2.are likely to 3.in response to ‎8 Rules of the road[M]‎ 道路规则 The Economist 2019-03-03‎ Smart regulation and smart technology must go hand in hand ‎1 Regulating a complex new technology is hard, particularly if it is evolving rapidly. With autonomous vehicles just around the corner, what can policymakers do to ensure that they arrive safely and smoothly and deliver on their promise?‎ ‎2 The immediate goal is to make sure that AVs are safe without inhibiting(抑制) innovation. In America, experimental AVs are allowed on the roads in many states as long as the companies operating them accept legal liability(责任). (1)Chris Urmson of Aurora says American regulators have ‎ got thi n gs ri ght, workin g closel y with AV firms a nd iss uing guidelines rat h er than strict rules th at ‎ ‎ mi ght hamst ring( 使陷入 瘫痪 ) the indus tr y. “It’s important that we don’t leap to regulation before we actually have something to regulate,” he says.‎ ‎3 At the other end of the spectrum(一系列想法), Singapore’s government has taken the most hands-‎ on approach to preparing for AVs, says Karl Iagnemma of Nutonomy, an AV startup that has tested vehicles in the city-state. For example, it has introduced a “driving test” that AVs must pass before they can go on the road. This does not guarantee safety but sets a minimum standard. The city of Boston has done something similar, requiring AVs to be tested in a small region before roaming(漫 游) more widely.‎ ‎4 Elsewhere, regulators have permitted limited testing on public roads but want to see more evidence that the vehicles are safe before going further, says Takao Asami of the Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi alliance(联盟). “Simple accumulation of mileage will never prove that the vehicle is safe,” he says.‎ Instead, regulators are talking to carmakers and technology firms to develop new safety standards. Marten Levenstam, head of product strategy at Volvo, likens the process to that of developing a new drug.(2) First you show in the laborator y that it mi ght work; then you run cl ini cal trials in which you ‎ ‎ care full y test it s safet y an d ef f icacy in real pati ents; and if the y are su ccessf ul, you ask f or re gul ator y ‎ ‎ approval to make the dru g gen erall y avail able. On this analogy, autonomous cars are currently at the clinical-trial stage, without final approval as yet.‎ ‎5 What form would that approval take? Eventually, it will mean formal certification of vehicles capable of operating fully autonomously, so they can be offered for sale. (3)But initial approval is ‎ li kel y to be gr anted to op erators of specific robota x i f leets , rather than v end ors(供应商 ) of p articular ‎ ‎ vehicles, su ggests Mr Le venstam, becaus e fle e t operators will moni tor all vehicles closel y to ensur e ‎ ‎ and maintain safet y. Even this will be a calculated risk. It is not possible to prove that a new drug is entirely safe, but the risk is worth taking because of the benefits the drug provides. It will be the same for AVs, he suggests. After all, the status quo ( 现状)of human-driven vehicles is hardly risk-free.‎ ‎6 Mr Asami draws another analogy, with aviation. (4)“Black box” data recorders and careful testing ‎ have enabled air tr ansp ort to evolve, d espit e c r ashes, be cause passen ge rs know sa fet y is ta ken ‎ ‎ seriousl y. In fact, America’s National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) has started applying its aviation expertise(专业知识) to autonomous vehicles. In many ways AVs are more complex than aircraft, says Deborah Bruce of the NTSB, because they are closely surrounded by other things that move in unpredictable ways.‎ ‎7 But medicine and aviation have global (or at least regional) regulatory standards, whereas AVs do not. The current patchwork(混合体) of regulation will have to be simplified if the technology is to be widely deployed(有效运用). “Uniformity(一致性) is the friend of scalability(扩展性),” says Mr Iagnemma. Questions of insurance and liability will also have to be worked out. Amnon Shashua of Mobileye worries that because of today’s regulatory uncertainty, fatal accidents involving fully autonomous vehicles could plunge the industry into legal limbo(茫然无措), or kill it altogether.(5)‎ ‎ He has p roposed a s et of rules that defin e how a c ar shoul d respond in all 37 scena rios (可能出现 的 ‎ ‎ 情况 ) in the 6m -entr y ac cident database maintain ed b y NHTS A, Ame rica ’ s car-saf et y re gulator, an d ‎ ‎ would li ke to see these rules adopted as an open indus tr y standa rd. That would absolve(免除…的责 任) carmakers from making implicit(隐含的) ethical choices in their software while leaving room for innovation in other areas. Mr Iagnemma thinks it is a good start. Without such standards, he says, every company will develop its own way of translating the rules of the road, devised for humans, into a code that can be followed by machines.（735wds）‎ 第一部分、课文小助手 一：生词和词块释义 hands-on/'hænd.zɒn/ a.亲身实践的 liken/'laɪ.kən/ v. 把…比作 efficacy/'ef.ɪ.kə.si/n.功效，效能 analogy/ə'næl.ə.dʒi/ n.类似；类比 fleet/fli:t/ n.车队 aviation/eɪ.vi'eɪ.ʃən/ n.航空（学）‎ whereas/weə'ræz/ conj. 但是，然而 二：话题概要 大意：自动驾驶汽车的道路规则 ‎fatal/'feɪ.təl/ adj.致命的 devise/dɪ'vaɪz/v.设计；发明 around the corner 即将来临 rather than 而不是 as yet 到现在；迄今（常用于否定句中）‎ plunge (sb/sth) into sth 陷入；投入 after all 毕竟；终究 Para. 1 引出话题：随着自动驾驶车辆的来临，需要制定行驶规则。‎ Para. 2-Para. 4 有关确保自动驾驶车辆安全做法的讨论：当前的目标是确保自动驾驶车辆在不抑制创新的 情况下是安全的。 在美国，在许多州的道路上允许试验自动驾驶车辆，只要这些运营公司接受法律责任。‎ 奥罗拉的 Chris Urmson 说，美国监管机构已经有了正确的做法，与自动汽车公司紧密合作，发布指导方 针，而不是发布严格的规则，这些规则可能会使整个行业陷入瘫痪。 他说：“重要的是，在我们真正有了 监管的事情之前，我们不能跳过监管。”新加坡政府采取了最直接的方法来为自动驾驶车辆做准备。 例如， 它引入了一个 AVS 在上路前必须通过的“驾驶测试”。 这并不保证安全，但是设定了最低的标准。在其他 地方，监管机构允许在公共道路上进行有限的测试，希望看到更多的证据表明，车辆在行驶之前是安全的。 Para. 5-Para. 7 制定可行的道路规则：最终，它将意味着正式认证的车辆能够完全自主地运行，因此可以 出售。 但 Levenstam 先生 表示，最初的批准很可能会被授予特定的机器人出租车车队，而不是特定车辆 的供应商，因为车队运营商将密切监测所有车辆，以确保和维护安全。阿萨米又用航空来做另一个类比。 “黑匣子” 数据记录仪和仔细的测试使得航空运输能够发展，尽管发生了坠毁事故，因为乘客知道安全是被 认真对待的。Iagnemma 先生提出了一套规则，规定在美国的汽车安全监管机构 NHTSA 维护的 6m-entry 事故数据库中，汽车应该如何应对所有 37 个场景，并希望看到这些规则作为一个开放的行业标准。 这将 帮助汽车制造商在他们的软件中做出隐含的道德选择，同时为其他领域的创新留出空间。 Iagnemma 认为 这是一个良好的开端。‎ 一、长难句翻译（见文章划线处） 二、词块填空 ‎第二部分、同步练习 ‎1. My friend's wedding isn't months away as I'd thought; it's _!‎ ‎2. She likes to keep things throw them away.‎ ‎3. Don't get discouraged by setbacks; we are new to the work .‎ ‎4. Two months before his exams, he suddenly his studies.‎ ‎5. We have received no answer from him .‎ 答案 一、长难句翻译 ‎1. 奥罗拉的 Chris Urmson 说，美国监管机构已经有了正确的做法，与自动汽车公司紧密合作，发布指导 方针，而不是发布严格的规则，这些规则可能会使整个行业陷入瘫痪。‎ ‎2. 首先，你在实验室里展示了它可能会做的工作；然后你进行临床试验，你仔细测试它的安全性和疗效。 如果他们成功了，你会要求获得监管部门的批准，让这种药得到普遍使用。‎ ‎3. 但 Levenstam 先生 表示，最初的批准很可能会被授予特定的机器人出租车车队，而不是特定车辆的供 应商，因为车队运营商将密切监测所有车辆，以确保和维护安全。‎ ‎4. “黑匣子” 数据记录仪和仔细的测试使得航空运输能够发展，尽管发生了坠毁事故，因为乘客知道安全是 被认真对待的。‎ ‎5. 他提出了一套规则，规定在美国的汽车安全监管机构 NHTSA 维护的 6m-entry 事故数据库中，汽车应 该如何应对所有 37 个场景，并希望看到这些规则作为一个开放的行业标准。‎ 二、词块填空 ‎1. around the corner 2. rather than 3. after all 4. plunged into 5. as yet ‎9 Epic fail[M]‎ 脸书劫数 The Economist 2019-03-24‎ The social-media giant faces a reputational crisis. Here is how it and the industry should respond ‎1 Last year the idea took hold that Mark Zuckerberg might run for president in 2020 and seek to lead the world’s most powerful country. Today, Facebook’s founder is fighting to show that he is capable of leading the world’s eighth-biggest listed company or that any of its 2.1bn users should trust it.‎ ‎2 News that Cambridge Analytica (CA), a firm linked to President Donald Trump’s 2019 campaign, got data on 50m Facebook users in dubious(可疑的), possibly illegal, ways has lit a firestorm. Mr Zuckerberg took five days to reply and, when he did, he conceded(承认) that Facebook had let its users down in the past but seemed not to have grasped that its business faces a wider crisis of confidence. After months of talk about propaganda(宣传) and fake(假的) news, politicians in Europe and, increasingly, America see Facebook as out of control and in denial. Congress wants him to testify(作证). Expect a roasting(非难).‎ ‎3 Since the news, spooked(惊恐的) investors have wiped 9% off Facebook’s shares. Consumers are belatedly (迟来地)waking up to the dangers of handing over data to tech giants that are run like black boxes. Already, according to the Pew Research Centre, a think-tank, a majority of Americans say they distrust social-media firms. Mr Zuckerberg and his industry need to change, fast.‎ ‎4 Facebook’s business relies on three elements: keeping users glued to their screens, collecting data about their behaviour and convincing advertisers to pay billions of dollars to reach them with targeted ads. The firm has an incentive to promote material that grabs attention and to sell ads to anyone. Its culture melds(融合) a ruthless(无情的) pursuit of profit with a Panglossian(过分乐观的) and narcissistic(自恋的) belief in its own virtue. Mr Zuckerberg controls the firm’s voting rights. Clearly,‎ he gets too little criticism.‎ ‎5 In the latest fiasco(惨败), it emerged that in 2019 an academic in Britain built a questionnaire app for Facebook users, which 270,000 people answered. They in turn had 50m Facebook friends. Data on all these people then ended up with CA. Facebook says that it could not happen again and that the academic and CA broke its rules; both deny doing anything wrong. Regulators in Europe and America are investigating. Facebook knew of the problem in 2019, but it did not alert individual users.‎ ‎(1) Although nobod y kno ws how much C A ben efi ted Mr Trump ’s camp aign, the fuss ( 大惊小怪) h a s ‎ ‎ been ampl ified(变大 ) b y the left ’s di sbeli ef that he could have won the elect ion fairl y. ‎ ‎6 But that does not give Facebook a defence. The episode( 事件) fits an established pattern of sloppiness(草率) towards privacy, tolerance of inaccuracy and reluctance to admit mistakes. In early ‎2019 Mr Zuckerberg dismissed the idea that fake news had influenced the election as “pretty crazy”.(2)‎ ‎ In S eptemb er F acebook s aid Kreml in -li nked firms had spent a mere $100,00 0 to bu y 3,000 adverts( 广 ‎ ‎ 告 ) on it s platform, fail ing at first to mention that 150m users had see n free post s b y R ussi an ‎ ‎ operati ves( 特工 ). It has also repeatedly misled advertisers about its user statistics.‎ ‎7 Facebook is not about to be banned or put out of business, but the chances of a regulatory backlash(强烈反弹) are growing. Europe is inflicting(遭受) punishment by a thousand cuts, from digital taxes to antitrust cases. And distrustful users are switching off. The American customer base of Facebook’s core social network has stagnated(停滞不前) since June 2019. Its share of America’s digital advertising market is forecast to dip this year for the first time. (3)The network effect that made ‎ Fac ebook eve r more att ra cti ve to new members as it grew could work in rev erse if it starts to shrink. Facebook is worth $493bn, but only has $14bn of physical assets. Its value is intangible(无形的)— and, potentially, ephemeral(转瞬即逝的).‎ ‎8 If Mr Zuckerberg wants to do right by the public and his firm, he must rebuild trust. (4)So far he has ‎ promised to audit ( 审查) some apps, restrict devel opers ’ acc ess to data sti ll further, and help people ‎ ‎ control which apps hav e acc ess t o their data. ‎ ‎9 That doesn’t go nearly far enough. Facebook needs a full, independent examination of its approach to content, privacy and data, including its role in the 2019 election and the Brexit referendum(退欧 公投). This should be made public. Each year Facebook should publish a report on its conduct that sets out everything from the prevalence (流行)of fake news to privacy breaches(侵犯).‎ ‎10 Next, Facebook and other tech firms need to open up to outsiders, safely and methodically. They should create an industry ombudsman(监察机构)—call it the Data Rights Board. (5)Part of its job ‎ would be to s et and en f orce the rules b y which ac credit ed( 经认证的 ) inde pendent r esea rche rs look ‎ ‎ insi de platforms without threatenin g users ’ privac y. Software is being developed with this in mind. The likes of Facebook raise big questions. How does micro-targeting skew(影响) political campaigns?‎ What biases infect facial-recognition algorithms? Better they be answered with evidence instead of outrage(怒火).‎ 第一部分、课文小助手 一：生词和词块释义 giant/'dʒaɪ.ənt/ n.巨头，大公司 incentive/ɪn'sen.tɪv/ n.激励；鼓励 emerge/ɪ'mɜ:dʒ/ v.为人知晓，显露 alert/ə'lɜ:t/ 使警觉，提醒 ‎ antitrust/æn.ti'trʌst/ adj. 反垄断的 asset/'æs.et/ n.资产；财产 ‎enforce/ɪn'fɔ:s/ v.实行，执行 run for 竞选 wake up to 清醒地认识到 hand over 移交 in turn 依次，轮流 in reverse 向相反方向；倒；逆 二：话题概要 大意：脸书劫数 Para. 1-Para. 2 Facebook 泄露用户信息，爆发信任危机：去年，人们已经普遍认为马克·扎克伯格可能会在 ‎2020 年竞选总统，争取领导世界上最强大的国家。而现在，这位 Facebook 的创始人需要竭力证明自己有 能力领导全球第八大上市公司，或者这家公司应该被它的 21 亿用户信任。据报道，剑桥分析（Cambridge Analytica）这家与特朗普 2019 年竞选活动有关联的公司以可疑且可能是非法的方式获得了 5000 万 Facebook 用户的数据。消息爆出后激起轩然大波。扎克伯格在五天后才做出回应，他承认 Facebook 过去 曾让用户失望，但他似乎没有意识到这家社交媒体的业务面临更广泛的信任危机。经过几个月有关政治造 势和假新闻的讨论，欧洲的政客以及越来越多的美国政客都认为 Facebook 已经失控且还否认事实。国会希 望扎克伯格作证。一场严苛的盘问为时不远了。‎ Para. 3-Para. 7 泄露数据产生的严重后果：消息传出后，投资者惊恐不已，Facebook 的股价已经蒸发掉 9%。 后知后觉的消费者终于意识到，把数据交给如黑箱般运作的科技巨头危险重重。它的文化中融合了对利润 的无情追求和对自身美德的过分乐观与自恋。扎克伯格控制着公司的投票权。显然，他受到的批评太少了。 欧洲和美国的监管机构正在调查。Facebook 在 2019 年就知道了这个问题，但并没有提醒个人用户。虽然 没人知道剑桥分析到底帮了特朗普竞选活动多大的忙，但左翼人士怀疑他并非公平胜出，这就使得问题变 大了。但这并不能为 Facebook 提供无罪辩护。此次事件符合它的一套固有模式：对隐私的草率、对不准确 的容忍、不愿承认错误。Facebook 尚不会被禁止或关闭，但监管部门强烈反弹的可能性在加大。从数字税 到反垄断案件，欧洲正在对它“千刀万剐”。心存疑虑的用户已开始弃之不用。‎ Para. 8-Para. 10 Facebook 需采取措施，重建信任：如果扎克伯格想做对公众和自己的公司正确的事，他 必须重建信任。他已经承诺审查一些应用，进一步限制开发者访问数据，并帮助人们控制哪些应用可以访 问他们的数据。但这还远远不够。Facebook 需要对其处理内容、隐私和数据的方式展开全面、独立的审查， 包括它在 2019 年大选和英国退欧公投中所起的作用。这应该被公之于众。每年 Facebook 都应该发布一份 报告，陈述公司在各类事件中的行为表现，从假新闻流行到隐私侵犯等。然后，Facebook 和其他科技公司 需要安全而讲求方法地向外界开放。它们应该设立一个行业监察机构——我们可以称之为数据权利委员会。 它的一部分工作是制定并执行规则，确保经认证的独立研究人员在调研这些平台时不威胁到用户的隐私。‎ 第二部分、同步练习 一、长难句翻译（见文章划线处） 二、词块填空 ‎1. Each man _got up and spoke.‎ ‎2. Burns wants to governor at the next election.‎ ‎3. People should the fact that people with disabilities have got a vote as well.‎ ‎4. US video recorders cannot play European tapes, and the same applies _.‎ ‎5. The present leaders have to decide whether to stand down and to a younger generation.‎ 答案 一、1. 虽然没人知道剑桥分析到底帮了特朗普竞选活动多大的忙，但左翼人士怀疑他并非公平胜出，这就 使得问题变大了。‎ ‎2. 9 月，Facebook 表示，与克里姆林宫有关联的公司只花了 10 万美元在其平台上购买了 3000 条广告，但 没有第一时间说明有 1.5 亿用户看过俄罗斯特工发布的免费帖子。‎ ‎3. 一旦它开始萎缩，在它扩张时令它对新用户的吸引力不断加大的网络效应就开始反向作用。‎ ‎4. 他已经承诺审查一些应用，进一步限制开发者访问数据，并帮助人们控制哪些应用可以访问他们的数据。‎ ‎5. 它的一部分工作是制定并执行规则，确保经认证的独立研究人员在调研这些平台时不威胁到用户的隐私。‎ 二、1. in turn 2. run for 3. wake up to 4. in reverse 5. hand over ‎10 Can Reading Help My Brain Grow and Prevent Dementia? [M]‎ 阅读有助于大脑发育，预防痴呆吗？‎ 来源：Psychology Today Apr 11, 2019‎ By Alan Castel Ph.D.‎ New research suggests that reading makes us sharper and also socially-aware.‎ ‎1 When we read, we use many parts of our brain. We use vivid imagery as well as memory to follow a plot, or main idea. Reading can be like mental gymnastics for the brain. (1)Recent research supports ‎ the n otion that reading i nfluences our thou ght pr ocesses and is a ve r y p ot en t form of brain traini n g. Professor Keith Oatley, an expert in the field of reading, compared reading to being in a flight simulator (飞行模拟器): “You experience a lot of situations in a short span of time, far more so than if we went about our lives waiting for those experiences to actually happen to us.” While reading may often be thought of as a solitary activity, reading may, in fact, make us more socially aware. (2) Dr. Oatl e y su ggests that readings good books ar e much like life sim ulators in that the y all ow us to ‎ ‎ im agine ourselves in som eone else ’s posi ti on, to ta ke other people ’s pe rspec ti ves and fi gu re out wh y ‎ ‎ certain ch ara cters in boo ks behave the w a y the y d o, and to consi der what w ould happen if we did the ‎ ‎ same in our own world. In a way, reading leads to practicing what we encounter in the world, but it is all in our brain, which can be a good challenge for brain health.‎ ‎2 (3)Some studies have linked how much people read with their ability to understand empathy, the ‎ abil it y to int erp ret the mental states, feeli n gs, an d emot ions of others wh en shown photo gr aphs o f ‎ ‎ faces in diff erent emot ional states. These studies found that those who read more are better at interpreting social cues in their environment and, ultimately, better at understanding others. (4)While ‎ we mi ght thi nk of people who are bookworms as so me sort of negati ve s te re otype (a sociall y-isol ated ‎ ‎ lon er wearin g glasses, sit ti ng in the corner r eadin g while others are pla yin g), readin g as brain traini n g ‎ ‎ mi ght actuall y le ad to bett er emot ional pro c essi ng of sit uati ons. This can be beneficial for children, teenagers, and as we enter older age. Thus, a lifetime of reading can have benefits in terms of social-intelligence (社交智力)—something that can often get better with age.‎ ‎3 Billionaire Warren Buffett estimates that he spends as much as 80% of his day reading. Lifelong reading, especially in older age, may be one of the secrets to preserving mental ability (心智能力).‎ Some research supports this idea that reading can help improve memory. In one study, researchers ‎ tested almost 300 older adults’ memory and thinking ability every year for 6 years, and the participants answered questionnaires about their reading and writing habits, from childhood to their current age. After the participants’ deaths (at an average age of 89), the researchers examined their brains for evidence of the physical signs of dementia (痴呆), which typically include lesions (器官 功能减弱), plaques (斑块), and neural tangles (神经缠结), the brain abnormalities often associated with memory lapses (记忆失误). Those people who reported that they read were protected against brain lesions and tangles and self-reported memory decline over the 6-year study. In addition,‎ remaining an avid reader into old age reduced memory decline by more than 30%, compared to engaging in other forms of mental activity. Those who read the most had the fewest physical signs of dementia (of course, it could be for this reason that they kept reading later in life).‎ ‎4 Books can be both enjoyable and powerful learning devices, especially for children. Reading is a form of brain training that begins early in life. Growing up in a household that has books can lead to big benefits. One large-scale study conducted over 20 years found that people who grow up in a house that has books are more likely to achieve higher education, something that is related to higher income and better cognitive function later in life. This study found that regardless of income or education level, parents who have more books in the home will have children with higher levels of education, relative to parents who have fewer books in the home. (5) In fa ct, chil dren growing up in homes with ‎ ‎ man y books ave ra ge 3 ye ars more schooli ng than t hat of chil dr en from book less homes, in d ep en d en t ‎ ‎ of their parents ’ educati on, occupati on, and class. Also, while having a large collection of books at home was associated with children achieving more education, even having a small collection of books made a difference. I certainly remember some cherished book from my childhood that I have now rediscovered and read to my own children. The point is not simply to have many books but to read them, and having access to books leads to reading. Given the widespread access to video-games and screen-time, and fewer actual bookstores, reading may appeal less to children as they get older, but there are big cognitive benefits to reading and getting lost in a book. It seems hard to believe, but reading may be a great way to prevent Alzheimer’s disease (老年痴呆症), and perhaps reading to your younger children or grandchildren may give them vital brain health. Thus, starting at an early age, exposure to books and reading can lead to good things for your brain later in life. （865wds） 第一部分、课文小助手 一、生词和词块释义 imagery /ˈɪmɪdʒərɪ/ n. 意象 notion /ˈnəʊʃən/ n. 观念 potent /ˈpəʊtənt/ adj. 有强效的 solitary /ˈsɒlɪtərɪ/ adj. 独自的 encounter /ɪnˈkaʊntə(r)/ vt. 偶然碰到 empathy /ˈempəèɪ/ [U]同感 cue /kjuː/ n. 暗示 stereotype /ˈsterɪəʊtaɪp/ n. 模式化观念(或形象)‎ loner /ˈləʊnə(r)/ n. 不合群的人 avid /ˈævɪd/ adj. 热衷的 cherish /ˈtʃerɪʃ/ vt. 珍爱 go about 忙于 in that 因为 regardless of 不管 relative to 相对于 independent of 独立于…之外的 二、话题概要 大意： 新研究表明，阅读使我们反应灵敏并精于社交。‎ Para. 1 我们阅读时动用了大脑的诸多部位，比如动用生动的意象和记忆来跟踪情节和主旨大意。阅读就好 比大脑做体操。最近的研究认为，阅读影响我们的思维过程，是一种有效的训练大脑的方式。阅读领域专 家 Keith Oatley 教授把阅读比作身处一架飞行模拟器内：“在很短一段时间里，你会体验很多情境，而如果 我们忙于生活只想等待这些经历自然而然发生，那么我们对这些情境的经历将会少之又少。”尽管人们往往 认为阅读是一种需要安静的活动，但事实上，阅读却使我们更善于社交。Oatley 博士认为，阅读好书就好 比登上了人生模拟器，因为我们可以想象身处别人的处境、从别人的视角看问题、搞清楚书中人物为何那 么做以及思考如果我们在现实中做了书中人物做的事情，结局会怎样。在某种程度上，阅读引导我们练习 应对现实世界中我们可能的遭遇，而这一切都在我们的大脑里，这对脑部健康着实是不错的挑战。‎ Para. 2 部分研究也把人们的阅读量和感同身受的能力联系起来，所谓感同身受就是看到显示不同情绪的 脸的照片时，能够很好地理解他人的心理状态、感受和情绪。研究发现，阅读量大的人更擅长解读周遭环 境中的社交提示，因此也更善于读懂他人。虽然我们可能认为书呆那类人是某种负面的形象（一个不合群 的孤家寡人，戴着眼镜，独自坐在角落读书，而其他人自顾玩耍），但阅读作为对大脑的训练活动，事实上 也许有助于我们更好地把握情境的情感。这于儿童和青少年，尤其是年岁渐长的我们不无裨益。因此，终 生阅读在社交智力方面是有益处的，而我们的社交智力往往随着年龄的增长日趋健全。‎ Para. 3 亿万富翁沃伦·巴菲特说，他每天 80%的时间都花在阅读上。终生阅读，尤其是进入老年后，也许 正是保持心智能力的秘诀之一。一些研究认同这一观点，认为阅读有助于提高记忆。在一个研究中，研究 者们连续 6 年每年一次对近 300 名老年人测试其记忆和思维能力。受测人就他们从童年到老年的阅读和写 作习惯回答相关问卷。受测人去世后（平均年龄 89 岁），研究者们检查他们的大脑寻找痴呆的物理症状， 这些物理症状一般包括器官功能减弱、斑块、神经缠结和往往与记忆失误有关的大脑畸形。在为期 6 年的 研究中，那些报告阅读的人没有发现大脑功能减弱、神经缠结和记忆力下降。此外，酷爱阅读坚持到老与 参与其他脑力活动相比，使记忆下降放缓的幅度高达 30%多。那些阅读量最大的人痴呆的物理症状也最少 ‎（当然，也可能正是因为这一原因，他们才坚持阅读到老）。‎ Para. 4 书籍既是令人快乐的也是强大的学习工具，尤其对孩子而言。阅读是生命早期就开始的一种脑力训 练形式。在充满书香的家庭长大也是益处多多的。一个跨越 20 多年的大型研究发现，家有藏书的孩子更 可能接受高等教育，而高等教育往往与以后高收入和高认知能力相关。该研究发现，撇开收入和教育水平， 家里藏书多的父母，相对于家里藏书少的父母而言，其孩子接受的教育水平会更高。事实上，不考虑父母 的教育、职业和阶级，出生在藏书多的家庭的孩子，其受教育时间会比那些出生在藏书少的家庭的孩子平 均多 3 年。而且，虽然家里藏书多与孩子接受更多的教育有关，但即使藏书不那么多，对孩子的教育也有 影响。我仍然记得某本孩提时代极为珍视的书，现在我又把它拿出来读给我的孩子听。关键不是藏书有多 少，而是要读给孩子听，接触到书，从而拿起书来读。鉴于视频游戏和屏幕时间越来越多，实体书店越来 越少，随着孩子年龄的增长，阅读对孩子的吸引力似乎日渐式微，但是，沉迷在一本书中阅读却会带来极 大的认知效益。也许这令人难以置信，但阅读可能是预防老年痴呆症的一个极好的方法。因此，早些接触 书、徜徉在书中会给你以后的大脑带来种种益处。‎ 一、长难句翻译(见文章划线处)‎ 二、词块填空 ‎第二部分、同步练习 ‎1. Despite volcano eruptions on top of the mountain, the villagers living nearby their lives as usual.‎ ‎2. Can you mark the position of the sun the earth in the map?‎ ‎3. He went ahead and did it, the consequences.‎ ‎4. She was fortunate she had friends to help her.‎ ‎5. It was important to me to be financially my parents.‎ 答案:‎ 一、‎ ‎1. 最近的研究认为，阅读影响我们的思维过程，是一种有效的训练大脑的方式。‎ ‎2. Oatley 博士认为，阅读好书就好比登上了人生模拟器，因为我们可以想象身处别人的处境、从别人的视 角看问题、搞清楚书中人物为何那么做以及思考如果我们在现实中做了书中人物做的事情，结局会怎样。‎ ‎3. 部分研究也把人们的阅读量和感同身受的能力联系起来，所谓感同身受就是看到显示不同情绪的脸的照 片时，能够很好地理解他人的心理状态、感受和情绪。‎ ‎4. 虽然我们可能认为书呆那类人是某种负面的形象（一个不合群的孤家寡人，戴着眼镜，独自坐在角落读 书，而其他人自顾玩耍），但阅读作为对大脑的训练活动，事实上也许有助于我们更好地把握情境的情感。‎ ‎5. 事实上，不考虑父母的教育、职业和阶级，出生在藏书多的家庭的孩子，其受教育时间会比那些出生在 藏书少的家庭的孩子平均多 3 年。‎ 二、1. went about 2. relative to 3. regardless of 4. in that 5. independent of