高考英语不定式现在分词和过去分词作宾补的区别

高考英语不定式现在分词和过去分词作宾补的区别

高考英语不定式、现在分词和过去分词作宾补的区别 当宾语与作宾补的动词在逻辑上是主动关系时，用不定式(未来或全过程)或现在分词(正在进行或一直处于某种状态)；当宾语与作宾补的动词在逻辑上是被动关系时，用过去分词。现根据不同动词的不同用法分述如下，请在下列各例句中仔细体会不定式、现在分词或过去分词作补足语的区别。‎ ‎■通常用带to的不定式作宾补的动词 这类动词很多，常见的有：ask, invite, tell, want, encourage, wish, expect, beg, request, require, advise, ‎ order, force, cause, allow, permit, forbid, warn, remind, teach, send, call on, wait for, would like / love / prefer等表示劝请、要求类动词后，用带to的不定式作宾补。如：‎ ‎1. My advisor encouraged ________ a summer course to improve my writing skills. (北京卷) ‎ A. for me taking B. me taking ‎ C. for me to take D. me to take ‎ ‎【分析】答案选D。encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事。‎ ‎2. The teacher asked us ________ so much noise. (北京卷)‎ A. don’t make B. not make C. not making D. not to make ‎【分析】答案选D。即ask sb. not to do sth. 叫某人不要做某事。‎ ‎3. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ________. (全国卷)‎ A. not to  B. not to do ‎ C. not do it  D. do not do ‎【分析】答案选A。tell sb. (not) to do sth. ,排除C和D；当不定式的动词是前面己出现过的相同的动词时，为避免重复，通常省略to后的内容，只保留to。‎ ‎4. The patient was warned ________ oily food after the operation. (全国卷)‎ A. to eat not  B. eating not ‎ C. not to eat  D. not eating ‎【分析】答案选C。本句是warn sb. not to do sth. (警告某人不做某事)的被动式。‎ 注：①在help后作宾补的不定式带不带to均可；②在hope, suggest, agree, decide, demand等后不可接sb. to do sth. ③want, wish等后接to be done作宾补时，to be可省略，直接过去分词作宾补。如：‎ When do you wish it (to be) finished? 你要什么时候完成？‎ ‎■在使役动词后作宾补的不定式不带to 在使役动词make, let, have后，一般用不带to的不定式作宾补，但在其被动式后作主语补足语时，要加上to。如：‎ ‎1. Though he had often made his little sister ________, today he was made ________ by his little sister. ‎ A. cry, to cry B. crying, crying C. cry, cry D. to cry, cry ‎【分析】答案选A。在make sb. 后作宾补的不定式不带to，但在被动式中加to。‎ ‎2. Paul doesn’t have to be made ________. He always works hard. (全国卷)‎ A. learn B. to learn ‎ C. learned D. learning ‎【分析】答案选B。be made后作主补的不定式要加to。‎ ‎■在感官动词后作宾补的非谓语动词形式 感官动词feel, listen to, hear, see, look at, watch, notice等后面的宾语与作宾补的非谓语动词在逻辑上是主动关系时，用不带to的(在被动式后作主补时要加to)不定式(全过程)或者现在分词作宾补(正在发生)，是被动关系是时，用过去分词作宾补。如：‎ ‎1. They knew her very well. They had seen her ________ up from childhood. (全国卷)‎ A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow ‎【分析】答案选A。作宾补不能用谓语动词，排除B和C；感观动词see后要用不带to的不定式作宾补，表示整个过程，排除D。‎ ‎2. The missing boy were last seen ________ near the river. (全国卷)‎ A. playing  B. to be playing ‎ C. play D. to play ‎【分析】答案选A。指片断，看到时，他正在河边玩，而不是玩的整个过程。句意为：人们最后一次看到那个失踪的男孩的时候，他在河边玩。‎ ‎3. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ________ the next year. (全国卷)‎ A. carried out  B. carrying out ‎ C. carry out  D. to carry out ‎【分析】答案选A。句中that引导一个定语从句，它代表the plan并在从句中作see的宾语，宾语that(the plan)与宾补carry out是被动关系，因此，用过去分词作宾补，即see the plan carried out the next year. ‎ ‎■在介词with后作宾补的非谓语动词形式 在with的宾语后，若用过去分词，表示宾语与过去分词在逻辑上是被动关系，且意味着该动作已经完成或；若用现在分词，表示宾语与现在分词在逻辑上是主动关系，且表示动作的持续进行；若用带to的不定式，则表示将来的动作，宾语与不定式在逻辑上可以是主动关系也可以是被动关系，注意此时的不定式不是作宾补而是作宾语的定语了。如：‎ ‎1. The murderer was brought in, with his hands ________ behind his back. (全国卷)‎ A. being tied  B. having tied ‎ C. to be tied  D. tied ‎【分析】答案选D。his hand与tie是被动关系，且带进时应己捆绑好了，表示“被动、完成”用过去分词作宾补。‎ ‎2. With a lot of difficult problems ________, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. (上海春)‎ A. settled B. setting C. to settle D. being settled ‎【分析】答案选C。由语境可知，问题还没有解决，用不定式指将来的动作。‎ ‎3. Peter soon fell asleep with the light still burning. 彼得很快睡着了，灯仍然亮着。(burning表示持续进行)‎ ‎■其宾语后可用分词或不定式的4个动词 在leave, want, get, have等动词的宾语后面可接现在分词、过去分词或动词不定式。现分述如下：‎ ‎①leave…doing让…一直(主动、持续进行)；leave…to do让…去做(主动、将来)；leave…done(被动)。如： ‎ Don’t leave the water ________ while you brush your teeth. (天津卷)‎ A. run B. running ‎ C. being run  D. to run ‎【分析】答案选B。the water与run是主动关系，又表示持续进行，用现在分词作宾补。另外，请比较：leave the door firmly fastened让门紧闭着; leave her to do as she likes让她去做她喜欢做的事。‎ ‎②want sb. doing希望某人做某事(多用于否定)；want sb. to do要某人做某事；want sth. done=want sth. to be done(被动)。如：‎ I don’t want you arriving late. 我希望你不要迟到。(主动、否定句)‎ I want the letter (to be) opened now. 我现在就想把这封信拆开。(被动)‎ ‎③get sb. to do sth. 使某人做某事(主动、将来); get…doing使…处于某一状态中(主动、持续); get…done=have sth. done请人做 / 遭受(被动)。如：‎ I’ll try to get her ________ the doctor. (上海卷)‎ A. see B. seeing C. to see D. for seeing ‎【分析】答案选C。get sb. to do sth. 使某人做某事。请比较：get the children talking让孩子说起话来；get the computer repaired将电脑送去修理；get his wrist broken折断了手腕。‎ ‎④have sth. done=get sth. done请人做某事; have sb / sth. doing sth. 使某人 / 某物一直做某事或者处于某种状态；have sb. do sth. 使某人做某事(见使役动词)；have sth. to do有事要做(见非谓语动词作定语部分)。如：‎ ‎1. She had her audience listening attentively. 他使观众听得入神。‎ ‎2. He didn’t keep on asking me the time any longer as he had had his watch ________. (上海卷)‎ A. to repair  B. repaired ‎ C. repairing  D. repair ‎【分析】答案选B。his watch与repair是被动关系，用过去分词作宾补。‎ ‎■可用分词但不用to do作补语的5个动词 keep, find等后可用现在分词(主动)或过去分词(被动)作补语，一般不用to do。在catch(撞见), smell(闻到), start(使)等后通常只接现在分词作补语，不用不定式或过去分词。如：‎ ‎1. It was so cold that they kept the fire ________ all night. (全国卷)‎ A. to burn B. burnt C. burning D. burned ‎【分析】答案选C。keep…doing让…一直保持某种状态：让那盆火整夜燃着。 ‎ ‎2. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found ________ in the kitchen. (全国卷)‎ A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked ‎【分析】答案选B。find后一般不能用to do作补语。he与smoke是主动的，用ing形式作主语补语。‎ ‎3. He looked around and caught a man ________ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. (安徽卷)‎ A. put  B. to be putting C. to put  D. putting ‎【分析】答案选D。后通常只接现在分词作补语，catch sb. doing sth. 撞见某人在做某事。‎ ‎4. The salesman scolded the girl caught ________ and let her off. (全国卷)‎ A. to have stolen  B. to be stealing ‎ C. to steal  D. stealing ‎【分析】答案选D。caught stealing=who was caught stealing，本句相当于：The salesman caught the girl stealing. He scolded her and then let her off. ‎ ‎■可用to be或to have done作补语的9个动词 在表示“认为”的think, consider, believe, suppose, prove, find, understand, judge, imagine等动词后，可跟to be作补语(认为…是…)，一般不跟to do；但在think, consider, believe等之后可跟to have done作补语(认为…做了…)。如：‎ Charles Babage is generally considered ________ the first computer. (全国卷)‎ A. to have invented  B. inventing ‎ C. to invent  D. having invented ‎【分析】答案选A。本题是consider sb. to have done的被动式。‎ ‎■make oneself 后常用understood等过去分词作宾补 make oneself understood / heard / seen / known让别人明白自己的意思 / 让自己讲的话被别人听到 / 让自己被别人看到 / 让自己被别人认识。如：‎ ‎1. The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself ________. (全国卷)‎ A. hear  B. to hear ‎ C. hearing  D. heard ‎【分析】答案选D。make himself heard让他讲的话被别人听到。‎ ‎2. Helen had to shout ________ above the sound of the music. (广西卷)‎ A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard ‎【分析】答案选D。使自己讲的话被别有听到，用make oneself heard，排除A和B；作目的状语用不定式，排除C。‎ ‎■ 在be said / reported等后用不定式 在be said, be reported, be believed, be supposed, be thought等后面，以及要求接不定式。‎ ‎1. He was reported to have broken the world record. 据报道他打破了世界纪录.(=It is reported that he has broken the world record. )‎ ‎2. The flu is believed ________by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. (上海卷)‎ A. cause B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused ‎【分析】答案选C。be believed后要接动词不定式，排除A和B；又因为the flu与cause是被动关系，所以要用不定式的被动式.The flu is believed to be caused…=It is believed / People believe that the flu is caused…人们认为…‎ ‎3. Robert is said ________ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in. (全国卷)‎ A. to have studied B. to study ‎ C. to be studying  D. to have been studying ‎【分析】答案选A。由studied可知，他曾到国外留过学，“留学”这个动作已结束并发生在谓语动作 ‎(is said)之前，所以要用完成式。Robert is said to have studied abroad…=It is said that Robert studied ‎ abroad…据说……‎