高考生物考点重点难点疑点热点焦点归纳

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高考生物考点重点难点疑点热点焦点归纳

‎2013高考生物考点重点难点疑点热点焦点归纳 考点重点难点疑点热点焦点一:生命活动的物质基础和结构基础 一、各种元素相关知识归纳 化学元素能参与生物体物质的组成或能影响生物体的生命活动。‎ N就植物而言,N主要是以铵态氮(NH4+)和硝态氮(NO2-、NO3-)的形式被植物吸收的。N是叶绿素的成分,没有N植物就不能合成叶绿素。N是可重复利用元素,参与构成的重要物质有蛋白质、核酸、ATP、NADP+,缺N就会影响到植物生命活动的各个方面,如光合作用、呼吸作用等。N在土壤中都是以各种离子的形式存在的,如NH4+、NO2-、NO3-等。无机态的N在土壤中是不能贮存的,很容易被雨水冲走,所以N是土壤中最容易缺少的矿质元素。N是一种容易造成水域生态系统富营养化的一种化学元素;‎ P参与构成的物质有核酸、ATP、NADP+等,植物体内缺P,会影响到DNA的复制和RNA的转录,从而影响到植物的生长发育。P还参与植物光合作用和呼吸作用中的能量传递过程,因为ATP和ADP中都含有磷酸。P对生物的生命活动是必需的,但P也是容易造成水域生态系统富营养化的一种元素。在一般的淡水生态系统中,由于土壤施肥的原因,N的含量是相当丰富的,一旦大量的P进入水域,在适宜的温度条件下就会出现“水华”现象,故现在提倡使用无磷洗衣粉。‎ Fe2+是血红蛋白的成分;Fe在植物体内形成的化合物一般是稳定的、难溶于水的化合物,故Fe是一种不可以重复利用的矿质元素。Fe在植物体内的作用主要是作为某些酶的活化中心,如在合成叶绿素的过程中,有一种酶必须要用Fe离子作为它的活化中心,没有Fe就不能合成叶绿素而导致植物出现失绿症,但发病的部位与缺Mg是不同的,是嫩叶先失绿。I是甲状腺激素合成的原料;‎ Mg是叶绿素的构成成分;‎ B能促进花粉的萌发和花粉管的伸长,有利于受精作用;‎ Zn有助于人体细胞的分裂繁殖,促进生长发育、大脑发育和性成熟。对植物而言,Zn是某些酶的组成成分,也是酶的活化中心。如催化合成吲哚乙酸的酶中含有Zn,没有Zn就不能合成吲哚乙酸。所以缺Zn引起苹果、桃等植物的小叶症和丛叶症,叶子变小,节间缩短;‎ Na+是维持人体细胞外液的重要无机盐,缺乏时导致细胞外液渗透压下降,并出现血压下降,心率加快、四肢发冷甚至昏迷等症状;‎ K+在维持细胞内液渗透压上起决定性作用,还能维持心肌舒张,保持心肌正常的兴奋性,缺乏时心肌自动节律异常,导致心律失常;‎ Ca是骨骼的主要成分,Ca2+对肌细胞兴奋性有重要影响,血钙过高兴奋性降低导致肌无力,血钙过低兴奋性高导致抽搐,Ca2+还能参与血液凝固,血液中缺少Ca2+血液不能正常凝固。‎ 二、细胞亚显微结构中的相关知识点归纳 ‎1.动、植物细胞一般均有的细胞器是高尔基体、线粒体、核糖体、内质网等。‎ 高等动物细胞特有的细胞器是中心体。‎ ‎ 植物细胞特有的结构是细胞壁、液泡、叶绿体,特有的细胞器是液泡、叶绿体。‎ ‎ 动、植物细胞都有但功能不同的细胞器是高尔基体。‎ ‎ 低等植物细胞具有的细胞器是中心体,低等动物细胞具有的细胞器是液泡。‎ ‎ 能合成多糖的细胞器有叶绿体、高尔基体。‎ ‎2.具有膜结构的是细胞膜、线粒体、叶绿体、内质网、高尔基体、液泡、溶酶体等。具有双层膜结构的是核膜、线粒体、叶绿体;具有单层膜结构的是内质网、高尔基体、液泡。没有膜结构的是细胞壁、中心体、核糖体等。‎ ‎3.能产生水的细胞结构有线粒体(有氧呼吸的第三阶段)、核糖体(脱水缩合)、叶绿体(暗反应)、细胞质基质(无氧呼吸)、细胞核(DNA复制)。‎ ‎4.与蛋白质合成、加工和分泌有关的细胞器是核糖体(合成)、内质网(加工、运输)、高尔基体(加工、分泌)、线粒体(供能)。需说明的是,核糖体是合成蛋白质的装配机器,附着在内质网上的核糖体主要合成某些专供运输到细胞外面的分泌蛋白,如消化酶、抗体等;而游离于细胞质基质中的核糖体合成的蛋白质,主要供细胞内利用。内质网是蛋白质的运输通道,是蛋白质的合成车间。高尔基体本身没有合成蛋白质的功、能,但可以对蛋白质进行加工和转运。‎ ‎5.与主动运输有关的细胞器是线粒体(供能)、核糖体(合成载体蛋白)。‎ ‎ 6.与能量转换有关的细胞器(或产生ATP的细胞器)有叶绿体(光能转换:光能一电能一活跃的化学能一稳定的化学能)、线粒体(化能转换:稳定的化学能一活跃的化学能)。‎ ‎ 7.储藏细胞营养物质的细胞器是液泡。‎ ‎ 8.含有核酸的细胞器是线粒体、叶绿体、核糖体。‎ ‎ 9.能自我复制的细胞器(或有相对独立的遗传系统的半自主性细胞器)是线粒体、叶绿体、中心体。能发生碱基互补配对行为的细胞器有线粒体、叶绿体、核 糖体。‎ ‎ 10.参与细胞分裂的细胞器有核糖体(间期蛋白质合成)、中心体(由它发出的星射线构成纺锤体)、高尔基体(与植物细胞分裂时细胞壁的形成有关)、线粒体(供能)。‎ ‎ 11.含色素的细胞器有叶绿体(叶绿素和类胡萝卜素等)、有色体(类胡萝卜素等)、液泡(花青素等)。‎ 另外,在能量代谢水平高的细胞中,线粒体含量多,动物细胞中线粒体比植物细胞多。蛔虫和人体成熟的红细胞中(无细胞核)无线粒体,只进行无氧呼吸。‎ 需氧型细菌等原核生物体内虽然无线粒体,但细胞膜上存在着有氧呼吸链,也能进行有氧呼吸。‎ 蓝藻属原核生物,无叶绿体,有光合片层结构,也能进行光合作用。‎ 高等植物的根细胞无叶绿体和中心体。附着在粗面内质网上的核糖体所合成的蛋白质为分泌蛋白,如消化酶、抗体等。‎ ‎12.原核细胞:无核膜,无大型细胞器,有核糖体,一般为二分裂。由于无染色体,因此不出现染色体变异,遗传不遵循孟德尔遗传定律。‎ ‎ 13.光学显微镜下可见的结构形式有:细胞壁、细胞质、细胞核、核仁、染色体、叶绿体、线粒体、液泡。‎ 三、“蛋白质”知识小专题复习建议 蛋白质是生物体内一种重要的高分子化合物,是生命活动的承担者,有关蛋白质的知识也是高考命题的重要知识点。在高中课本中有许多章节都讲述了有关蛋白质的知识,复习时我们可将蛋白质列为一个小专题进行复习。冲刺阶段,除选做一些该小专题的练习题(如专题训练题)之外,还应该建立好专题的知识体系:‎ ‎1.教材中和蛋白质有关的知识点归纳: ‎ ‎2.自然界常见蛋白质的成分 ‎(1)大部分酶:酶是活细胞产生的一类具有生物催化作用的有机物,除少数的酶是RNA外,绝大多数的酶是蛋白质。‎ ‎(2)部分激素:如胰岛素、生长激素,其成分为蛋白质。‎ ‎(3)载体:位于细胞膜上,在物质运输过程中起作用,其成分为蛋白质。‎ ‎ (4)抗体:指机体受抗原刺激后产生的,并且能与该抗原发生特异性结合的具有免疫功能的球蛋白。主要分布于血清中,也分布于组织液等细胞外液中。‎ ‎ (5)抗毒素:属于抗体,成分为蛋白质。一般指用外毒素给动物注射后,在其血清中产生的能特异性中和外毒素毒性的成分。‎ ‎ (6)凝集素:属于抗体,成分为蛋白质。指用细菌给动物注射后,在其血清中产生的能使细菌发生特异性凝集的成分。另外,人体红细胞膜上存在不同的凝集原,血清中则含有相应种类的凝集素。‎ ‎ (7)部分抗原:引起机体产生抗体的物质叫抗原,某些抗原成分是蛋白质。如红细胞携带的凝集原、决定病毒抗原特异性的衣壳,其成分都是蛋白质。‎ ‎ (8)神经递质的受体:突触后膜上存在的一些特殊蛋白质,能与一定的递质发生特异性的结合,从而改变突触后膜对离子的通透性,激起突触后膜神经元产生神经冲动或发生抑制。‎ ‎ (9)朊病毒:近年来发现的,其成分为蛋白质,可导致疯牛病等。‎ ‎ (10)糖被:位于细胞膜的外表面,由蛋白质和多糖组成,有保护、润滑、识别等作用。‎ ‎ (11)单细胞蛋白:指通过发酵获得的大量微生物菌体。可用作饲料、食品添加剂、蛋白食品等。‎ ‎ (12)丙种球蛋白:属于被动免疫生物制品。‎ ‎ (13)细胞色素C:是动、植物细胞线粒体中普遍存在的一种呼吸色素,由一条大约含有110个氨基酸的多肽链组成。‎ ‎ (14)血浆中的纤维蛋白原和凝血酶原:均为蛋白质。在凝血酶原激活物的作用下,凝血酶原转变成凝血酶,在凝血酶的作用下纤维蛋白原转变成不溶性纤维蛋白,起到止血和凝血作用。‎ ‎ (15)血红蛋白:存在于红细胞中的含Fe2+的蛋白质。其特性是在氧浓度高的地方与氧结合,在氧浓度低的地方与氧分离。‎ ‎ (16)肌红蛋白:存在于肌细胞中,为肌细胞储存氧气的蛋白质。‎ ‎ (17)干扰素:由多种细胞产生的具有广泛的抗病毒、抗肿瘤和免疫调节作用的可溶性糖蛋白。正常情况下组织或血清中不含干扰素,只有在某些特定因素的作用下,才能使细胞产生干扰素。‎ ‎ (18)动物细胞间质:主要含有胶原蛋白等成分,在进行动物细胞培养时,用胰蛋白酶处理才能获得单个细胞。‎ ‎ (19)含蛋白质成分的实验材料:黄豆研磨液、豆浆、蛋清、蛋白胨、牛肉膏等。‎ ‎3.蛋白质的化学组成和结构 ‎(1)化学组成和结构可表示为下图。‎ ‎ ‎ 可联系的内容有:组成蛋白质的化学元素、基本单位;氨基酸的概念、种类、结构通式、缩合成肽的过程;必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸;氨基酸数和控制合成蛋白质的基因中碱基数的关系;镰刀型细胞贫血症的病症、病因;由肽链形成蛋白质的空间结构;有关蛋白质相对分子质量的计算。‎ ‎(2)结构特点——多样性。‎ ‎4.蛋白质的性质 ‎(1)两性。可联系的内容是:蛋白质分子结构中有游离的一NH2和一C00H。‎ ‎(2)盐析。可联系的内容是:蛋白质分子直径为10-7m~10-9m,具有胶体的性质;蛋白质的分离和提纯。 ‎ ‎(3)变性。可联系的内容是:高温消毒灭菌;重金属盐能使蛋白质凝结,使人中毒。‎ ‎(4)水解反应。可联系的内容是:人体内蛋白质的消化过程。‎ ‎(5)显色反应。可联系的内容是:蛋白质与双缩脲试剂发生作用,可产生紫色反应;一般有苯环存在的蛋白质分子与浓硝酸作用时产生黄色反应。‎ ‎(6)被灼烧时,产生烧焦羽毛般的气味。可联系的内容是:毛织品、真丝织品及羊角梳鉴定。 5.蛋白质的功能 ‎(1)构成细胞和生物体的重要物质。(2)‎ 调节细胞和生物体新陈代谢的重要物质。可联系的内容有:酶的化学本质——绝大多数的酶是蛋白质;酶的特性,酶受温度和pH的影响;胰岛素的产生及其主要生理作用;生长激素的产生及其主要生理作用。(3)其他作用。可联系的内容有:运载作用——载体;免疫作用——抗体;运输作用——血红蛋白;运动作用——肌肉蛋白。‎ ‎ 6.蛋白质的代谢 ‎ 蛋白质的代谢,可用下图表示。‎ ‎ ‎ 可联系的内容有:蛋白质的化学性消化过程及部位;氨基酸被吸收的方式、途径;蛋白质的中间代谢(在细胞内);蛋白质代谢与糖代谢、脂肪代谢之间的关系。‎ ‎7.蛋白质的应用 ‎ (1)生物学意义——没有蛋白质就没有生命。‎ ‎ (2)工业上有广泛的用途,可联系的内容有:动物的毛和蚕丝的成分都是蛋白质,它们是重要的纺织原料;动物的皮经过鞣制后,可加工成柔韧的皮革;白明胶是用骨和皮等熬煮而的,可用来制造照相感光片和感光纸;牛奶中的蛋白质一一酪素除做食品外,还能和甲醛合成酪素塑料;酶的主要成分是蛋白质,酶广泛应用于食品、纺织、医药、制革、试剂工业上。‎ ‎ 四、高中生物知识体系中的“水”‎ ‎ 1.水的存在 ‎ (1)细胞中的水 ‎ 水是活细胞含量最多的化合物,约占细胞鲜重的80%~90%,在干种子和休眠时的种子中含水量较少。水在细胞中以结合水和自由水两种形式存在,结合水在细胞中与某些大分子(如蛋白质)结合,自由水存在于多种细胞器(如线粒体、叶绿体、液泡等)和细胞质基质中。‎ ‎ 实际上结合水与自由水之间没有明确的界限。其中,自由水含量的多少决定细胞的代谢强度,细胞中(或生物体)‎ 的自由水含量越多,代谢越强,但抗性越弱;反之,则代谢减弱,但抗性增强。‎ ‎ (2)细胞外液中的水 ‎ 多细胞植物的细胞间隙、各种分泌物(如某些浆汁等)和多细胞动物的内环境、分泌物(如消化液、泪液等)、排泄物(如尿液、汗液等)都含有水。‎ ‎ (3)生态环境中的水 ‎ 大气、水体、土壤等非生物环境中都含有水。‎ ‎ 2.水的功能 ‎ 水是生命存在的先决条件,生命起源于具有水的海洋,没有水,则最基本的生命特征——新陈代谢及在其基础上的其他特征就会消失,生命就会终结。‎ ‎ (1)生物体内的水 ‎ ①结合水:细胞或生物体结构的组成成分。‎ ‎ ②自由水:‎ ‎ a.细胞内的良好溶剂,起运输代谢物质的作用 ‎ 生物细胞中的有机物、无机盐等都溶解在自由水中,动植物的许多分泌物、代谢废物都是随自由水而排出体外的。‎ ‎ b.新陈代谢的反应物 ‎ 有氧呼吸等许多生化反应需要水参与。正常生活的生物,其细胞中“自由水/结合水”的比值越大,新陈代谢越旺盛,反之则越弱。‎ ‎ c.维持细胞及生物体的固有形态 ‎ 由于细胞含有大量的水分,从而能维持细胞的紧张度。对植物而言可使枝叶挺立,便于接受阳光和叶面蒸腾,同时还可使花朵张开,利于传粉,成熟的植物细胞失水会发生质壁分离而收缩,吸水时会变得硬挺膨胀;对动物而言,细胞失水会发生皱缩,过度吸水会胀破。‎ ‎ d.调节生物的体温 ‎ 水具有很高的汽化热和比热容,又有较高的导热性,因此水在生物体内的不断流动、蒸发、叶面蒸腾等能够使热量顺利地散发,利于生物体体温的稳定和避免被炎热夏季的阳光灼伤。‎ ‎ e.水的其他功能 ‎ 水分子的极性强,能使溶解于其中的许多物质解离成离子,利于生化反应的进行;水还具有润滑作用。‎ ‎ (2)生态环境中的水——生态系统结构的组成成分 ‎ 水是生态系统结构的重要组成成分,它保障着生物的生活和生存,影响着某些植物的形态结构,决定着陆生生物的分布,如干旱沙漠地区只有少数耐旱生物生存。另外它还是某些生物进化的重要选择因素。‎ ‎ 2013高考英语单词联想记忆 一 adventure ;n.& vt.冒险;词中词 :venture 冒险;投机 risk; danger; adventurous adj.喜欢冒险的;充满危险的 airplane ;n. 飞机;联想: aircraft 飞行器;飞机; ‎ disappoint ;v. 失望;泄气;词中词appoint 指定;委派 argue ;vi. 争论;争吵; 近义debate discuss;‎ brave ;adj. 勇敢的; 近义bold ;fearless care about担心;关心care for 喜欢; ‎ cast vt.& vi. 投掷;投射;抛 (cast,cast) 联想;broadcast 广播 ‎ compass ;n. 罗盘;指南针;词中词 pass 通过;经过 ‎ deserted adj. 荒芜的;荒废的;为人所弃的; 联想:desert 沙漠; dessert甜点;drop sb a line给某人写信(通常指写短信)‎ e-pal; ;n. 网友;联想:pale苍白的; e-friend;‎ error ;n. 错误;差错;false adj. 错误的;fault n.错误false; incorrect不正确的 ‎ feeling ;n. 触觉;知觉;感觉;情绪; ‎ 近义emotion ;feel ;touch;‎ Fond; adj. 喜爱的;喜欢的; ( be) fond of喜欢;爱好 ‎ Fry; ;vt. & vi. 油煎;油炸 frying-pan; pot; try ‎ Gun;;n. 炮;枪;联想: run; fun; ‎ Hammer;n. 锤子;槌; 词中词ham 火腿;‎ 联想: gram; grammar ‎ Handsome; ;adj. 英俊的;美观的; 近义 beautiful; pretty; smart ‎ honest; adj. 诚实的;正直的; 近义loyal; ‎ 反义dishonest; ‎ hunt vt.& vi.& n. 打猎;猎取;搜寻 hunt for 搜寻;追寻;寻找look/ search for in order to 为了; 比较: so as to , ‎ lie ;n./v. 谎话;谎言;形近lie; pie; (lied;lied ); lay;lain 躺; ‎ loyal ;adj. 忠诚的;忠心的; 联想loyalty; ;n.忠诚 ;loyalist; 忠臣;‎ match; ;n. 火柴;比赛 ; 形近march 前进 ‎ mirror; ;n. 镜子; 形近 :error 错误; terror; 恐怖 ;‎ movie; ;n. 电影;film; move; 助记:我I在里边演动感move电影 movie; ‎ parachute ; n. 降落伞; ArA对称; 联想paragraph; separate; character ‎ rope; n. 绳;索 ; 形近; hope; telescope 望远镜; ‎ saw; ;n. 锯; see ‎ scared; ;n. 恐惧的;联想:scar; scarf 围巾; share; ;n./v. 分享;共有;分配;共享;份额; 词中词 hare 野兔 ‎ smart; ;adj. 聪明的;漂亮的;敏捷的; 词中词art; mart=market 市场 ‎ solution; ;n. 解答;解决办法;解决方案 solve; ;v. resolution n.决心; ‎ sorrow; n. 悲哀;悲痛; 联想:row (划船)n.行;排 sad ;arrow 箭 ‎ speech; vt.& vi. 演说;讲话;语音 联想:speak; pronunciation ;lecture ‎ such as 例如;like; for example; ‎ survive; ;vi.&vt 幸免于;幸存从……中生还;surprise;surface ;vive-万岁(法语) ‎ wise ; adj. 英明的;明智的;聪明的;‎ classical;古典的;联想:class;formal;informal;‎ 二 a great many 许许多多;极多(修饰可数名词);复习:a number of;many a;penty of;‎ bathroom ;n./v. 浴室;盥洗室;厕所 bathe;洗澡;‎ bring in; 引进;引来; bring together 带来;聚集 ;‎ broad; ;adj. 宽的;助记:“宽的路”;词中词road closet; ;n. 壁橱;储藏室; 词中词;close; set; ‎ come about;发生; 近义happen; occur; take place; ‎ commander; n. 司令官;指挥官 词中词command 指挥;控制; man ‎ Communicate; vi. 交际;沟通;传达 联想:communication; n. 交流;通讯;通信 compare vt. 比较 ;联想:contrast 对比 ;词中词pare 削皮;剥去;prepare; ‎ cookbook; n. 食谱;联想:notebook; exercise book; guidebook;指南; ‎ end up with 以……告终 ;复习 begin/start with 以……开始 ‎ equal adj. 相等的;胜任的; vt. 等于;比得上; 联想:equality平等 ;equation 方程式;等式unequal不等的; be equal to ;‎ except for; 除了……之外; 联想: besides;加上; in addition to ; apart from; ‎ exchange ;vt.& n. 交换;交流;兑换; ‎ 词中词change 变成;复习: communicate communication;‎ expression; n.短语;表情; 联想: impression;‎ fall; n秋天;瀑布;‎ 联想: rainfall ;autumn ;call ;hall ;tall ‎ global ; adj. 全球的;球形的; 联想: globe; n. 球; 地球仪 ‎ government; n. 政府;内阁; 联想:govern统治; 管理; rule ; ‎ howl; vi.& n. 谐音:嚎叫;怒吼;嚎哭 independent; adj. 独立自主的; 联想:depend; ‎ international; adj. 国际的;世界的;联想:nation; national ‎ landlady; n. 女房东;老板娘 land+ lady; ‎ majority; n. 多数;大半; 词中词 major 主要的 make oneself at home 别客气 ‎ movement; n. 运动;动作;运转;move;‎ native; adj./n 本国的;本地的 civil 国内的;local;当地的;本地人;本国人 ‎ organization; n.组织;机构;团体; 词中词:organize; opposite 在……对面 ‎ president; n. 总统;校长;行长;会长; 词中词resident 居民;居住者;reside居住 residence住宅 ‎ pronounce; ;vt. 发音;宣告;断言;‎ 复习noun 名词; pronunciation; pronoun; ‎ publish; v. 发表;出版;公布;词中词 pub 酒吧(店);联想: print ;come out;‎ repeat; n.vi重做;重复;复述重复;反复replace; vt. 取代;替换;代替; 联想:change ; take the place of;‎ service; n. 服务;服务性工作;联想:‎ serve; conservation 保护;维护 ‎ signal; ;n. 信号 ;联想:;design ;assign;‎ appoint ;sign 标志;迹象;签名 ‎ situation; n. 情形;境遇;(建筑物等的)位置;联想:situate v.位于;处于;坐落 southern; n. 南方的;南部的 northern;‎ south; ‎ Spanish; ;adj. n 西班牙语;西班牙人;‎ 西班牙(人、语)的 ‎ stand; ;n. 台;看台;摊,摊位;站;容忍; standard; understand ;stage ‎ statement; n. 陈述;声明;综述; 联想:state ‎ stay up; 不睡;熬夜;sit up;stay away from tidy; ;vt. 整理;收拾 tide 潮汐 clean tongue ;n. 舌头;语言;口语 ;language ‎ mother tongue; n. 母语 tongue twister total; ;adj. ./v. 总数;合计; 总共;altogether adv.总计;总数 ‎ in total; ; 联想:altogether; add up to ;in all; all in all;on the whole;‎ totally; adv. 完全地;整个地 ‎ tourism; ;n. 旅游;观光; 联想:tour;towel; ;n. 毛巾; scarf 围巾;纸巾 hankerchief; 手帕 ‎ trade; adj. 贸易;商业; business WTO. merchant; ‎ typhoon; ;n. 台风; 谐音: 联想:type 类型;种类;打字 ‎ adventurous; ;adj. 喜欢冒险的;充满危险的; 联想:adventure ;‎ 三 as well as 也;还;而且;以及 ‎ backpack ; ;n. 背包; 词中词:pack 包;back;联想backward落后的;向后forward 向前;‎ basic; adj./n 基本的;基本;要素 base 基础的 basis 基础basin ‎ board; vt. 上(船、飞机等) on broad;‎ broad 宽的; aboard 在船/飞机上 ‎ cellophane ;n. 手机; 联想:‎ mobile phone; automobile汽车 ‎ combine ;vt. & vi. (使)联合;(使)结合 ;联想:connect 联合;unit; join; ‎ consider ;vt. 考虑;照顾;认为; 词中词:side; ‎ contain ;vt. 包容;容纳; 复习:include ;tain 锡铂; tin 锡罐; ‎ destination ;n. 目的地 ;同义:purpose 目标;aim; goal ‎ eco-travel; ;n. 生态旅游; ecology 生态学; ecologist 生态学家 ‎ equipment; ;n. 装备;设备; 联想:equip v. 词中词: quip双关语; decorate装潢;装饰; ‎ excitement ;n. 刺激;兴奋;激动;‎ 联想:excite 使激动; thrill;刺激; ‎ experience; vt.& n. 体验;经历;经验 ; experiment; 试验; experienced adj. ‎ get away from 逃离; 同义: escape; flee(fled;fled) ‎ handle ;vt./n 操作;处理;柄;把手; 联想:control; operate ;conduct ;词中词:hand;‎ means ;n. 手段;方法 复习:way; ‎ method; approach; ‎ nature ;n. 自然;自然界;本性;联想: natural; 自然的;strait; feature特征;characteristic ‎ normal adj. 正常的;正规的;标准的 近义 formal;反义词:abnormal非正式的;正式的;informal非正式的; ‎ normal ;n. 正规;常态; 联想:regular; irregular; abnormal ‎ on the other hand 另一方面;比较;on the one hand; ‎ unit;单元; 联想:unity 统一;团结; unite paddle; vi.n.vt. 划桨;涉水; 用桨划词中词:pad 垫子;填料;联想: row 划船 ‎ particular; ;adj 特别的;特殊的; special;especial; 反义词: common;general;‎ ‎ poison ;n. 毒药;毒害; 联想:poisonous有毒的;有害的;恶毒的 protect sb / sth from 保护、保卫某人(某事物;)联想: defend; keep; prevent; stop...from阻止; ‎ responsibly adv. 负责地;联想: responsible; adj. respond 回答;反应 see sb off . (到火车站、飞机场等处)为某人送行 ;联想:bring sb. back;‎ separate; adj. 单独的;分开的; 词中词rate 比率;分开;隔离; Sep. 九月(缩写) ‎ similarity; .n 类似;类似处 ; 联想:‎ similar;相似的;difference ‎ simple ;adj. 简单的 ; 反义词:difficult; complex ‎ simply ;adv. 仅仅;只不过;简单地;完全;简直; 近义merely ‎ spider ;n. 蜘蛛;词中词: side; spider map蜘蛛图; ‎ stream ;vt.& vi. 溪;川;流;词中词:team;‎ 换一字cream 乳酪 scream 尖叫; ‎ task; ;n. 任务;作业; 联想:duty 值日;职责; ‎ tip; n.小费; 提示;贴士;建议;倒置pit 坑;沟通; 联想: dip; ‎ transportation; ;n. 运输;运送; 联想:transport; ;v unpack; ;vt.& vi 打开(包裹、行李等);卸货; 联想:pack 包裹;load 装载;unload 卸载 vacation ;n.  近义holiday 假日 ‎ watch out 注意;当心;  联想:look outadvance; ;vt.& vi./n. 前进;提前 distance; 距离;前进;提升; 近义march 前进;进步;progress;‎ 注意:指“进步”时advance是可数名词;progress是不可数名词。 ‎ 四 ‎ agent; n.代理(商),经纪人;词中词age 年纪;manager;travel agent 旅行社代理人;助记:上年纪的经纪人 ‎ article n. 文章;论文;冠词; 近义composition 作文 ;‎ boom; n./v. 隆隆声; 联想:bloom开花;room房间; broom扫把;拖把; ‎ Buddha; n.佛;佛像;佛陀;;谐音“布带”佛;‎ couch; n.(坐卧两用的)长沙发;‎ 联想: ouch 哎哟; sofa; 沙发 ‎ crack; vi. 发破裂声;劈啪地响;谐音boom; 形近:crash;坠毁;碰撞; track轨迹;踪迹;痕迹deadline n. 截止时间;最终期限;联想:headline 头版头条 ‎ destroy; vt. 摧毁;毁坏; 近义:‎ damage ;hurt ;harm; wound;ruin; ‎ disaster; n. 灾难;灾祸;联想: tragedy 悲剧; misfortune不幸; ‎ drag; vt. 拖;拖曳 rag 破布;烂衣服;‎ 联想:pull 拉; ‎ fear; vt.& vi./. 害怕;畏惧;恐惧 联想:to be afraid of;terror; fright; horror; shock; 反义fearless ;‎ fight vi. 搏斗;斗争;争吵; ‎ ‎(fought,fought); 加一字:fright恐惧;近义struggle;‎ finally; adv. 最后;终于; 联想: at last; in the end; eventually ‎ flow; vi.& n. 流动 ;倒置:wolf狼; 联想 low; 助记:水向低处流 ‎ fright n. 惊骇;吃惊 ; 减一字fight;‎ 复习:frighten; fight; fear; shock; ‎ get on one's feet; 站立起来; struggle to one's feet; ‎ go through; 通过;经受;仔细检查 ‎ 联想:look through ‎ host; vt.n 主办或主持某活动;主人; 联想: cost; lost; ghost;hot; 近义 master; owner;‎ king; n. 国王;联想: queen; emperor;national adj. 国家的;民族的;‎ 词中词 :nation; 联想:international ‎ naughty adj. 顽皮的;淘气的 ‎ note; n. 笔记;注释;纸币; notebook笔记本式电脑 ‎ on fire 失火;着火; catch fire ‎ on holiday 在度假;on vacation; ‎ opportunity n. 机会;时机;可能性; 近义 chance ‎ peanut; n. 花生;  词中词pea 豆; nut 坚果; ‎ pull sb up 把……往上曳;pull down; pull out; ‎ rescue; n. 援救;营救; 近义 :save assist; help;‎ roar; ;v. 轰鸣;咆哮;怒号 ; 联想:howl; ‎ board; n.木板;甲板; 联想: board;‎ scare; vi. 恐吓;使人恐惧;令人惊吓;受恐吓; 词中词care 关心; 联想:scared;scar ;t/vi 助记:死汽车 car让我留下伤疤scar;只好用围巾scarf遮挡; The careful man is scarcely scared by the scarce parcel.细心男子勉强被罕见的包裹吓了一下.‎ seize; ;v. 抓住;逮住;夺取; 联想:grasp; catch; size 尺寸 ‎ shake; ;vt. & vi. 震动;摇动;摇;颤抖;形近 联想:quake ;cake; brake 刹车;snake;蛇;bake 烘;烤wake 醒来; sake缘故;目的;baker;面包师;‎ silver ;n. 银;银子;联想:scene 场面;布景; ‎ stair ;n. (阶梯的)一级;楼梯;联想: up/down stairs; adv.上/下楼梯 ‎ strike ;vi./n 击打;打动; 罢工(struck, struck/stricken); 近义:hit; knock; beat ‎ struggle; ;v./n 努力;挣扎;奋斗;联想: contest; fight ;compete; ‎ swallow; ;n. /v. n燕子;咽;淹没;吞没;词中词 :wallow 沉迷;溺于;wall 墙;allow; ‎ take place 发生; 联想:happen occur ‎ temple; ;n. 庙;寺;神殿; 词中词 :temp 临时的; 形近temper 气质;脾气;bad-tempered;脾气坏的; ‎ toothbrush; ;n. 牙刷; 联想:brush 刷touch; ;v. & n. 触摸;(使)接触;感动; 联系;联想:touch ;contact ;connect;换一字: torch火炬; ‎ tower; ;n. 塔;城堡 ;联想: ‎ napkin; towel毛巾 ‎ unforgettable; ;adj. 难忘的; 联想:forget ‎ upon; prep. 在……之上;联想:above; over;‎ academy; n. 学院;AcA 对称 ;助记;我my的de AcA学院; ‎ accept; vt. 接受;认可; 形近access 接近 ; 近义receive ‎ 五 action ;n. 动作;情节;作用;举动 ‎ actor ;n. 男演员;行动者;参以者 ‎ actress; n. 女演员; 形近address 地址; hostess 女主人 ‎ adult ; ;n. 成人;成年人; 联想: teenager 青少年 ‎ award; ;n. 奖;奖品; 联想:toward ;reward;‎ boss ; n. 老板;上司; 助记:读了博士(boss)当老板; 联想:cross; loss损失; bring sb back 送回某人; 联想:see off;‎ career; n. 事业;生涯; 助记: 有车car的事业; 形近engineer; pioneer; ‎ choice; n. 选择;抉择;精选品; 联想;choose  ;v. ‎ classical; adj. 古典文学的;古典的 词中词;class ‎ Comment; n. & vi. 评论;注释;意见; 联想:opinion; advice; remark; ‎ creature ;n. 生物;动物; 近义:animal;‎ cruelty; ;n. 残忍;残酷; 联想:cruel; kind;‎ degree; n. 学位;度数;度;程度; 联想: agree 同意;grade;academy;n. 学院;‎ determine vi.&adj. 决定;决心 determined; decide; make up one's mind; ‎ director ;n. 导演;主任;理事;董事 direct 指导;导演;直接的;方向;联想:direction 方向 ‎ drama; n. 戏剧;戏剧艺术;AmA对称;联想:theatre 剧院; comedy ‎ follow-up adj. 后续的;  联想:grown-up; 成年人; adult ; ‎ go wrong 走错路,误入歧途;不对头;出毛病;go作系动词加形容词作表语; 联想: go mad 发疯; go bad 变坏;‎ happiness; n. 幸福;快乐;联想:happy; pleasure; fun; entertain; ‎ hero; ;n. 英雄;男主角;男主人公;助记:英雄男人O背后是她her; ‎ icy; adj. 寒冷的;冰冷的; 联想:icein all 总共;总之; 联想: at all; after all; above all; ‎ industry ;n. 工业;行业;产业; 词中词dust灰尘;助记:工业里边有灰尘dust ;反义 :agriculture农业;‎ law ;n. 法律;法学;规律;  联想lawyer律师; legal合法的 ‎ leader; n. 领导者; 联想:lead; ‎ live ;adv. 现场地;直播地; 联想: native 本族的;本地的; lively 活泼的 ‎ live; adj. 直播的;活的;生动的; 联想:lively;alive;‎ lock sb. up 将某人锁于某处不得进出;将某人监禁起来 反义 :set free;释放;‎ on the air ; 正在播出的; 联想: on the radio;broadcast; ‎ outer ;adj. 外部的;外面的; 联想:inner 内部的 ‎ owe ;vt. & vi. 欠(债等);感激;把…归功于;联想:own 拥有;所有;自己的 ‎ owe sth to sb. 把……归功于某人;owing to = thanks to 因为; 由于 ‎ peace ;n. 和平;和睦;安宁;反义: war 战争; 联想:"peace; war; found" 大声念以上三个词: 屁是我放的 ‎ primary ;adj 初等教育的;最早的;首要的 联想:prime 主要的;primary school;n. 小学 ; middle school中学 ‎ prize; ;n. 奖赏;奖金;奖品; 联想:award; price ‎ role; n. 角色 ;联想:part 角色;部分 ‎ run after 追赶; be after;seek;search; ‎ scene ;n. 场面;情景;布景;EnE对称;联想:view ;sight 场景;script n.剧本;手稿;手迹;联想:description 描述;描绘;形容;describe ‎ silver screen 银幕;电影(业务) ‎ speed ;n.&v 速度;加快;(sped, sped, speeded, speeded)飞跑;联想:seed 种子; need ;feed ;weed ‎ stay away; 不在家;外出;联想:at home;stay up; 熬夜;‎ stepfather n. 继父; 联想:stepmother继母 ‎ studio n. 摄影棚(场);演播室;画室;工作室 study 工作室; radio; 收音机 ‎ take off 成功;成名;脱掉(衣服);(飞机)起飞 ‎ think highly of 对……高度评价 ‎ advice ;n.&v. 忠告;建议;联想:advise;vice 副的 ‎ 六 apologise ;vi. <英>=apologize<美>道歉; 词中词Polo助记:马可波罗 polo 马球;水球;‎ dramatic; adj. 戏剧的 ; drama ‎ apology ;n. 道歉;say sorry to ; 联想:apologize ;v. make an apology to ‎ behave ;vt.& vi. 举动;举止;行为表现;举止适当;守规距;有礼貌; 联想:behaviour; n.;good manners; polite;‎ bone ;n. 骨;骨头; one ‎ breast ;;n.胸部;胸怀;联想chest 胸部;east; eat; 助记:胸怀祖国;面向东方;‎ childhood n. 孩童时期;童年时代;‎ 联想; boyhood 孩童年时代; neighbourhood 街区 ‎ cloth ;n.布;织物;衣料; 联想:clothes 衣服;clothing ‎ comma ;n. 逗点;逗号; period句号;dash破折号 ‎ course ;n. 一道菜;过程;课程;联想:process; 过程;of course; ‎ culture ;n. 文化;文明; 联想:agriculture 农业 custom ;n. 习惯;风俗; 联想:habit(个人)习惯; customs; 海关;customer;顾客;damp ;adj. 潮湿的; 联想: dam; lamp;灯; 助记 :堤坝边缘潮湿 wet; ‎ dessert ;n. 甜点; 比较:deserted ‎ disabled ;adj. 伤残的;残疾的;联想:healthy; disability ‎ extra ;adj. 额外的;外加的;特大的; 联想:extraordinary 非凡的;不平常的 ‎ fashion ;n. 流行;时尚;方式; 联想:cushion;垫子; pattern; model;type;;follow the fashion赶时髦 fault ;n. 过错;缺点;故障;联想: false; error; mistake ;wrong;;correct;‎ flesh ;n. 肉;(供食用的)肉;果肉; 形近:flash 闪烁;动漫; fresh; ‎ forgive ;vt. 原谅;饶恕 (forgave,forgiven) 近义;excuse; pardon ‎ formal ;adj. 正式的;正规的联想: informal 非正式的;形近: normal; ‎ impolite ;adj. 无礼的;粗鲁的; 联想:rude; polite;good manners ‎ impression ;n. 印象;感想; 联想:impress; press ;have deep impression on interrupt ;vt.& vi. 打断;中断;插嘴; 联想:disturb; bother;trouble; ‎ introduce ;vt. 介绍;引进;提出; 联想:introduction; produce;reduce;educate; ‎ lap ;n. (坐时的)大腿前部;膝盖; 联想:knee 膝盖;tap; map;cap;rap ;‎ leave out 省去;遗漏;不考虑; 联想: neglect;omit; regardless;不管;不顾;‎ make jokes about sb 以某人为笑柄;‎ make fun of;play tricks on;  ‎ manner ;n. 方式;样式;方法; 联想: ‎ manners ;n. 礼貌;规矩;good manners ; politeness ;‎ mix ;vt. (使)混合;混淆; 联想: mixture napkin ;n. 餐巾;餐巾纸;联想: handkerchief 手帕; ‎ oops ;int. 哎哟;  联想:ouch噢; couch 沙发; ‎ pray ;vi. 祈祷;恳求;请;联想:ray 光线 pay 付钱 ‎ raise ;vi. 举起;提高;唤起;饲养;加一字:prais 赞扬; 联想:rise 升起 ‎ roll ;vt. 面包圈;卷形物滚动;卷;roll up卷起; ‎ sip ;vt.& vi. 抿一小口; 联想:dip; skip; 跳过;tip spirit ;vt.& vi. 烈酒(常用复数);精神;情绪; 联想:emotion 情绪; wine; beer;比较; softdrink ‎ stare ;vi 凝视;盯着看; fix one's eyes on; ‎ stare at 盯着; 联想:glare 注目;怒视;瞪眼; “Beware the software in the warhouse during the warfare,” hare said;glaring at me.兔子怒视着我说:“战争期间当心仓库里的软件。 I daren' t declare that the shares are my spare fare and welfare on the farewell party. 在告别会上,我不敢宣称这些股票是我的备用车费和福利; ‎ starter; n. 第一道菜;开端;起动器 ‎ tender; ;adj. 嫩的;温柔的;软弱的; 联想:soft toast ; n. 干杯;烤面包(片);吐司面包;联想:coast ; ‎ unfold ;v. 打开;显露;阐明;反义;spread 扩展;延伸; extend;fold 折叠;disclose; discover; uncover;‎ westerner ;n. 西方人;联想: western 西方的 wing; ;n. 翅;翅膀;机翼;加一字:swing 摇摆;旋转 联想: king; ring ; shake; quake ; ancient; ;adj. 古代的;古老的; ancestor 祖先;祖宗; 词中词;cent分 ;反义; modern;‎ artist ;n. 艺术家; 形近;smart机灵;聪明; 词中词;art ;‎ 七 beauty; n. 美;美景;美好的人或事物; 联想;beautiful ‎ breath; v. 呼吸; v. 联想: breathe; earth ;‎ brick; ;n. 砖;砖形物;词中词:rick 草堆;木料; 形近:chick tick;打钩;thick bring…back to life ; 使苏醒;使生动;使活泼;反义:;come to life 复活;苏醒; ‎ bronze; n. 青铜; 联想: copper 铜;iron 铁;silver;gold;iron ‎ burn;vt. 焚烧;烧焦;点(灯);burn down烧毁;(burnt,burnt;burned,burned) ‎ capsule; n. 太空舱;胶囊; 词中词; cap 帽子 ‎ carbon; n. 碳元素;联想:carbon dioxide二氧化碳 ;oxide 氧化物 ‎ cave; ;n. 洞穴;窑洞; 形近 brave; wave; save; slave; pave;助记:那个勇敢的奴隶下到铺满波浪的洞穴中去救另一个奴隶。‎ cultural;adj. 文化的;联想: culture ;adj. damage; ;vt. & n. 损害;伤害 大坝;助记:堤坝dam年久age失修损坏;毁坏 destroy.‎ dioxide; ;n. 二氧化物;ox公牛;助记:公牛前后,DIox ID对称 ‎ dynasty; n. 朝代;王朝;联想: nasty 令人作呕的;污秽的;dying 临死的dye 染……色;‎ fairy tale n. 神话;童话;谎言; 联想:fair;公平的; ‎ give in 让步;投降;联想:give up ‎ include ;vt. 包括;包含;conclude; except;‎ limit vt./n 限制;限定;  联想:limitless 无限制的 official ;n. 官员;公务员; adj. 官方的;正式的;公务的officer官员; 联想:office;clerk;职员;‎ period; n. 一段时间;时期;句号; 联想:times; comma逗号;‎ photograph; n. 照片; 联想: telegrap;h电报; photo; picture ‎ pollution; n. 污染;玷污;联想:pollute v.‎ portrait n. 肖像;人像; port 港口; trait 特色;特征; image ‎ project ;vt. 计划;方案;工程;联想:reject pull down 拆毁;推毁;推翻;  联想:burn down;pull up; ‎ pyramid ;n. (古代埃及的)金字塔;锥体联想:ram 公羊;助记;白羊座 amid 在中间 mid; 中部的; ‎ rebuild vt. & vi. 重建;复原;改造(rebuild,rebuild) 联想: restore; reconstruct; ‎ recreate ;vt. 再创造;再创作;重新创造;重新创新 ‎ relic; ;n. 遗物;遗迹;纪念物; 联想:site; ruin ‎ represent; n. & vt. 代表;表现;联想: symbol; present ;stand for ‎ restore; ;vt. 修复;重建; rebuild 重建;复习: store 储存;储藏 ‎ ruin; n. 废墟;遗迹;毁灭;崩溃 ; 词中词: run; 联想:relic; 遗址; site; 位置;场所; web site; 网址;in ruins 成为废墟;遭到严重破坏;‎ ‎ set up 设立;创立;联想:found; build;‎ sincerely; ;adv. 真诚地;词中词: since; rely 依靠; ‎ statue; n. 雕像;statue ;state 洲;国家;状态; figure;n.人物;图形 v. 描绘;计算 ;‎ stone; n. 石;石头;宝石;联想: jewel 珠宝;宝石; jewellery 珠宝 ‎ unite ;v. 联合团结;联想: unit 单元 connect; join; unity团结;the Untied Kingdom;英国;The UK; 比较: The US ‎ vase ;n. 花瓶;瓶; 联想:base; ‎ website ;vi. 站点;网址; 联想: address 地址; site 地点;地址; ‎ AD(=Anno Domini);公元;反义:BC 公元前;‎ athlete ;n.运动员;运动选手;形 近 complete; player badminton.羽毛球(运动);词中词bad ;ton;‎ 八 BC (=before Christ)公元前;比较; AD ‎ because of 因为;由于; 同义thanks to ; account for;owing to; ‎ compete; vi. 竟争; 词中词:pet 比赛; 宠物比赛;联想:complete; 完成;结束contrast; ‎ competition;.竟争者;对手;比赛者; contest ;‎ continent; n. 大陆;陆地; 同义: landmass;‎ dive; vi. 潜水; 联想:drive 开车;驾驶 ‎ effect; n.结果;后果;联想: result 结果; affect v.影响; elect ;‎ facial; adj. 面部的;联想:face; surface; necklace;‎ final; ;adj. 最终的;最后的; 联想:finally;at last;in the end;eventually; ‎ flag; n. 旗;标记;联想: fag 疲劳;drag;拖; banner; 旗子; ‎ flame; ;n. 火焰; 形近: fame 荣誉;名誉;famous;著名的 ‎ further; ;adv. (在时间或空间上) 距离更大地,更远地; father; ‎ gesture; n. 手势;姿态;联想:signal 信号;sign; 记号;motion移动; pose 姿势; ‎ gold; adj./ n. 金的;金制的;黄金;金币;联想:old jade 玉;翡翠;silver银;golden ;diamond;old; told; sold ;hold; fold;‎ gymnastics; n. 体操; 简称;gym; 体育馆;健身房;体育课;PE;  联想: nasty 污秽的 ‎ medal; n. 奖章;勋章;纪念章; 联想: metal 金属; mental 脑力的;智力的 ‎ motto; n. 座右铭;格言;题词; 联想: moto;r马达 ‎ point vt.& vi. 得分;点;尖端 ;指;指向 ‎ position; n. 位置;职位 ; 联想:location;‎ preparation; ;n. 准备;预备;联想:prepare; v. 准备;预备;in preparation for 为……准备; 联想:make preparations for; get ready for; ‎ prepare; 联想:compare; repair; ‎ professional; adj 专业人员;职业运动员联想:athlete;形近:professor; ‎ profile; ;n. 简介;(个性及生平的)简要描述;词中词:file; ‎ rank; ;n.& vt.& vi. 分等级;排名; 联想:grade; 年级; degree ;度数;学位tank; bank 银行;河岸 thank ‎ shooting; ;n. 射击; 联想:fire ;gun; bomb;‎ skill; ;n. 技能;技巧;熟练;巧妙; 词中词 kill ;联想:technology;technique;;‎ skillful;experienced;‎ stand for 代表;代替;象征;支持;联想:represent 代理;代表 ‎ superstar; vt. 超级明星 super girl超女 ‎ take part 参加; 联想: attend ; join in ; ‎ tie; vt. 固定;捆紧; 联想:lie; pie; fasten;‎ title; n. 题目;标题;称号;头衔;topic; subject; ‎ torch ;n. 火炬 ;知识来源;手电; 联想: light touch 触摸;接触 ‎ track and field n. 田径 ;track;轨迹;踪迹; speed skating ;n. 速滑;‎ venue; ;n. 比赛地点;体育比赛场馆;联想:avenue大街;广场; avenue 大街 stadium 体育馆;‎ weigh; vi. 重(若干);n. 重力;重量; 助记:八个w的重量。联想:eight;称(……重量);height;高度; ‎ weightlifting; n. 举重;weight+lifting; ‎ well-known; adj. 众所周知的;有名的;清楚明白的;联想:famous; ‎ would rather n. 宁愿;宁可;联想: had better;‎ wrestling ;;n. 摔跤;rest 休息; 助记:W和 L摔交;摔到就休息。 ‎ absolutely; ;adv. 绝对的;完全地;联想:completely; ‎ according ;adv. 依照; 近义;in one's opinion; according to按照;根据……所说 ‎ agreement ;n. 一致;协定; 反义:disagreement; ‎ 九 appointment ;n. 约会;指定;联想:point 点;指向;指出;disappoint; ‎ automobile; n. 汽车 mobile 流动的;易动的; 联想; autobus 巴士; autocar; auto自动的; ‎ behaviour; ;n. (=behavior)行为;举止;习性; 助记;I 我 our 我们的举止表现 ‎ break down; 毁掉;坏掉;中止;break out 爆发;‎ broadband ;adj. 宽带的;broad + band(带; 波段) ‎ calender; n. 日历;历法; lend; 助记:借来的日历; 词中词end ‎ call for 要求;需要;联想:ask for; require; ‎ case; ;n. 事;病例;案例;情形; 联想:base 基础; vase花瓶; ‎ in case (of)/that; 假设;万一; 联想:in the case of 在......情况下 ‎ clone ;vt.& n. 无性繁殖;谐音克隆;;‎ clue ; n. 线索;提示词语; 联想: cue 暗示; glue;胶水 ‎ dare; vt.&v.aux. 敢;胆敢; 联想:care; compare; rare ‎ defeat; n. 失败;败北;词中词feat 功绩;伟绩 ‎ defeat; vt. 击败;战胜;联想:fail 失败; 联想: win赢;胜;defeat; ‎ department; ;n. 部;局;处;科;部门;系;depart;联想:apartment 公寓;套房;depend; vi. 依靠;依赖;联想:independent; 独立的;rely;dependant;依赖;‎ dial; vt. 拨号; 联想:diagram 表格; dialogue; 对话; dialect方言; ‎ disagree; ;vi. 不同意的;不一致;‎ 联想:agreement ;disagreement ‎ electricity; ;n. 电;电学;联想: electric; electronic; ‎ emergency; ;n. 紧急情况;突发事件;非常时刻; 联想:passion情感; emerge出现;显露骨feeling; ‎ feature; n. 特征;特色;同义characteristic;force n. 力量;暴力; 联想:source源泉; 联想: power ;strength ;fierce;force vt. 强制;促使;强迫; ‎ function; ;n. 功能;作用; 联想:fun;funeral;葬礼;‎ image; ;n. 图象;肖像;形象; 联想:imagine; 想象 ‎ interview; vt.& n. 接见;会见; 联想:meet; view;review;international; ‎ item ; ;n. 项目;条款;(消息、情报等的)一条; ‎ latest; ;adj. 最近的; 联想: recent 最近的; late ;later 后来,以后; ‎ negative; ;adj. 否定的;负面的;消极的;  联想:positive 正面的;积极的 ‎ obey ;vt. 服从;顺从; 联想:disobey; beyond 在远处;在那边  ‎ peaceful ;adj. 和平的;平静的;安宁的; peace;同音; piece ‎ planet ;n. 行星; 联想: plane 飞机; plan 计划;plant; 种植;star;恒星; ‎ press ;n. 压力;印刷;新闻; 联想: impress; expression;express;‎ remind; vt.& vi. 提醒;使想起; 联想:mind;remind… of…; ‎ resource; ;n. 资源;财力 ; 联想: source 源泉;来源 pond 池塘 ‎ revise; ;v. 修订;校订;修正; 联想:review;复习; ‎ skip; vi.& vt. 跳读;略过; 联想:scan 细看; skim 浏览;sip;咂一口; ‎ stay in touch with; 与……保持联络;联想:keep/get in touch with ‎ succeed; ;v. 成功;取得成功; 联想:success; successful ‎ take over; 接受;接管 ; 联想:take up; 从事;‎ teenager; n. (13—19岁的)青少年;in one’s teens;/twenties---nineties某人几岁;几十岁;‎ throughout; prep. 遍及;贯穿; 联想:all over the……;across; ‎ unexpected; adj 想不到的;意外的;未预料到的; 联想:expect ‎ whatever; pron./adj 凡是……;无论什么;无论怎样的;无论哪一种的 ‎ wonder; n. 奇迹;惊奇; 联想:wonderful ; wander徘徊; 漫游 ‎ act; vt. & vi. 扮演;担当;表演;表现;联想:action; active; activity; actor; actress;adapt vt. 使适应;改编; A-A 对称; ‎ adapt to; 适应(新环境等); 形近adopt 采纳; ‎ add; vt.&vi 增加;添加;补充说 加;加起来;增添; 联想:addition;address ‎ 十 amount ;n. 数量; 词中词;mount 山;峰Emei;mountain;Mount 峨眉山; 联想:质量 quality ‎ antelope; n. 羚羊; 词中词; ant; telescope望远镜 ‎ as a result of; 作为(……的)结果; 联想:result in;导致; 结果是 ‎ at present ; 现在;目前; 联想:so far ‎ attractive ;adj. 吸引人的;有魅力的; active; draw attention to ; 联想:active; ‎ battery; n. 电池; bath 洗澡; 联想:butterfly; 蝴蝶 ;bat 蝙蝠;球棒; ‎ brief; adj. 简洁的;扼要的 ;联想:short ;simple ;belief 相信;信仰; ‎ common; adj. 共同的;普遍的; 同义 : general;usual; ‎ devote; vt. 投入于;献身; 联想:deter 妨碍;延缓;vote; devote …to 献身于……;专心于…… vote 投票 ;‎ die out 灭绝;逐渐消失; 联想:die down 减弱;die off; ‎ ecosystem; n. 生态系统; system系统 ‎ endanger; vt. 危害;使受到危险; 联想:danger; dangerous ‎ endangerment; n. 危害;受到危险; 联想:in danger; ‎ environmental; adj. 环境的; 联想:environment; 环境; iron铁; mental 精神的;脑力的 ‎ flat adj. 平的;平坦的; 词中词;fat; flat 套房; ‎ flat ;n. 〈英〉公寓住宅;单元住宅 apartment ;apart;分开;分隔;‎ fur ;n. 毛皮;毛;软毛; 联想:leather 羽毛;feather; ‎ giraffe; n. 长颈鹿 ;deer ‎ graph; n. 图表;曲线图; 联想:diagram ; picture; drawing ; paiting; telegraph;portrait;肖像;肖像画;相片。‎ habitat; n. 生活环境;栖息地; 联想:habit;‎ harmful ;adj. 有害的;伤害的; 联想:harm;in danger在危险中;垂危;endanger; ‎ in the wild 在自然环境中; 在野外; 联想:in the open air; ‎ jungle ;n. 热带丛林; 联想:forest; bush灌木丛 kangaroo ;n. 袋鼠;词中词;mouse;mice; rat;‎ lead vt./vi. 领导;率领;致使;通向;导致 联想:lead adj. 领头的;领先的;leading lead to导致某种结果; result in ‎ make a difference 有关系;有影响;有差别; 成功;‎ material ;n. 材料;原料; 联想:mate 同伴;室友 ‎ measure; n./v 尺寸;措施; take measure;词中词;treasure;财宝;采取措施; take a step; ‎ organise; ;vt. & vi. 组织;组织起来; 联想:organize;organise v. ‎ original; adj. 最初的;原始的;独特的; singal 信号; origin n.起源;由来package; n. 包裹;包;  联想:backpack背包 pack n.包;行李 page 页码; wrap包裹;package vt. 包装; pack + age; luggage;packaging n. 包装材料; ‎ poster; n. 海报;招贴; 联想:post 邮寄; ‎ reduce; v. 减少;缩减;简化; 联想:increase; 增加; produce 生产 ‎ respond; v. 回答;响应; 联想: answer ; reply; responsible; responsibility;respond to;‎ set free 释放 ; 联想:in prison 坐牢 soda; n. 苏打;谐音:碳酸水 ‎ species; n. 种类; 联想:special ;kind; type; sort ;‎ throw away adj. 扔掉 ; ‎ topic; n. 话题;主题; 联想:title; subject;‎ 词中词: top; ‎ tour; n. 旅行;游历;旅游; 联想:trip ;journey ;voyage; ‎ valuable; adj. 贵重的;有价值的联想:‎ value ; percious ‎ wolf; n. 狼;  联想:倒置flow 流动/淌Asia 亚洲; A-A 对称 ‎ blues n. 布鲁斯音乐;布鲁斯歌曲 ;联想blue 蓝色 ;clue;线索; glue胶水 ‎ chant ;n. 唱或喊叫 的词语;联想:ant 蚂蚁; merchant;商人; can; hat; ‎ characteristc ;n. 特征;特点;联想:feather 特征; ArA对称 ‎ desire n. 愿望;心愿;要求;联想:; 联想:will 愿望; admire ‎ Unit 11‎ emotion ;n.情感;感情;情绪; 联想: motion 动作 ;entertain vt.& vi. 使欢乐;招待;款待; enter 进入;联想: entertainment ; fun ‎ express; vt. 表达;表示;联想: press 压;挤;expression; ‎ folk adj./n 民间的; 人们;亲属(复数)联想:relatives 亲属local当地的 ‎ guitar; n. 吉他;六弦琴 tar 焦油 ‎ in common 共同(的);共有(的)‎ inner; adj. 内部的;内心的;里面的;联想:outer ;upper;‎ instrument ; n. 工具;器械; 联想:tool intelligence; n. 智力;聪明;智能; 联想:intelligent; adj. IQ;智商;‎ jazz n. 爵士音乐 联想:musical ;adj . 音乐的; music ;‎ musician; n. 音乐家; physican 医生;医师;‎ perform; v. 表演;履行;执行; 联想: form 表格;形成; ‎ performer ; n. 表演者; 联想:performance ;n.表演 ‎ process; ;n. 制作;加工;处理;‎ 联想:success; access; ‎ rap; ;n.说唱;联想: rapid 快的;迅速的; trap 陷井;‎ rapper vt. 说唱艺人;进行说唱表演的人 tap;轻拍; map; cap; rap; ‎ record; n. 记录;录音; vt. 纪录;唱片; 联想: according to 根据;按照 ; create; v.创造; 联想:tape; type ;recorder; 录音机;磁带; ‎ rhythm; n.节奏;韵律;联想:rime 押韵;‎ satisfy; vt.& vi. 满足;使满意;‎ 联想:satisfaction; satisfied; satisfying ;‎ slave; n. 奴隶;联想:brave ;slave ‎ spread ; v. 传播;伸展;展开 ‎(spread; spread); 联想:motion运动;提议;unfold展开;extend; ‎ suggestion; n. 提议;意见;联想:suggest; gesture 手势 ‎ traditional ; n. 传统的;联想:tradition; n. custom(社会)习俗;trade; ‎ turn… into 把…变成; 联想:change into; ‎ universal; ;adj 通用的;普遍的;世界的;全体的; 联想: universe 宇宙;university 大学; ‎ variety; n. 多样性;种类;变化; 联想: vary 改变; various各种各样的 ; 形近:cruelty ‎ versus ;prep.与……相对; 简写 Vs. ‎ announcement ;n.&n.&vi. 宣告;公告;告示; 词中词 noun; announce ;cement 水泥;混凝土; ‎ believe in 信任;信仰;支持;赞成联想: trust; faith ; belief ‎ character; n. 品格;特性;人物; 词中词 :act 扮演; ‎ comedy; n. 喜剧;喜剧性的事情; 联想:tragedy; 悲剧 ;‎ exhibition; n. 展览会;展览品; 联想:exhibit v.展示; on show ‎ Unit 12‎ forehead; n. 前额;(任何事物的)前部 ; 联想:foreign外国的; forearm 前臂; ‎ 联想:forecast 预言;预测; forefather 祖先 ;forfinger 食指; ‎ habit ; n. 习惯;习性;  联想:custom(社会)习俗;(复数)海关;关税;habitat栖息地; ‎ in trouble ; 处于困境中;in danger; ‎ literature; n. 文学(作品);文艺; 联想:culture 文化; ‎ local ; adj. 当地的;地方的;乡土的; 联想:folk ; ‎ magic; n. 魔法;魔术;魔力;adj. 用魔法或魔术的;联想: wich 女巫 wichcraft; 巫术;联想:logic逻辑; ‎ miserable ; adj. 痛苦的;悲惨的;可怜的;联想:pity; sympathy;‎ power; n. 能力;力量;权力;联想:force ‎ romantic adj 浪漫的;传奇式的; modern ‎ scar ;vt. 伤痕;疤痕 ;联想:scared;恐怖的 ; ‎ series ;n. 连续;系列 ;联想:serious 严肃的; serial 连载的;定期的; ‎ a series of 一连串的;一系列;一套;联想: a pair of; serious;严肃的;严重的;‎ shoulder; ;vt. 肩;肩部; n.肩负;承当;联想:should ;explode 爆炸;chest胸; breast胸膛;soot煤烟;油烟; ‎ 联想:burden负担;load ;explod;爆炸; ‎ stupid; adj. 愚蠢的; 联想:foolish; clever; wise; bright treat; v. 对待;视为;治疗;款待; 联想:cure ;regard/consider/look on … as ‎ trick ; n. 诡计;恶作剧; fun; joke ‎ turn around; 转过身;转过来;turn over ;‎ unhappy; vi. 不幸的;不快乐的; 联想: happy;sad;‎ villager; n. 村民; 联想: village 村庄;‎ whisper; vi./ n 耳语;私语; 联想: his ; 助记:拍per 他的W; ‎ witchcraft; n. 魔法;巫术; witch ;‎ 助记: 女巫施魔witch 转换开关switch ;aircraft;飞行器;飞机;‎ wizard; n. 神汉;术士;奇才 ‎ minority ;n. 少数; 联想: majority ‎ press; v. 按;压;逼迫; 联想:express 表示;表达; impress; address 地址; ‎ process; n. 过程;程序;方法;联想:access; v. 接近;迈进; award; course过程 programme ;程序; approach;‎ professional;;n. 专业的;职业的;联想: ‎ profession 职业; professor 教授; ‎ raft; n.&vt. 木筏;乘筏;联想: rat 老鼠; 加一字:craft 飞机;aircraft;飞行器;飞机; ‎ 谐音归纳: ‎ typhoon 台风 ‎ soda 苏打(水) ‎ tower 塔 ‎ stone 石头 ‎ tour 旅途;旅游 ‎ match "默契"比赛 ‎ loyal “老爷”忠诚 ‎ microphone 麦克风 ‎ sofa 沙发 ‎ howl 嚎叫;‎ ouch 噢;‎ oop 哦 magic n. 魔法;魔术;魔力 guitar 吉他;‎ stone;石头;‎ blues;布鲁斯舞蹈、音乐;‎ guitar; 吉他;‎ modern; 摩登;‎ 高一册下 单词分类速记 Unit 13‎ ‎(记忆方法归纳)一、词中词或复合词 fibre; n. 纤维; fire 头;‎ ‎[助记]:纤维fibre去掉b就变成火;‎ 火中加上b就烧成“纤维”‎ diet ;n. 饮食;[助记]病从口入,人是吃饮食而“死”的die mineral ;n. 矿物、矿石 ‎[助记]:mine(我的) 矿中有矿石ral fever [助记]: 人人都曾经ever发过烧;‎ function ;n. “功能”中有快乐fun[助记]:吃了这种-ction保健品有“快乐”fun的功能function.; funeral葬礼 nutrition 坚果[助记]nut富有营养nutrition; nutrious富有营养的;‎ digest ;vt. 消化; dig+est; stomach胃 助记:胃就像“挖地”dig 一样蠕动,消化食物。‎ steam ;n. 蒸气,蒸;联想馒头;steambread成组/队team地蒸steam。--eam;stream;scream;dream;team;(小溪、尖叫、梦想、队、组);‎ boil; ;. 助记加上油oil就能煮沸boil peach ; n. 助记每一个each“ P”形桃子peach.‎ chemical;adj.化学的;复习chemist;chemistry;chemics;‎ sleepy;瞌睡的;想睡的;复习beauty;tasty;diary;plenty;energy;‎ mushroom;蘑菇;mush软块;〔美国〕 玉米面粥+room;‎ boil; oil;油mixture;mix;混合spoonful;spoon;调羹;汤匙;lettuce; 【植物;植物学】莴苣。‎ 二、谐音 peel 剥“皮”“peel”;soft:索芙特;不含酒精的;软(饮料);‎ salad n. 色拉; bacon 助记 :培根爱吃咸肉bacon;‎ bar n. 棒,吧,酒吧; fue;谐音废“油”燃料 三、组块或换字记忆 ‎-ace ‎ 复习 pace n. 步调; race 比赛 /种族;necklace 项链; face 脸/面对;surface 表面;‎ 助记 项链种族面对面地赛跑步幅。‎ ‎-ean ‎ bean 豆; pea 大豆;beancurd豆腐; mean 意思是,意味着;吝啬的;lean倾斜; clean, ocean, pean;感恩歌,赞美歌;‎ ‎-ain ‎ gain 获得;增加;brain n. 头脑,大脑;main 主要的;pain 收获;entaintain娱乐;rain; 助记:No pains no gains.不劳无获。Srain brain on the train is restrained. 在列车上过度用脑受到约束. The gained grain drained away with the rain, all the pains were in vain again. 收获的谷物随雨水流失了,所有辛劳又白费。 ‎ ‎-ine ‎ examine; mine; line; nine; fine; shine; wine;考试;检查/我的;矿/线;台词/九/好;美的/闪耀;闪烁/葡萄酒; 助记 ‎:经检查;我的葡萄酒闪闪发光;发出九条美好的光线;‎ ‎-ice ‎ ice; slice ; mice ;rice ; dice 冰/片/老鼠/大米/色子;丁;‎ ‎-ipe wipe; ripe;擦、消灭;成熟;‎ ‎-it fit;bit;unit;适合;一点儿;单元;‎ ‎-ack;‎ snack;back;pack;lack;小吃;后面;背包;缺乏;‎ ‎-ance;‎ balance;distance;instance;entrance;平衡;距离;例子;入口;‎ Unit 14‎ ‎ theme n. 主题;the. me ‎ 助记: 那个the关于我me的主题theme,他们them的主题theme;‎ 复习:thesis 论文,论题; topic 话题;‎ holy, 神圣的;助记hol(e)y,空孔中没有神圣holy神圣的;hole;洞;空;‎ symbol 象征 ;‎ 前缀sym-,在b;p;.m前写作sym-‎ ‎ 谐音:“辛贝尔”simble,simple助记Abu阿布辛波神庙;阿布.辛贝尔神庙是古埃及文明的象征 复习:system 系统;同义:sign, mark, represent;symbolize v. 作为…的象征;‎ sympathy n. 同情心;symphony 交响;乐/曲;syntax 句法;拓展synthesize v. 综合synthesis n.比较analysis,分析; basis基础;‎ conflict n. 斗争,战斗,冲突 con- 正面/方;with和……在一起; pros and cons 正方反方 ‎ concern 与…有关,影响,涉及,关联 相关词conclude v. 作结论;推论;conclusion n. 结论;condition n. 条件,状况,环境;confidence n. 信赖,信任,信心;conference n. 会议 condense v. 浓缩,凝结;condenser 冷凝器,电容;conflict助记 fl(y) ict ‎ 在正反面/方之中飞来fly冲突 近义词:struggle, fighting, struggle quarrel.‎ flict ;flick 短暂,突然的动作;‎ argue v. 争论;辩论拓展argument n.‎ 助记:谐音:阿桂(阿Q)爱辩论 同义:debate, discuss 辩论;讨论 opinion ;op.in.i.on;看法、观点 助记opinion就在我I里in,在我I上on.;复习:idea, view, thought 观点/看法/想法;in one’s opinion=according to 根据…的观点,看法major adj. 重大,主要的;‎ ‎[助记]“媒届”是“主要”major的 拓展:media 媒体;复习:majority 大多数;‎ probable adj. 客观上的可能性用;‎ probably adv. pro.baby助记减去“l”可能赞成pro婴儿baby;复习:maybe; possible; perhaps; probably; 同义:probably是有几分根据的猜测,比possible可能性大。有充分根据的预测用likely;既指人又指物。be likely to perhaps和possibly同义,也许如此,也许不如此。‎ honour=honor h.on.our n.&v.荣誉;恩惠;帮助; 拓展:honest 诚实; 尊敬,尊重;honey 蜂蜜 ; 词中词; honorable 可敬的;hone 磨刀石;助记: h.on.our 词中词on,our,hour  H在我们之上值得尊敬一小时hour;‎ ‎-our -or colour,favour,neighbour,pour,tour,flour,courage,journey颜色/恩惠/邻居/泼/旅途/面粉/勇气/旅行;‎ an.cest.or n. 祖先,祖宗 an.ces.tress n. 女祖先(宗);复习:ancient adj.古代的;远古的;助记:一个an, c-(b)est最早的人or;‎ ‎-est forest, interest,chest, rest,test,west 森林/兴趣/胸/休息/测试/西方 principle prin.ci.ple n. 原理,原则 prince 君主,王子,太子princess公主;王妃;‎ 形近词print 印刷;publish 出版 近义theory;rule;law purpose pur 向前;pose 放;purp.ose n.目标,目的; pose 姿势;purp.le 紫色 purse 钱夹;pure; purchase买卖;‎ 助记 : 模特摆好姿势pose展示紫色;‎ purple的钱夹purse,目的purpose纯粹pure是为了买卖purchase玫瑰rose和钱夹purse.‎ ‎-ose rose lose close suppose nose those whose oppose玫瑰/丢失/关闭;结束/猜测/鼻子/那些/谁/反对;‎ ‎ compose组成composition作文,构成;‎ creativity n. 创造性(力);cre.ati.vi.ty相关词create v. 创造; creative adj. 有创造性的;creature v. 生物,creation n. 创造、创作;creator n. 创造者,创作者;‎ 复习:activity 活动; act;‎ 比较:cream 奶油 ; cream 乳脂;‎ faith n.信念,信仰,忠实, 同义:belief 比较发音相近:face;‎ 近义词:belief,trust,honest,faithful,loyal信仰/相信;信任/诚实/忠诚的;‎ have faith/belief in=believe in=trust commercial  adj.commerce 商业;贸易E-commence电子商务;形近词: common 普通,共同的;comment 评论、意见;communicate 交流,交际;command 命令,指示;comma 逗号;‎ mercy 怜悯;同情;仁慈近义词:sympathy;pity;‎ joy ;n.欢乐;喜悦;乐趣;‎ ‎-oy toy 玩具 boy 男孩 employ雇用; destroy vt.破坏;损坏; enjoy;欣赏;voyage n.航海;航行;soy 酱油;助记:男孩雇佣酱油作玩具;破坏了欣赏航行;‎ ‎ similar ;adj. 相似的; 形近词:simile 直喻;明喻(修辞手法)近义词:same , equal;similarity ;n. 相似性;popularity;‎ be similar to 与……相似 be equal to ‎ ‎—a r 词尾/组块 particular 特别的; 同义 special;especial grammar ;n 语法;ram.mar对称 ‎ collar ;n 衣领; 形近词polar adj 极点的;generation n 一代(人) 词中词:general ;adj 一般的 普通的 ;n.将军;gene n. 基因;遗传因子;energy n. 能量 、精力;活力;intelligence ;n. 智力;同义genius ;n 天才;天赋;天资 gentle adj. 温柔的;文雅的;gentleman绅士;‎ salute n v 致意;行礼;敬礼 ‎ 词中词:salt 盐 ‎-ut cut but nut shut hut 小屋 put 复习: future computer butter 黄油;button 按纽 ; duty 职责;责任 pollute v. pollution 污染;‎ butcher .;n 屠夫 谐音不“切”她her ‎ kiss ;vt. 吻 ‎-iss组块 miss ;n. 小姐;vt. 想念;错过;遗漏;‎ miss kiss ;dismiss v. 解雇; 解散 ; 使离开;‎ fire ;v. 解雇;反义employ 雇佣;‎ cheek ;n. 面颊;脸蛋 复习:seek v 寻找、寻求;check/cheque支票;‎ ‎-eek Greek 希腊; creek 小溪;week 星期  week 虚弱 seek寻找;‎ nod v. 点头; 形近词god 神;上帝;‎ dog 狗, rod秆;棒;复习:gesture 手势;体态,语言同义 body language;celebration n. 庆祝;联想 congratulation ;celebrate v.祝贺;congratulate v. 祝贺;‎ ‎-ele- elect 选举; select 挑选;‎ ‎ elephant 大象; electricity n 电;‎ ‎ eletric ;adj 电的; electronic adj. 电子的; electrify v通电,触电,充电;‎ brat n 小儿;乳臭未干的小子;复习:bat;rat;‎ ‎-ect select ; elect; project; reject; expect选择/挑选/选举/工程/拒绝/期待;‎ respect vt. 尊敬;尊重;相关词 :admire 钦佩;羡慕; envy v 妒忌,嫉妒; honour 尊敬; appreciate 欣赏; regard; 敬意;问候 gift n 礼物;天赋; 换一字:lift v 举起 ; n 电梯;‎ ‎ -ift drift; 漂浮; shift替换;复习:present 礼物是提前pre-送的; 相关词 talent 天赋;天才;才干; power 力量,权利; ability 能力;‎ cycle n. 周期;循环 轮子,自行车;摩托车;v骑车;形近词circle 圆;圈子;圆圈;bicycle 自行车;recycle 循环;回收利用;surround包围,环绕;‎ ‎-ool fool n. 愚人;白痴 vt. 欺骗;愚弄 形近cool 凉;酷 stool 凳子 pool 水池 tool 工具 wool 羊毛 invitation n. 邀请;请贴复习invite v. 邀请;‎ request 请求;要求复习require ‎- ite bite 咬; excite ;v. 激动; recite ;v. 背诵;cite = quote 引用,引言;‎ Unit 15‎ dormitory n 宿舍; dor. mi. tory寄宿舍; 简写:dorm=bedroom 卧室;‎ recognize; recognise vt.识别;认出 to know again;recognition n.. 认识 ; 眼熟;注意; 察觉; realize 认识;意识; 复习: recognized adj.apologize 道歉;被公认的;‎ ‎-ize ‎ popularize大众化; modernize 现代化 surely 想必;确实;一定; certainly; of course; be supposed to 一定 必须 diamond n 钻石; dia .m .ond 形近dial 拨电话、表盘;刻度盘 diagram 曲线图;图表dialogue对话 ‎-ond fond adj. 喜欢;爱好;pond池塘;wonder;奇迹;wonderful;奇异的;‎ 复习:gold 金子;黄金 silver白银;‎ ‎ jewel 珠宝 jewllery珠宝(总称);巧记:The man beyond the pond is fond of the second wonderful diamond.池塘边的人喜欢第二颗奇异的钻石。‎ dialect 方言;土语;accent;口音;dial拨(电话);‎ diamond wedding 钻石婚(六十年纪念)‎ diameter ;n 直径; 复习::半径 radius;meter; 米;‎ explain ;vt.. 解释;说明; ex-向外plain adj. 明白的;清楚的;朴素的;平淡的n平原;平地; 复习: -ain ‎ rain brain train main ‎ Chain grain pain contain ‎ Spain 西班牙 again against remain 继续 bargain n 买卖;交易 助记大脑下雨; 火车上训练;‎ 谷物前长g;主要痛苦;‎ 包括西班牙锁链;继续买卖;‎ 再一次反对;解释平原;‎ ball n. 求;舞令 ‎-all call fall hall small ‎ tall wall ;shall ;swallow allow valley volleyball 叫;打电话/落下/大厅/小/高/墙/允许/将/山谷/排球/燕子;吞;‎ 助记燕子打电话;挑战打排球;将在高墙下;落在大厅里;允许吞山谷;‎ challenge 挑战call on 访问;另召 jewellery n 珠宝;首饰(总称); jewel 珠宝;宝石;jew 犹太人 well;助记:犹太人的珠宝好well卖;‎ franc France 法国 French 法语,法国的;‎ continue v 继续 con . tin . ue ‎-ue blue; true;clue; glue蓝色/真正的/线索/胶水 due ad. 预期的;应得到的;dialogue 对话;tongue 舌头;语言language;‎ lovely adj. ‎ ‎–ly形容词后缀 friendly 友好的 ; daily 每日的;‎ monthly 每月的 ; weekly 每周的;‎ likely 很可能的 adv 大概,或许 precious adj. 宝贵的;valuable有价值的;appreciate 欣赏;感激; ocean 海洋;‎ ‎ -ous ‎ dangerous curious 好奇的;poisonous 有毒的;serious 严重的;严肃的;‎ adventurous 冒险的;大胆的;‎ ‎-pos positive 肯定的;积极的;复习: active 积极的negative否定的;‎ position ;n. 位置,姿势;职位;appositive ;n 同位语(语法术语);opposite 对立的;相反的;形近词;expose 暴露的 suppose 猜测;假定;possess 占有;拥有own;composition 作文;‎ attend; vt. 出席;参加上学; at . tend ‎ 词中词 ;tend 倾向;易于;照顾;照看; end;tender 柔软的;嫩的;脆弱的;复习: gentle 温柔的;soft 软的; mild;温和的; 形近 attitude; n. 态度;‎ attack; attract 进攻;吸引;‎ earn vt. 挣钱;赚钱;形近 加一字learn 学习;助记:学好了才可以赚钱;巧记:I heared that learned learners earned much by learning.我听说有学问的学者靠知识赚钱。‎ ‎ -ear- year;bear; dear; hear ; fear; tear; pear;wear 年/熊;忍受;出生/亲爱的;贵的/听见/害怕/眼泪/梨/穿;‎ 巧记:I nearly fear to tear that tearful girl’ fearful paper;我几乎害怕撕碎那个泪流满面女孩的可怕试卷。‎ lecture n 演讲;演说;讲课;复习: speech ‎ -(t)ure ‎ picture 图片 temperature 温度 future将来;‎ silly adj. 傻的;缺乏常识的 助记:因生病 ill 而变傻了; 复习:stupid 愚蠢的 fool;反义:clever; bright; wise 聪明:明智 mosquito ;n. 蚊子;形近quite ;adv. 很;非常;助记:莫斯科 谐音mosco 蚊子多flies苍蝇;‎ bat n. 蝙蝠;球拍;‎ ‎-at ‎ pat 拍;轻拍 rat 老鼠;cat 猫 ; fat 脂肪 hat 帽子;chat 聊天 ; flat 套房;sat (sit) 的过去式;‎ author n 作者;作家;近义词writer ‎ -or 指人 editor 编辑 ; visitor 游客professor 教授conductor列车员;(音乐)指挥;‎ ‎; operator 操作员;接线员;‎ besides 除外;此外; adv.&prep.‎ beside 在…什么旁边 (be+side)‎ ‎ 复习: except: but;‎ outline n 轮廓;要点;摘要; 复习:headline 头版 online 在线; 上网 summary总结;摘要;‎ plot n. (小说)情节;结构 相关词lot许多; pot锅;potential潜力;这个情节是:十多口锅;许多帐篷;很有潜力;quality; n. 品质;质量;性质;‎ 相关词quantity n. 数量;number;‎ character 性格 ; 品格; 近义词:‎ nature本性; 本质; 词中词at cat;rat;chat;act;ear;art;car;care;cheat;hare are猫、老鼠、聊天、耳朵、艺术、小汽车、关心、欺骗、野兔、是;‎ Unite 16‎ experiment n. 实验;试验experi .ence n. 经验;经历;experienced adj. 有经验的;熟练的;expert n. 专家;内行specialist;形近:expect v 期望;希望;近义词:test;关词: lab ; laboratory 试验室;‎ glove n 手套 词中词love ‎ 助记手套 glove 是送给爱人的 love ‎-ove drove (drive的过去式)‎ move 移动;运动 remove v 移动;搬开;消除 prove 证明improve 改进;改善 wove (weave) 的过去式 编织、;纺织;stove;火炉;‎ ‎ 比较wave波浪;挥手;招呼;‎ gas n 气体;汽油=gasoline;petrol;汽油;feul;燃料;steam n 蒸气;水蒸气 相关词liquid n 液体solid; n 固体;‎ 助记物质的三种状态Three states of material (liquid-solid-gas)‎ advantage; n. 优点; 有利条件;‎ disadvantage n . 不利之处;缺点;shortcoming;strongpoint;‎ 复习:advance n .& v. 前进;进步 adv+ant+age :adv. 副词 ant 蚂蚁age ‎-age ‎ ‎ page 页码; cage 鸟笼; stage 舞;台 manage 设法;管理;manager;经理; courage 勇气; message 信息; wage 工资; garage 车库passage n. 走道;通道;villager;村民;;‎ 巧记:走道里有鸟笼、舞台、车库、书页;就看经理是否有管理这些乱糟糟的村民的信息的勇气和工资;‎ application n.应用;实施;用途 apply v. 应用;申请;请求;supply;‎ 复习:appear 出现 ; appearance n applaud 鼓掌;欢呼;applause;‎ appreciate v 欣赏;感激; engine n 发动机;引擎;engine+ er ---engineer n 工程师;pioneer;先驱;先锋;‎ ‎-eng ‎ length 长度; strength n 力气;强度;实力;English; England passenger n. 乘客;compass 圆规;罗盘;指南针 ‎-ine ‎ combine 结合;define 下定义;解释 headline 头条新闻;outline 大纲;轮廓;提纲;mine 矿山; examine 考试; 检查;vitamine 维他命;维生素;determine 决定; shine 发光;闪烁;ine 葡萄酒;巧记:结合头条新闻的提纲;给矿山和维生素下个定义;认定葡萄酒闪闪发光;‎ nuclear adj. 原子能;核子的 nu + clear; 词中词: clear 清楚;清晰;‎ 巧记I clearly heard the heart beat of the nuclear;我清楚地听到原子的心跳。‎ comfort v. 安慰;舒适;com + for+t ; fort 炮台;要塞 comfortable adj.f较:forth 向外;向前;ffortnight 两星期;十四日;‎ un+necessary 不必要的;‎ successful success + full对称加重点注音法:‎ necessary su . ccess ‎/e/ /i / /ks/ /z/‎ access 接近;通道;excess 超过;‎ process 过程;处理;assess 估价;评价 ‎-ess progress 进步express 表达impress 印象 prossess 过程dress 衣裙 address 地址 actress女演员;princess公主;press按;压;印刷; success成功;巧记:女演员按压衣裙;表达成功的进程和过程;给公主印象深刻;决定留下地址;‎ conduct v. 实施;管理n 行为 操作 相关词conductor指挥;列车员 product 产品 introduce v ‎ production 生产 introduction 介绍;‎ produce v 生产 productive 产出的;有作为的;‎ lighting n 闪电 联想: 暴风storm thunderstorm ‎ ‎ 雷雨;暴风雨; 暴雨;‎ light 光; 点亮燃;‎ ‎-ight bright 明亮的;聪明的 fight 斗争 战斗;night 夜晚; sight 情景;视力;‎ right 右边 ; flight n 飞行;航班 tight adj. 紧的;牢固的;slight;轻微轻的;近义词stable; steady;firm;‎ 巧记:明亮灯光下战斗的夜景;航班在右边紧紧地轻轻地飞行;‎ string n 线;绳索;弦 词中词: ring v 打电话;打铃;‎ sing v 唱歌; single单个;仅仅; 助记 仅仅只唱sing了le一首歌 近义词:rope 绳: thread ;细丝line; 线条;绳索;线索;wire电线;‎ clue n 线索;plot情节;‎ charge vt. 充电;要价;控告; n 主管;看管;近义词accuse控告;in charge (of) 负责;in the charge of由……负责;in charge ; take charge 负责; be charged with 充满的;be full of;be filled with;复习:large adj. 大的;巨大的;huge; tiny;‎ electric adj. 电的;导电的;电动的;‎ 相关词:elect v 选举; electricity n 电electronic adj. 电子的; 电子学的;复习:wire 电线;shock n 电击;打击;震动;shocked adj. 受打击的;惊喜的 ‎-ock ‎ sock 短袜;cock 公鸡; knock 敲; lock 锁;rock 岩石; block 大块;封锁 街区阻塞; 串记:穿短袜的公鸡被大块岩石锁住 pocket 口袋; 衣袋 ;‎ prove v 证明;‎ 联想proof n 证据;证明; roof房顶;‎ ‎-ove glove n 手套;move 移动 ; remove 拿走;移开;improve 改善;改进;‎ tear (tore , torn) v 撕扯;撕裂; n 眼泪 ‎-ear ‎ wear 穿; bear 熊;受;‎ dear; hear; swear;串记:She sweard to her dear that she can't bear wearing tears.‎ frame n 结构;框架;fame ;n 名誉; 联想 famous adj. 著名的 ‎_ ame ‎ name; same; game;shame 耻辱;羞耻; blame v 责备;‎ ham 火腿;‎ handkerchief n. 手帕 词中词:hand ; chief; 主要的 ;复数:handkerchiefs; ‎ 复习:chief酋长 roof屋顶poof 证据gulf 海湾scarf 围巾;‎ control v. 控制;troll v. 轮唱 形近词:trolley bus n. 无轨电车 limit限制:相关command 控制;指挥;conduct; handle sharp adj. 锐利的;灵敏的 ‎ 助记:“夏普”(谐音)电器;灵敏高度 近义bright; clever; intelligent Smart;‎ foot 英尺 feet ‎ 相关脚 foot 长一英尺 foot ‎ 英寸inch英里 miles ‎1 metre =39.37 inches =1.094 yard 码 ‎1 kilomre =0.62137 miles ;‎ fast . en belt扎牢;固定;拴紧 词中词;fast;近义:tight adj. 紧的;牢固的 tighten v. 拴紧;捆牢; tie v. 捆 ;绑 ; 拴;反义:loosen 放松 ; 松开;unfasten 放松 ;解开;uncover;揭开同义:discover; unfold;‎ sense n(对称 se se ) n 感官;感觉 ‎‘n’鼻子边五官感官 对称; n (象形);‎ test n & v 测验;测试; 复习:exam ;examine;experiment 实验;check 检查 contest 竞赛;test;‎ shampoo ; 香波(谐音) 洗发精 形近词:shame;羞耻 耻怒; ham 火腿;助记:火腿 可耻;skin n. 皮肤 果皮;peel 剥皮;‎ kin 亲戚 家簇; = relative;sin 罪; 罪过; 过失;false;error错误 activist n. 激进分子; 行动主义分子;形近词:active adj. 积极的;act n. 活动; 行动; 充当;‎ doubt n. 怀疑;疑惑相关wonder b不发音; ‎ 复习question problem;‎ climb ; thumb ; 大拇指; dumb 聋的;‎ cruel adj. 残忍的;残酷的; 联想 cruelly adv;cruelty n 残忍;冷酷;反义: kind;‎ view n 观点;风景;复习: opinion 观点;看法;风景:sight; scene 场景; scenery 风景;‎ attitude n 态度;‎ 形近词:interview v 采访;review v 复习:preview v 预习;conclusion n 结论 复习:conclude v 推理;推断;复习:result ; 结果 effect ; 影响;结果;‎ beginning ; 开始 ; 开端;同义:start ; outset;‎ Unit 17‎ inspire v 鼓舞;鼓励;感动;激发; ≈encourage;形近admire v 钦佩赞赏;复习: respect 尊敬; envy 妒忌;羡慕;同义jealous;‎ ‎-ire fire; tire 使疲倦;累;厌倦 retire 退休;‎ wire n. 线; 复习: hire 雇佣=employ require 需要;需求;entire 完全的;‎ desire 愿望;欲望;‎ generous adj. 慷慨;大方的;反义:mean 吝啬的;卑鄙的;助记:gene 基因; ene 对称; general 一般的;普通的;将军;The generous general' s genuine genius is in making generators. 那位慷慨将军的真正天才在于制造发电机.‎ ‎-ous 形后缀 dangerous 危险的;poisonous 有毒;‎ serious 严肃的;严重的; nutritious 有营养的;curious 好奇的precious 宝贵的;珍贵的;adventurous 冒险的;‎ cheerful adj. 愉快的;高兴的;复习cheer n & v. 快乐;欢呼;‎ ‎-eer ‎ engineer 工程师;pioneer n. 先驱;先锋; beer 啤酒 deer 鹿;champion n. 冠军;得胜者 形近比较:champagne ;香槟酒; shampoo 香洗;洗发精;词中词: ham n 火腿;championship 冠军头衔;pioneer n 先锋;‎ mile 英里; 复习英尺; foot (feet ) 英寸; inch;形近 smile 微笑; ‎ 字迷世界上最长的英语单词: smiles 迷底 : 两个s之间有一英里;‎ stormy storm + y ;adj. 暴风鱼的;狂风暴的;storm n. 风暴;暴雨;复习:thunder ;n. 雷(鸣);雷声; ;v. 打雷;.‎ thunder storm ;n 雷声;lighting ;n  闪电 ;‎ n + y adj.‎ 复习rainy 多雨的;cloudy 多久的;sunny adj. 阳光的;阳光灿烂;funny adj. 滑稽;可笑的;injury adj. 受伤的;伤害的;‎ threaten ;vt. 恐吓;威胁;词中词eat;eaten;three;ate;tea;neat;ten;hen;hat;rat;heat;that;theatre;thread 线 ;bottom ;n 底部;尽头;;‎ otto 对称;反义: top;‎ botany ;n. 植物学 ; 生态学;词中词any;‎ optimistic adj. 乐观的;词中词mist n . 雾; fog;misty adj. 雾的;mistily adv. 模糊地;pessimistic adj. 悲观的;悲观主义的;反义optimistic乐观的;‎ workday 工作日;工作时间; 复习: weekday (一周)工作日;‎ somehow adv 从某种方式; 形近 anyhow adv. 无论如何;不管怎样 以往何方法;‎ shelter n. 掩敝处;避难所;词中词:she 助记;她躲在掩蔽处; shell 贝壳;shellfish 贝壳类;甲壳水生动物;‎ 绕口令:she sells sea shellon the sea shore. 她在海岸边卖海贝;‎ regret 遗憾;痛恨;后悔 n vt. g 鸡前后是re 谐音阿姨; g前后的re 对称;extreme adj. 极端;极度;‎ 复习extremely adv. 形近theme 主题;话题;ex-向外 助记 tre e 树向外边极端地长; 词中词:tree ; me;‎ climate n. 气候;cli-mate ; mate 同伴;伙伴;朋友;形近classmate 同学 workmate 工友;同事;material 材料;原料;climb 爬;形近clinic ; n. 诊所 门诊室所;‎ value ;n. 价值; ;v 重视;评价;valuable adj.precious ;adj. 宝贵的;珍贵的;‎ pianist n 钢琴家; i an i 对称;piano 钢琴; 提琴; boher vt. 打扰;烦恼;加一字 –r- 形近brother 兄弟;同义:disturb;打扰;trouble;interrupt;;助记弟兄多了就会打扰;‎ fame ;n 名誉;名声; 形近adj. famous ; well-known;‎ ‎-ame game flame 火焰; blame 责备;same shame n 耻辱frame相框; 同样的比赛中感到耻辱;火焰责备相框;‎ promise ;n&v 前途;承诺;答应;复习promising adj. seeming to succeed ; have good result;misery ;n 悲惨;‎ miserable adj. 可怜的;悲惨的;‎ pro ;支持;赞成;正方(辩论)upporting;反义:反方:cons;复习:probably 可能problem 问题;‎ produce 生产; profession 职业;program 节目;程序;project 计划;项目;设计reject拒绝;pronounce 发音;pronunciation;‎ ‎-ise surprise ;vt. 惊奇;吃惊;rise vi. 上升;advise ; ;vt. 劝告;建议;wise adj. 明智的;有智慧的;otherwise adv 在其它方面;否则;exercise 练习;锻炼;revise 校订;修改;复习;previse = predicate 预言;预测;‎ kindergarten adj. n 幼儿园;启蒙的;‎ 词中词garden n. 花园助记:在比较好的善良的花园(garden)里的幼儿园;‎ hardship n 困难;艰难;贫困;difficulty; pain;suffering;‎ ‎-ship 抽象 各词后缀;friendship 友谊;scholarship 奖学金;relationship ;n 关系;‎ bear (bore borne) ;v 忍受;承受 同形同音异义词 ⇒ bear 熊 ; ‎ ‎ 出生;生产 ‎(bore born). 令人厌烦的,boring;‎ graduation n 毕业;复习graduate v 毕业; =finish schooling;;‎ ‎-ate state 状态; 国家; rate 比率;hate v. 讨厌;恨 ; gate 大门;climate 气候;天气;mate同伴;伙伴;congratulate 祝贺;形近 celebrate 庆祝graduate v ‎ 分等级;定级;n 毕业生(大学)grade n 年级;等级; high school graduate ;gradually adv. 逐渐地'‎ Unit 18‎ fisherman n 渔民;渔夫; go fishing 钓鱼;捕鱼;‎ ‎-ish wish English foolish 愚蠢的 selfish 自私的;助记愚蠢自私的渔夫希望把英语学好。‎ northeastern 东北的;‎ ‎-ern northern;southern;western ; eastern;‎ northeastern; northwestern; outheaster; southwester; ‎ great – grandfather外曾祖父great – grandmother外曾祖母;‎ central adj. 中心的;中央的;形近 center n 中心;cent 分; percent 百分之一;百分率;‎ ‎-ent recent 最近的; comment 评论;accent 口音; current 流行的;当前的;accident 事故;ncident 事件;‎ absent 缺习的present 现在的;目前的 呈现;引见prevent 阻止;预防content内容;甘愿;‎ coast n 海岸的;减一字coat 大衣;外衣形近boast夸口;夸耀 ; ‎ toast 敬酒;祝酒;烤面包;复习cheer sur. round 包围;围绕 形近round 圆(形)的 ;同义 circle 围绕;盘旋;cycle 循环 ‎-ound found 创立;缔造 ; sound 声音;听起来;pound 磅 ; wound 伤口;外伤;‎ ground 地面 ; 串记:创立found 了一磅的pound 伤口;听起来sound 围绕着surround 地面; The wounded founder bought a pound of compound. 受伤的奠基人买了一磅化合物 sur-‎ ‎ surface 表面; surprise 惊奇; surname 姓氏 ; survive ‎ 幸存;存活;残存; surrender 放弃;投降; surpass 超越;超过;‎ mild ;adj. 温和的;不严厉的;gentle; soft ;wild 野(生)的; 狂野的;‎ bay ;n 海湾; gulf 海湾;‎ 归 harbour 海港 类 coast 海岸 记 beach 海滩;岸边;‎ 忆 shore 海岸;海滨;‎ ‎ oversea 海外;华侨;‎ ‎-our -or ‎ neighbour 临居 ; hour;‎ colour 颜色 ; flour 面粉 humour 幽默 ; favour 恩惠 rumour 谣言 ; vapour 蒸汽 labour 劳动(力); four;‎ tour 旅游 ; sour 酸的;变酸 pour 倾倒;泼 ; ‎ rat 老鼠;耗子 mouse (复mice) 田鼠 rat 老鼠;‎ ‎-at fat cat hat 帽子(有边)bat 蝙蝠;‎ pat 轻拍 flat 平坦的 单调的 绕口令cat ;;cat; pat that fat rat and the fat bat with a hat;猫猫; 快拍那只胖老鼠和那只戴帽子的蝙蝠。‎ volcano n 火山;词中词:can;助记两座圆形的 〇 〇 火山会爆发; ‎ 相关词火山口:crater;ctreate创造 ;‎ active volcano 活火山;‎ extinct volcano 死火山;‎ spring n 泉 春天形近sing ring 助记春天的泉水会唱歌 ‎ heat 热 ;加热; n. v. 令发热;‎ ‎ eat 吃;hat n.帽子;‎ surface 表面;外面 复习:surround 形近face 脸;面对; surprise settle vt. 使定居;解决;平静;安家;‎ settler 定居;安家;‎ 形近set: 放置 ; n 装置;cattle n 牛,牧畜; 复数不加 s;‎ mainly 主要地;大体上 形近main adj 主要的;‎ voyage n 航行;航海;‎ 同义(travel ; journey ; trip ; tour)‎ ‎-age ‎ message 信息; courage 勇气;‎ cage 笼子 ; 牢房 ; wage 工资;‎ engage 从事;忙于; manage 管理;‎ front-page 头版的;重要版面;‎ passage 通道 ; 走栏 cabbage 白菜;baggage ; luggage; 行李;garage 车库;‎ average ; 平均 ; damage 毁坏;image 图像;‎ possession 拥有;占有;形近possess v 占有;拥有;‎ bold adj. 黑体的; 粗体印刷的; 突出的;大胆;‎ ‎-old ‎ told ; sold ; cold; hold ; gold 告诉/卖/冷/握/金 paragraph ;n 段落;相关词 passage 段落;chapter 章节;telegraph telegram电报;‎ surprising令人吃惊的;使人吃惊;的;surprised (sb.) 吃惊;惊讶;‎ shocked震惊的;复习:shock 震惊 amaze 惊讶satisfy ; disappoint ; scare ; frighten; horror; terror;panic;alarm 等;‎ secretary n 秘书;书记;文书;形近secret adj. 秘密;‎ ‎-ary (形后缀)‎ library 图书馆 ;secondary 第二的次要的;dictionary 字典;‎ percent 百分比;百分数;‎ 形近相关词:century世纪;百年;‎ centigrade 摄氏度;centimeter 厘米;‎ center 中心 中央;central 中心的;‎ focus以…为中心;grassland 草原;草地;‎ mountain + ous----- mountainous adj. 多山的;如山的;巨大的;mount 山;山脉;‎ ‎ Mount Emei 峨眉山 ‎ --tain certain 确定;确实;形近curtain 窗帘 wedding n 婚礼;婚宴;助记:我们w两个dd 办婚礼;marriage 婚姻;‎ conference n 会议;讨论会;形近confidence 信心;自信;confident adj. 自信的;‎ relation 关系;亲属;形近relative 有关系的;亲戚;relationship 关系;‎ agricultural adj. 农业的;农艺的;‎ 形近culture 文化;cultural 文化的农业agri- 是文化艺术;相关词:industry 工业; farming ; 耕作;农业;cattle n 牛;畜牧;形近cat 猫;复习:settle 安家;定居;‎ ‎ battle 战争;战役; bottle 瓶子 export n 输出;出口;‎ ex- 向外 ; port 港口;‎ 从港口码头运出商品;出口商品;import 进出;lamb 小羊;羊羔;小羊b不叫(不发音);‎ 复习climb tomb;‎ cottage n 村舍;小别墅 小屋 农舍;词中词cot 帆布床;婴儿床;cote 棚;栏;‎ tag 捉人游戏(hide-and-seek) 捉迷藏;‎ seaside 海滨边;形近seashore beach coast;camp v. 宿营;换字:lamp 灯damp 潮湿的;‎ Unit 19‎ protection n. 保护;近义词 conserve v.保护; protect;defence 保卫 ; guard 防卫;保卫;复习effect 影响; elect 选举;select 精选;‎ technique n 技术;方法;技巧 skill方法 method; technology 技术;相关technical ‎ ‎ adj.‎ irrigation n 灌溉;冲洗相关irrigate ;‎ irri- I和R对称形成大坝,助记从门gate里放水灌溉;‎ pump n. 泵;抽水机; v. 抽吸;p p 对称;‎ seed 种子;萌芽 ‎-eed weed 杂草 need 需要 助记种子seed 间的杂草 weed 需要need;清除 weed ;‎ import ‎ ‎ im + port 进口;引入;export 出口;‎ 相关词: trade 贸易; business 商业;‎ production 产品;产量;形近produce vt. 生产;product n 产品;introduction 介绍;引进;‎ depend = rely-reliable 形近independence n. independent adj 独立的;‎ method n 方法;办法way means 词中词:me ; met ; ‎ 助记方式是我遇到的方法:me .met root 根;根部;换一字:roof 房顶; foot 脚;‎ 枝:branch 叶 leaf leaves 基: base basis 茎: 树干 stem;‎ insect n 昆虫pest 害虫(拍死它)‎ protect select project; direct;collect保护/选择/工程/指导;直接/收集;‎ tobacco 助记/谐音:烟瘾太大;一次要“吞八口”烟叶;cigarette 纸烟;香烟 cigar 雪茄(谐音);‎ golden adj. 金色的;黄金的;gold + en wood + en wooden 木制的;联想wool woolen 毛织的;‎ bold 大胆的;黑体的 tie n.领带;领巾;鞋带 v. 系;捆;拴;‎ 加一字:tire戴“领带” (tie) 很累 tired;‎ discovery n. 发现 ≈findings;‎ dis + cover 覆盖 + y (后缀);discover v. 发现;‎ garden n. 花园; v. 从事园艺;形近字:guard;kindergarten 幼儿园;gardening n. 园艺。园林;gardener n. 园丁;‎ wisdom n. 智慧;‎ 词中词wise adj. 聪明的;明智的;‎ ‎-dom 抽象名词后缀;‎ freedom 自由;kingdom; 王国;‎ 形近字: bottom 底部;blossom形近字:bloom 开花;‎ practical adj. 实际的;实践的; 实用的;‎ 形近字:practice n. 实践;练习;practice v. ‎ ‎-al ‎ Suitable national natural arrival chemical physical合适/国家的/自然的/到达/化学的/物理的;‎ ‎ guide n. 向导; 谐音:见鬼的“向导”;direct 指导;指引;导演;conduct行为;举止;品行;处理;引导;知道;‎ firstly adv. 第一;首先 相关词:‎ at first ; above ; all first of all ; ;‎ secondly thirdly…;…‎ sow 播种 相关词: seed 种子;row 划船 n 排 ; 行saw n 锯子(see的过去式);‎ condition n 条件;状况;情形situation情形;情况;;‎ soil n 土壤 ; 土地; s + oil ‎ 助记 土壤肥的流油oil;‎ weed 杂草 v 除草;铲除;seed 种子need; feed;‎ re + move 移动;移除;搬开;‎ movie n 电演;我I在里边演电演;‎ sun + flower n 向日葵; sunflower seeds;sunrise 日出; sunset 日落形近字:sunbathe 日光浴sunburn 晒黑 晒伤sunglass 太阳镜;‎ Unit 20‎ humour = humor 幽默;谐音;humourous adj. 滑稽的;幽默的;rumour n. 谣言 fun funny;-our= –or honour;colour favour 恩惠;帮助;neighour 邻居 labour n. 劳动;‎ ‎+ ous adj. ‎ serious 严重的;严肃的; dangerous;curious 好奇的;mysterious 神秘的;generous 慷慨的;大方的 poisonous;‎ bitter adj. 苦的;痛苦;词中词:bit 一点点;sweet 甜的; sour 酸的;‎ switch 开关;转换词中词witch n 女巫;‎ chalk 粉笔;词中词talk v 谈话;‎ couple n (一)对;双;夫妇;‎ minister n 牧师; mini - 小的;微型的迷你的; minibus;‎ circus n 马戏团;杂技团;circle 圆圈;环绕;clown 小丑;‎ intend vt. 想要;打算;意指形近字: tend 照料;照顾 ;tender adj. 柔软的;温柔的;gentle 温柔的;‎ stage n 舞台;阶段;时期; 相关词:line 台词;对白;‎ ‎-age manage;nationality 国籍;国家;部落;‎ nation n 国家;民族;national 国家的 inter . nation . al 国际的inte-view certain adj. 确定的;的;某(种);‎ 形近字certainly 确定的;肯定地;当然;‎ surely; amuse vt. 使发笑;使愉快;形近字amaze v 惊奇;吃惊;please 使高兴;使愉快;amused ; pleased ;delight v 使高兴delighted adj. 高兴的; ‎ laughter n 笑声;laugh + at v 笑,发笑;‎ ‎-ough Bought; brought; thought;caught;cough n 咳嗽;咳嗽声;plough v 犁地;耕地 enough adj. 足够的;‎ accent n 口音;空调;重音;形近字cent 分;percent 白分之……‎ Unit 20‎ access 进入;通向;接近;形近字accept 接受receive收到;accident n 事故;意外incident小事;according to 根据;按照;‎ actually adj. 事实上;实际上;a形近字ctual adj. act n 行动;行为;形近字action adj. 积极的;活动的;activity n 活动;所做的事;‎ typical adj. 典型的;象征性的;type 类型;种类;physical chemical;symbol n.象征 ;‎ tradition n. 传统;形近字traditional adj. 传统的;trade n. 贸易;商业business, commercial;‎ rapid adj. 迅速的; 快的fast quick 形近字rap 说唱(艺术);‎ appreciate vt. 赏识;鉴赏 感激;欣赏 形近字applaud 拍手;喝彩;鼓掌applause n.cheer up高兴起来;振作;exist vi 存在;生存;‎ ‎ survive v 存活;辛存;形近字revive复活;‎ phrase n 词组;短语;形近字chase 追 赶;case 箱子;案例;base 基础 idiom 惯用法;习语;‎ suffer v 经历;遭遇;形近字refer vi 涉及;指;提及;prefer 宁愿 喜欢 experience 经历;operate vi 运转;操作;形近字opera 京剧;‎ direction n 方向;方位;指示;说明;‎ direct v 指导; 导演;指示;‎ ‎-ake brake n v 刹车; bake 烤烘;cake n 蛋糕;饼;lake 湖 quake 颤动;震动;earthquake 地震; mistake 错误;wake 醒来; make;‎ cyclist n 骑手;骑车人;复习list 名单 cycle 循环;周期;两轮车;形近字bicycle 单车;自行车;recycle v. 循环;回收在利用;‎ fortunately adv. 幸运地;fortunate adj. = lucky; luck n. 运气;mis-fortunate = unlucky;fortune n. = luck 运气;幸运;‎ silence n. 寂静;沉默;安静;形近字silent adj. 安静的;沉默的;quiet still 安静的;不动的;‎ rude adj. 粗鲁无礼;残暴的;polite 礼貌的;impolite 无礼的; bad manners;‎ confuse vt. 迷惑;打乱;混淆的;‎ 形近字refuse 拒绝reject拒绝;puzzle 使迷惑不解;confused 困惑的;‎ Unit 21 ‎ unfair 不公平的;不公正的;air 公平的;实的just正义的justice正义;fairly adv 很;非常 ≈rather;‎ customer n 顾客;主顾;形近字custom n 习惯;海关 + s;avoid v 避免;contact v 接触;联系connect联系;suitcase n 手提箱suitable合适的; suit 适合;套服;case n 箱子;‎ ahead adv adj. 在前;向前;head 头;向前ahead of 更前;更早;‎ manage 管理;经营;做成某事;man + age ‎ 形近字manager 经理;管理者;fold 折叠 ; 合拢形近字gold; bold ;vary vt. 改变;使多样化; change ; shift;‎ various adj. 各种各样的;=all kinds of ‎ 比较: very 很;非常;variety多样性=diversity;crazy adj. 疯狂的;狂热的;形近字lazy懒惰 ;mad ; 发疯的;‎ part v. 分离;分开;n 部分;形近字depart 离开; 分别;apartment 公寓;套房flat;apart分开;department 部门;系 百货商店;‎ firm adj. 牢固的 ;稳定有力的tight; steady;stable strong; ‎ handshake 握手;shake hands with …握手;‎ bow n. vi 鞠躬;弯腰; n. 弓箭;‎ arrow n. 箭; sparrow麻雀;fist n. 拳头 boxing 拳击'palm 手掌 arm 手臂;hip n. 臂部;bend (bent) 弯曲;屈服;起于; 形近字bent adj. 弯曲的;end末尾,末端,助记:字母b末端弯曲;‎ tap 轻拍;轻敲; 形近字pat 拍;rap 说唱;艺术;‎ gently 轻松地;逐渐的;形近字adj. gentle; gentleman 绅士;‎ 形近字anger ; n. 愤怒;angry adj. 愤怒的;生气的;danger 危险; dangerous 危险的;‎ useless 无用的;无效的;反义useful 有用的;有效的;occur v. 发生;出现;‎ 形近字occurrence n happen ; break out ‎ focus 中兴;焦点middle 中心;concentration 中心;焦点;‎ specific adj. 具体的;特有的;形近字special 特别的;专门的;abstract 抽象的;n 摘要summary总结;小结concret具体的;‎ Unit 22‎ amusement n. 消遣;娱乐;entertainment;形近字amuse v. 使高兴;使愉快;amaze v. 使惊讶;souvenir n. 纪念品;Soviet 苏联 苏维埃;‎ attraction n. 吸引力;形近字attract v. 吸引;attractive adj. 有吸引力的;‎ collection n. 收集 集体;形近字collect v. gather v.‎ castle n..掷;broadcast 广播;minority n . 少数;少数民族;形近字majority 多数;‎ cartoon n 谐音卡通;漫画;动画;‎ car 小汽车;carrot 萝卜;cart 马车;‎ Humour; 幽默; rumour谣言; sofa 沙发 salad 色拉 shampoo couch长椅子;沙发 thrill n 兴奋;激动;;形近字till 直到 ill 病 ; hill 小山;助记(兴奋得直到)山上病了;entertainment n 娱乐;招待;‎ 形近字entertain v 娱乐;招待;enter 进入;certain 肯定的 ; 确定的;某种;‎ curtain窗帘;educate v. 教育;引导;‎ 形近字education n . 教育;educator 教育者(家);形近字product n. 产品 conduct v . 操作;实施;执行 管理 指挥handle控制;把柄; direct, operate, manage ;conductor n. 售票员 列车员 ;‎ conservation n. 保护;管理;保存;conserve vt. =protect;serve vt. 服务protect 保护;coastal 海岸的;沿海的;coast n 海岸; harbor 海港;beach 海滨 shore 海岸;‎ divide v 分 ; 划分; 隔开dive潜水;‎ 助记(对称地把e分开)‎ connect ; contact ; 联接;联系touch section n 部分 压抑;part ; region地区/区域 ;area; zone 地区;区域;department 部分 分支shuttle n 航天飞机;穿梭机; spaceship (航天飞机)‎ shut 关闭;‎ butterfly n 蝴蝶 ;形近字butter 黄油 flies 苍蝇;injury n. 伤害;受伤 injure v. hurt; damage;wound; harm rocket n 火箭;形近字rock 岩石;摇滚;jacket 夹克;helicopter n 直升飞机 carve v 雕刻 n carving ;;‎ figure雕塑,塑像;‎ achievement n. 成绩;成就 ;‎ 形近字achieve ; v. 取得ache 疼痛 ; eve 除夕;助记取得成绩不是一朝一夕eve之事;需要痛苦/疼痛;‎ civilization n. 文明;开化;形近字civil adj. 内部的;公民的divide分开 Civilize; 使开化;教化civilization文明;开化;‎ prevent v. 妨碍;阻止 ;保护;twist n. v. 弯曲;扭曲 ; ‎ 形近字twister 绕口令; imagine v. 想象(力);imagination n. ;endless 无穷的;无止境的 limitless darkness n. 黑暗;漆黑 dark adj. ; ‎ dawn 黎明;开端;‎ 一 册 下phrases and idiom 短语和习语归纳 make a choice 做出选择 keep up with 跟上 赶上 keep pace with 与……同步 plenty of a number of 大量 roll up 变成卷形 ; 卷起 dress up 打扮;装饰;盛装 in one’s opinion 按……看法;依……的观点;‎ have faith in = believe in ‎ play a trick on 开……玩笑;欺骗某人 to one’s joydelight 使 某人高兴 ‎ take in 摄取;欺骗 call on 访问;号召;邀请 bring back 拿回;使恢复 day and night 日日夜夜 pay off 还清;付清 earnmake money 挣、赚钱 act out 表演;付出行动 a great deal of (修饰不可数)大量;许多 test on 在……上做实验try on ‎ around the corner 即使来临;在拐角处 die down (声音)变弱;平息;消失 come to terms with 甘心忍受 take possession of 占有;占领 make up 组成;构成;占……‎ turn to 开始干;求助于;转向 go sailing 驾船航行;帆船运动 go camping 宿营 depend on 依赖;依靠 and soon = etc 等等 make fun of 取笑;嘲笑 make use of 利用 date back tofrom 回溯;追溯到 be on good terms with 与……关系好 look on… as 把……看作当作 ‎ regard…as , consider…as….think of… as…‎ ahead of 在……前;更早in advance get through 通过;度过;到达 tear down 拆除;推倒pull down ‎ hold up 举起;拿出 make a face 做鬼脸 in order 整齐;按顺序= tidy divide… into… 把……分成 部分 focus…on 以……为中心 prevent…from… 使…...不……,保护……不受危险 威胁危害keep….from stop … from protect …from manage to… 努力做成try to do ‎ 艺考生的救命稻草!‎ 突破130分,快速提高30分的锦囊妙计!‎ ‎6步搞定任何高考英语阅读真题,一般人不告诉他(她)!‎ ‎2013吴军高考英语阅读理解3天提分秘术 众说周知,得阅读、完形者得天下!‎ 文章看没看懂不重要,关键是要选对!‎ 高考英语阅读的核心暗示点:词和短语!‎ 题目(或题干)有暗示,秘笈为你精准导航!‎ 选项与出题点之间存在逻辑关系,3天帮您梳理!‎ 速度比完美更重要,思路比题海要有效!‎ ‎2013高考英语阅读3天提分秘术, 既不是神人的牛B押题,也不是最牛高考班的密卷!而是沈阳高分英语家教吴军老师从2000-2012年2700多篇高考英语阅读真题答案内幕规律衍生出的迅捷提分秘诀!‎ ‎2013高考英语阅读3天提分秘术是纸质的解析讲解类自学教案,而不是如同上大课般的名师讲座光盘(如高分突破,提分宝典,四步兵法,高频考点等),你可以站着,躺着,甚至在卫生间里也可以阅读自学!‎ 立竿见影!以一顶百!9年来我们在自我独门秘笈的基础上,20%参阅了132种全国知名高考英语教案或资料(如:新东方,张清波,北京四中李俊和,管卫东,提分宝典,高频考点等)。但发现很多名师教案与高考提分关联度小,因为相当一部分名师只是把自己在考研和雅思领域的研究成果生搬硬套到高考英语教学中(讲述的高频词汇严重超纲,甚至是大学6级的),而不是深入到2700篇历届阅读真题中潜心研究,效果可想而知。还有些重点高中一线老师,将自己上课用的教案制作成光盘用以贩卖,其实质不过是高频考点和词汇的串讲,有的甚至用35%的篇章讲述如何记忆单词,而广告却说是提分秘笈,真是让人遗憾!‎ 好消息!吴军老师2012高考英语3天提分秘诀仅释放了其30%的功力,就达到了90%以上的客户满意度,为了配合文科其他科目的上市,2013年吴军高考英语将释放其70%的功力,2013年高考英语提分速度和幅度将再升一倍,看完下列示例后,还不赶紧抢购呀!‎ 目录:‎ 一、2013阅读吴军猜题秘术: 备选项高频答案特征 二、2013阅读吴军暗示点秒杀: 备选项高频答案词 三、擒贼先擒王:主旨题、写作目的题吴军答题密码 四、阅读出题点与细节题吴军答题法则 五、阅读文章结构、题材与推论题吴军突破秘诀 六、阅读词汇、文章及作者态度题吴军破解规律 ‎2013阅读吴军猜题秘术: 备选项高频答案特征(10条秘诀)‎ 秘诀一:被动结构是备选项高频答案特征!‎ ‎【2010辽宁卷B篇】I hated dinner parties. But I decided to give them another shot because I'm in London. And my friend Mallery invited me. And because dinner parties in London are very different from those back in New York. There, '“I’m having a dinner party' means: "I'm booking a table for 12 at a restaurant you can't afford and we'll be sharing the checque evenly, no matter what you eat." Worse, in Manhattan there is always someone who leaves before the bill arrives. They'll throw down cash, half of what they owe, and then people like me, who don’t drink, end up paying even more. But if I try to use the same trick, the hostess will shout: "Where are you going?" And it's not like I can say I have somewhere to go: everyone know I have nowhere to go.‎ ‎ But in London, dinner parties are in people's homes.(转折对比,说明前面New Yorkers 评价是Self-centred.) Not only that, the guests are an interesting mix. The last time I went to one, the guests were from France, India. Denmark and Nigeria; it was like a gathering at the United Nations in New York. The mix is less striking. It's like a gathering at Bloomingdale's, a well-known department store.‎ ‎---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎61. What does the writer dislike most about dinner parties in New York?‎ ‎ A There is a strange mix of people. B. The restaurants are expensive.‎ ‎ C. The bill is not fairly shared. D. People have to pay cash ‎63. What is the author's opinion of some New Yorkers from her experience?‎ ‎ A. Easy-going. B. Self-centred. C. Generous. D. Conservative.‎ ‎【2012四川卷E篇】So far, efforts to cut emissions(排放)of planet-warming greenhouse gases are not seen as enough to prevent the Earth heating up beyond 2℃ this century — a point scientists say will bring the danger of a changeable climate in which weather extremes are common, leading to drought, floods, crop failures and rising sea levels.‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎60. What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs about the world’s temperature?‎ A. It has risen nearly 0.2℃ since 1979.‎ B. Its change will lead to weather extremes.‎ C. It is 0.8℃ higher in 1979 than that of 1990.‎ D. It needs to be controlled within 2℃ in this century.‎ ‎【2012四川卷A篇】The seasons change just outside the door. We watch the maples turn every shade of yellow and red in the fall and note the poplars’(杨树)putting out the first green leaves of spring. The rainbow smelt fills the local steam as the ice gradually disappears, and the wood frogs start to sing in pools after being frozen for the winter. A family of birds rules our skies and flies over the lake.‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎43. What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean?‎ A. The change of seasons is easily felt.‎ B. The seasons make the scenes change.‎ C. The weather often changes in the forest.‎ D. The door is a good position to enjoy changing seasons.‎ ‎【2012陕西卷C篇】The authors of both studies stress that these risks are relatively small for healthy people and certainly modest compared with other risk factors such as smoking and high blood pressure. However, it is important to be aware of these dangers because everyone is exposed to air pollution regardless of lifestyle choices. So stricter regulation by the EPA of pollutants may not only improve environmental air quality but could also become necessary to protect public health.‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎55. What can we learn from the text? ‎ A. Eating fatty food has immediate effects on your heart.‎ B. The EPA conducted many studies on air quality.‎ C. Moderate air quality is more harmful than smoking,‎ D. Stricter regulations on pollutants should be made.‎ ‎【2012江西卷D篇】For those who make journeys across the world, the speed of travel today has turned the countries into a series of villages.Distances between them appear no greater to a modern traveler than those which once faced men as they walked from village to village. Jet plane fly people from one end of the earth to the other, allowing them a freedom of movement undreamt of a hundred years ago.‎ ‎  Yet some people wonder if the revolution in travel has gone too far. A price has been paid, they say, for the conquest (征服) of time and distance. Travel is something to be enjoyed, not endured (忍受). The boat offers leisure and time enough to appreciate the ever-changing sights and sounds of a journey. A journey by train also has a special charm about it. Lakes and forests and wild, open plains sweeping past your carriage window create a grand view in which time and distance mean nothing. On board a plane, however, there is just the blank blue of the sky filling the narrow window of the airplane. The soft lighting, in-flight films and gentle music make up the only world you know, and the hours progress slowly.‎ ‎   Then there is the time spent being “processed” at a modern airport. People are conveyed like robots along walkways; baggage is weighed, tickets produced, examined and produced yet again before the passenger move again to another waiting area. Journeys by rail and sea take longer, yes, but the hours devoted to being “processed” at departure and arrival in airports are luckily absent. No wonder, then, that the modern high-speed trains are winning back passengers from the airlines.‎ Man, however, is now a world traveler and can not turn his back on the airplane. The working lives of too many people depend upon it; whole new industries have been built around its design and operation. The holiday maker, too, with limited time to spend, patiently endures the busy airports and limited space of the flight to gain those extra hours and even days, relaxing in the sun. speed controls people’s lives; time saved, in work or play, is the important thing—or so we are told. Perhaps those first horsemen, riding free across the wild, open plains, were enjoying a better world than the one we know today. They could travel at will, and the clock was not their master. ‎ ‎--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎73.According to Paragraph3, passengers are turning back to modern high-speed trains because_____.‎ ‎ A.they pay less for the tickets B.they feel safer during the travel ‎ C.they can enjoy higher speed of travel D.they don’t have to waste time being “processed”‎ ‎75.What is the main idea of the passage?‎ ‎ A.Air travel benefits people and industries.‎ ‎ B.Train Travel has some advantages over air travel.‎ ‎ C.Great changes have taken place in modern travel.‎ ‎ D.The high speed of air travel is gained at a cost.‎ ‎2013阅读吴军暗示点秒杀: 备选项高频答案词(17项不到90个单词)‎ 秘诀9:lead to (result in, bring about, cause)是选项中答案高频暗示词!‎ ‎【2012浙江卷C篇】‎ First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. A report on violence among middle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult (侮辱). For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence. The problem isn't in the sandwich, but in the way students deal with the conflict.‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎51. From Paragraph 2 we can learn that________ .‎ A. violence is more likely to occur at lunchtime 具体!‎ B. a small conflict can lead to violence C. students tend to lose their temper easily D. the eating habit of a student is often the cause of a fight 具体!‎ ‎【2011湖北卷D篇】our own generation has access to more nutritious food .more convenient transport .bigger houses, better ears .and of course, more pounds and dollars than any who lived before us .This will continue as long as we there things to make other things, This more we specialize and exchange, the better off we’ll be.‎ ‎2) Brilliant advances ‎ One reason we are richer, healthier, taller, cleverer, longer-lived and freer than ener before is that the four most basie human needs -food, clothing, fuel and shelter- have grown a lot cheaper. Take one example. In 1800 a candle providing one hour’s light cost six hours’ work. In the 1880s the same light from an oil lamp took 15 minutes’ work to pay for. In 1950 it was eight seconds. Today it’s half second.‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎65. The candle and lamp example is used to show that .‎ ‎ A. oil lamps give off more light than candles ‎ B. shortening working time brings about a happier life.‎ ‎ C. advanced technology helps to produce better candles.‎ ‎ D. increased production rate leads to lower cost of goods.‎ 秘诀10: Control (handle, deal with )是选项中答案高频暗示词!‎ ‎【2012天津卷D篇】‎ Those who choose to be creators look at life quite differently. They know there are individuals who might like to control their lives, but they don’t let this get in the way. They know they have their weaknesses, yet they don’t blame themselves when they fail. Whatever happens, they have choice in the matter. They believe their dance with each sacred(神圣的)moment of life is a gift and that storms are a natural part of life which can bring the rain needed for emotional and spiritual growth.‎ ‎---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎52. According to Paragraph 2, creators __________.‎ A. seem willing to experience failures in life B. possess the ability to predict future life C. handle ups and downs of life wisely D. have potential to create something new ‎【2012山东卷D篇】‎ Last year, it was a refrigerator that tweeted. This year, it’s Wi-Fi-enabled laundry machines and fridges that can tell you when your groceries are going bad. ‎ The washers and dryers, available starting in the spring, connect to any smartphone through a downloadable application. The phone can then be used as a remote control, so the machines can be turned on and off while their owners is at work or on the bus. ‎ Samsung says it’s not just something new — the app connection actually has some practical uses. ‎ ‎“If you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out, you can go to your phone and restart your dryer for the time when come home, so your clothes are refreshed and ready to go,” said spokesperson Amy Schmidt. ‎ The company also says that with electricity rate(电价)varying depending on the time of day, more control over when the machines are used can help save money. ‎ Perhaps, but what they will probably really accomplish is what all good technologies do —enable laziness. Rather than getting up to check on whether the laundry is done, users will instead monitor it on their phones while watching TV. ‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎73. What can we learn about the new laundry machines? A. They can tell you when your clothes need washing B. They can be controlled with a smartphone C. They are difficult to operate D. They are sold at a low price 秘诀12:miss (missing) ; lose (lost)是选项中答案高频暗示词!‎ ‎【2011全国新课标卷A篇】‎ There is sadly no home milk delivery today. Big companies allowed the production of cheaper milk thus making it difficult for milkmen to compete (竞争). Besides, milk is for sale everywhere, and it may just not have been practiced to have a delivery service.‎ Recently, an old milk box in the countryside I saw brought back my childhood memories. 1 took it home and planted it on the back porch (门廊). Every so often my son's friends will ask what it is. So I start telling stories of my boyhood, and of the milkman who brought us friendship along with his milk.‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎59. Why did the author bring back home an old milk box?‎ A. He missed the good old days. B. He wanted to tell interesting stories. ‎ C. He needed it for his milk bottles. D. He planted flowers in it.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【2010江西卷A篇】‎ Andy rode slowly on his way to school, day-dreaming about the fishing trip that his father had promised him. He was so busy dreaming about all the fish he would catch that he was unaware of everything else around him.‎ He rode along until a strange sound drew him to the present. He came to a stop and looked curiously up to the heavens. What he saw shocked and terrified him. A huge swarm of bees filled the sky like a black cloud and the buzzing mass seemed to be heading angrily towards him.‎ With no time to waste, Andy sped off in the opposite direction, riding furiously—but without knowing how to escape the swarm. With a rapidly beating heart and his legs pumping furiously, he sped down the rough road. As the bees came closer, his panic increased. Andy knew that he was sensitive to bee stings(蜇). The last sting had landed him in hospital—and that was only one bee sting! He had been forced to stay in bed for two whole days. ‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎56. Why did Andy fail to notice the swarm of bees earlier?‎ A. He was riding to school.‎ B. He was listening to a strange sound.‎ C. He was going fishing with his father. ‎ D. He was lost in the thought of the fishing trip.‎ 擒贼先擒王:主旨题、写作目的题吴军答题密码 方法一:找中心句 第一段首、末句(一段末出现转折)‎ 二段一句、二句(二段对一段进行总结或否定)‎ 尾段首末句, 90%在末句 有汉语标注的地方!‎ ‎【2012全国新课标卷B篇】‎ Honey(蜂蜜)from the African forest is not only a kind of natural sugar, it is also delicious. Most people, and many animals, like eating it. However, the only way for them to get that honey is to find a wild bees' nest(巢)and take the honey from it. Often, these nests are high up in trees, and it is difficult to find them. In parts of Africa, though, people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper一a little bird called a honey guide.‎ The honey guide does not actually like honey, but it does like the wax (蜂蜡) in the beehives (蜂房). The little bird cannot reach this wax, which is deep inside the bees’ nest. So, when it finds a suitable nest, it looks for someone to help it. The honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts the attention of both passing animals and people. Once it has their attention, it flies through the forest, waiting from time to time for the curious animal or person as it leads them to the nest. When they finally arrive at the nest, the follower reaches in to get at the delicious honey as the bird patiently waits and watches. Some of the honey, and the wax, always falls to the ground, and this is when the honey guide takes its share.‎ ‎---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎63. What can be the best title for the text?‎ A. Wild Bees B. Wax and Honey ‎ C. Beekeeping in Africa D. Honey-Lover's Helper 表转折和因果处:but, yet, however, instead,today,now,Although,so, therefore, thus, as a result, because(since,as,for), one of the reasons was……, The results are……‎ It was a village in India. The people were poor. However, they were not unhappy. After all , their forefathers had lived in the same way for centuries.‎ ‎ Then one day, some visitors from the city arrived . They told the villagers there ‎ were some people elsewhere who liked to eat frog’s legs. However, they did not have enough frogs of their own, and so they wanted to buy frogs from other places.‎ This seemed like money for nothing . There were millions of frogs in the fields around, and they were no use to the villagers. All they had to do was catch them . Agreement was reached, and the children were sent into the fields to catch frogs. Every week a truck arrived to collect the catch and hand over the money. For the first time ,the people were able to dream of a better future. But the dream didn’t last long.‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ From Paragragh 1 we learn that the villagers . ‎ ‎ A.worked very hard for centuries B.dreamed of having a better life ‎ C.were poor but somewhat content D.lived a different life from their forefathers ‎【2012全国新课标D篇】‎ Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced still swim as well as ever since. A man when he gets back who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star"。remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎67. What is the main idea of paragraph 1?‎ A. People remember well what they learned in childhood.‎ B. Children have a better memory than grown-ups.‎ C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words.‎ D. Stories for children are easy to remember.‎ ‎【2012重庆卷E篇】‎ In his 1930 essay “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren “, John Keynes, economist, rewrote that human needs fall into two classes: absolute needs ,which are indeed what other have , and relative needs ,which make us feel superior to our fellows. He thought although relative needs may indeed be insatiable (无止境的) this is not true of absolute.‎ ‎ Keynes was surely correct that only a small part of total spending id decided by the super- iority He was greatly mistaken, however, in seeing this derive as the only source of demands ‎ ‎ Decisions to spend are also driven by ideas of quality which can influence the den almost all goods, including even basic goods like food. When a couple goes out for an dinner, for example, the thought of feeling superior to others probably never comes to them. The goal is to share a special meal that stands out from other meals.‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎75.The author of the passage argues that ______.‎ A. absolute needs have no limits B. demands for quality are not insatiable C. human desires influence ideas of quality D. relative needs decide most of our spending ‎【2012陕西卷C篇】‎ Eating too much fatty food, exercising too little and smoking can raise your future risk of heart disease. But there is another factor that can cause your heart problems more immediately: the air you breathe.‎ Previous studies have linked high exposure (暴露)to environmental pollution to an increased risk of heart problem, but two analyses now show that poor air quality can lead to heart attack or stroke (中风)within as little as a few hours after exposure. In one review of the research, scientists found that people exposed to high levels of pollutants (污染物)were up to 5% more likely to suffer a heart attack within days of exposure than those with lower exposure. A separate study of stroke patients showed ‎ that even air that the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers to be of “moderate” (良好)quality and relatively safe for our health can raise the risk of stroke as much as 34% within 12 to 14 hours of exposure.‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎53. The text mainly discusses the relationship between . ‎ A. heart problems and air quality B. heart problems and exercising C. heart problems and smoking D. heart problems and fatty food 写作目的题秘诀13:广告文体写作目的题一般用advertise!‎ ‎【2012重庆卷B篇】Top lists are lecturing people on everything from"100 books to read ". Aren't you just tired of being told what to do with your time?‎ Now you have a list to end all lists!‎ Take a look at the following two examples from the list of "101 things not to do":‎ ‎……‎ Go to See the Mona Lisa?‎ There must be something about the mysterious(神秘的)smile. The 6 million people who the lady in the Louvre every year can’t all be wrong after all. But they can be quite and standing in front of you, holding up their cameras to prevent you from seeing anything. In fact hard for you to see the painting clearly because you have to stay away from it for security read. After queuing for hours, many tourists can remain in front of the painting only for 15 seconds most.‎ So, still long to see the Mona Lisa? If you want to find out more about the list, read 101 Tings NOT to Do Before You Die. Visit www.not2dobeforeidie.co.uk and buy the book at a 20% discount.‎ ‎63. What is the main purpose of the passage?‎ ‎ A. To advertise a book B. To introduce a website ‎ ‎ C. To comment on popular lists D. To recommend tourist activities.‎ 写作目的题秘诀17:一般说明文写作目的题常用inform!‎ ‎【2012浙江卷C篇】‎ There will always be conflict in schools, but that doesn't mean there needs to be violence. After students in Atlanta started a conflict resolution program, according to Educators for Social Responsibility, "64 percent of the teachers reported less physical violence in the classroom; 75 percent of the teachers reported an increase in student cooperation; and 92 percent of the students felt better about themselves". Learning to resolve conflicts can help students deal with friends,. teachers. parents, bosses, and coworkers. In that way, conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in schools across the country.‎ ‎---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎54. The writer’s purpose for writing this article is to_______.‎ A. complain about problems in school education B. teach students different strategies for school life C. advocate teaching conflict management in schools D. inform teachers of the latest studies on school violence But后面violence是重心!‎ 写作目的题秘诀18:新闻报道写作目的题常用report!‎ ‎【2012全国II卷D篇】ADDIS ABABA, Ethiopia - One of the world's most famous fossils (化石) - the 3.2 million-year-old Lucy skeleton ( 骨骼 ) unearthed in Ethiopia in 1974 - will go on an exhibition tour abroad for the first time in the United States, officials said Tuesday. Even the Ethiopian public has only seen Lucy twice. ‎ The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital. Addis Ababa is a replica while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom. A team from the Museum of National Service in to U.S. tour. Texas spent four years disscusing with the Ethiopians for the U.S. tour. Which will start in Houston next September.‎ ‎"Ethiopia's rich culture of both the past and today, is one of the best kept secrets in the world,"said Joel Bartsch, director of the Houston museum.‎ The six-year tour will also go to Washington, New York. Denver and Chicago.‎ ‎ Officials said six other U.S. cities may be on the tour. But they said plans had not yet been worked out.‎ Traveling with Lucy will be 190 other fossils.‎ ‎ Lucy, her name taken from a Beatles song that played in a camp the night of her discovery, is part of the skeleton of what was once a 3½-foot-ball ape-man (猿人).‎ ‎-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎53. The author writes this text mainly to _ _. ‎ ‎ A. introduce a few U.S. museums B. describe some research work ‎ C. discuss the value of an ape-man D. report a coming event 阅读出题点与细节题吴军答题法则 秘诀9:找到信息点后核对选项,发现照抄原文的不是答案,同义替换的通常是答案,有时结合答案特征,发现的更快!‎ Tanni’s enduring success had been part motivation(动机), part preparation, “The training I do that enables me to be a good sprinter(短跑运动员) enables me to be good at a marathon too. I train 50 weeks of the year and that keeps me prepared for whatever distance I want to race…. I am still competing at a very high lever, but as I get older things get harder and I want to retire before I fall apart.”‎ ‎-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎58. The underlined word “that” in the 5th paragraph refers to _______.‎ ‎ (此题容易错选 A ,但正确答案是 C ,怎样避开陷阱?)‎ ‎ A. fifty weeks’ training B. being a good sprinter C. training almost every day D. part motivation and part preparation 阅读文章结构、题材与推论题吴军突破秘诀 推论题秘诀3:‎ 没有中心句(中心词四选项都有),尾段也没有核对点,则找出题点核对!‎ ‎【2012福建卷B篇】‎ At exactly eleven Sir Percival knocked and entered, with anxiety and worry in every line of his face. This meeting would decide his future life,and he obviously knew it.‎ ‎"You may wonder, Sir Percival,’’ said Laura calmly, “if I am going to ask to be released (免除)from my promise to marry you. I am not going to ask this. I respect my father's wishes too much.“ 汉语标注处是出题核对点! His face relaxed a little, but one of his feet kept beating the carpet. ‎ ‎"No, if we are going to withdraw.(退出)from our planned marriage, it will be because of your wish, not mine.‎ ‎“Mine?” he said in great surprise. “What reason could I have for withdrawing?’‎ ‎"A reason that is very hard to tell you," she answered. "There is a change in me. ”‎ His face went so pale that even his lips lost their color. He turned his head to one side.‎ ‎"What change?" he asked, trying to appear calm.‎ ‎“ When the promise was made two years ago, ” she said, my love did not belong to anyone. Will you forgive me, Sir Percival, if I tell you that it now belongs to another person?”‎ ‎“I wish you to understand, “ Laura continued, “that I will never see this person again, and that if you leave me, you only allow mc to remain a single woman for the rest of my life. All I ask is that you forgive mc and keep my secret."‎ ‎‘I will do both those things, “ he said. Then he looked at Laura, as if he was waiting to hear more. "I think I have said enough to give you reason to withdraw from our marriage, “ she added quietly. “ No. You have said enough to make it the dearest wish of my life to marry you, “ he said.‎ ‎---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎61. We can learn from the passage that .‎ A. Laura had once promised to marry Percival B. Laura's father wished to end her marriage C. Percival had been married to Laura for two years D. Percival asked to be released from the marriage 文章取材题秘诀5:若首段有小括号,里面有新华,搜狐,网易,新浪,路透,BBC等提示,如(XINHUA NET),或每段首句有具体时间信息点,则选项一定与news有关!‎ ‎【2012辽宁卷C篇】‎ If Confucius(孔子)were still alive today and could celebrate his September 28 birthday with a big cake, there would be a lot of candles.He’d need a fan or a strong wind to help him put them out. ‎ While many people in China will remember Confucius on his special day, few people in the United States will give him a passing thought. It’s nothing personal. Most Americans don’t even remember the birthdays of their own national heroes. ‎ But this doesn’t mean that Americans don’t care about Confucius. In many ways he has become a bridge that foreigners must cross if they want to reach a deeper understanding of China. ‎ In the past two decades, the Chinese studies programs have gained huge popularity in Western universities. More recently, the Chinese government has set up Confucius Institutes in more than 80 countries. These schools teach both Chinese language and culture. The main courses of Chinese culture usually included Chinese art, history and philosophy(哲学).Some social scientists suggest that Westerners should take advantages of the ancient Chinese wisdom to make up for the drawbacks of Westerners philosophy. Students in the United States, at the same time, are racing to learn Chinese. So they will be ready for life in a world where China is an equal power with the United States. Businessmen who hope to make money in China are reading books about Confucius to understand their Chinese customers. ‎ So the old thinker’s ideas are still alive and well. ‎ Today China attracts the West more than ever, and it will need more teachers to introduce Confucius and Chinese culture to the West. ‎ As for the old thinker, he will not soon be forgotten by people in the West, even if his birthday is. ‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎67. The passage is likely to appear in ___________. ‎ A. a biography B. a history paper ‎ C.a newspaper D. a philosophy textbook 文章取材题秘诀6:文章首尾句看是否有关键信息点,比如book,可能是书的前言或简介,若有价格,与钱有关或访问某网站,则可能是广告(advertisement)!‎ ‎【2010湖北卷C篇】This brief book is aimed at high school students , but speaks to anyone learning at any stage of life.‎ Its formal ,serious style closely matches its content ,a school-masterly book on schooling .The author , W .H . Armstrong ,starts with the basics : reading and writing . In his opinion , reading doesn’t just mean recognizing each word on the page ; it means taking in the information,digesting it and incorporating it into oneself just as one digests a sandwich and makes it a part of himself .The goal is to bring the information back to life , not just to treat it as dead facts on paper from dead trees . Reading and writing cannot be completely separated from each other ; in fact ,the aim of reading is to express the information you have got from the text .I’ve seen it again and again :some-one who can’t express an idea after reading a text is just as ineffective as someone who hasn’t read it at all.‎ Only a third of the book remains after that discussion ,which Armstrong devotes to specific tips for studying languages ,math , science and history . He generally handles these topics thoroughly(透彻地) and equally ,except for some weakness in the science and math sections and a bit too much passion(激情) regarding history to his students , that was a hundred times more than my history teachers ever got across .To my disappointment , in this part of the book he ignores the arts .As a matter of fact ,they demand all the concentration and study that math and science do,though the study differs slightly in kind .Although it’s commonly believed that the arts can only be naturally acquired ,actually ,learning the arts is no more natural than learning French or mathematics.‎ My other comment is that the text aged. The first edition apparently dates to the ‎ 1960s—none of the references(参考文献)seem newer than the late 1950s. As a result, the discussion misses the entire computer age.‎ These are small points, though, and don’t affect the main discussion. I recommend it to any student and any teacher, including the self-taught student.‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎66. This passage can be classified as________.‎ ‎ A. an advertisement B. a book review ‎ C. a feature story D. A news report ‎【2012北京卷A篇】‎ The Basics of Math—Made Clear Basic Math introduces students to the basic concepts of mathematics, as well as the fundamentals of more tricky areas. These 30 fantastic lectures are designed to provide students with an understanding of arithmetic and to prepare them for Algebra(代数) and beyond.‎ The lessons in Basic Math cover every basic aspect of arithmetic. They also look into exponents(指数), the order of operations, and square roots. In addition to learning how to perform various mathematical operations, students discover why these operations work, how a particular mathematical topic relates to other branches of mathematics, and how these operations can be used practically.‎ Basic Math starts from the relatively easier concepts and gradually moves on to the more troublesome ones, so as to allow for steady and sure understanding of the material by students. The lectures offer students the chance to “make sense” of mathematical knowledge that may have seemed so frightening. They also help students prepare for college mathematics and overcome their anxiety about this amazing—and completely understandable—field of study.‎ By the conclusion of the course, students will have improved their understanding of basic math. They will be able to clear away the mystery(神秘性) of mathematics and face their studies with more confidence than they ever imagined. In addition, they will strengthen their ability to accept new and exciting mathematical challenges.‎ Professor H. Siegel, honored by Kentucky Educational Television as “the best math teacher in America,” is a devoted teacher and has a gift for explaining mathematical concepts in ways that make them seem clear and obvious. From the basic concrete ideas to the more abstract problems, he is master in making math lectures learner-friendlier and less scary.‎ With a PhD in Mathematics Education from Georgia State University, Dr. Siegel teaches mathematics at Central Arizona College. His courses include various make-up classes and a number of lectures for future primary school teachers.‎ If the course fails to provide complete satisfaction to you, you can easily exchange it for any other course that we offer. Or you can get your money back.‎ ‎---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎59. Where is the passage most likely to have been taken from?‎ ‎ A. A news report. B. A book review ‎ C. A lesson plan. D. An advertisement 文体结构题秘诀4:指定段落有a man, one man, such as等信号词时, 结构为举例(examples).‎ ‎【2012江西卷D篇】‎ ‎  Yet some people wonder if the revolution in travel has gone too far. A price has been paid, they say, for the conquest (征服) of time and distance. Travel is something to be enjoyed, not endured (忍受). The boat offers leisure and time enough to appreciate the ever-changing sights and sounds of a journey. A journey by train also has a special charm about it. Lakes and forests and wild, open plains sweeping past your carriage window create a grand view in which time and distance mean nothing. On board a plane, however, there is just the blank blue of the sky filling the narrow window of the airplane. The soft lighting, in-flight films and gentle music make up the only world you know, and the hours progress slowly.‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎72.How does the writer support the underlined statement in Paragraph2?‎ ‎ A.By giving instructions. B.By analyzing cause and effect.‎ ‎ C.By following the order of time. D.By giving examples.‎ ‎【2012全国新课标D篇】‎ One explanation is the law of overlearning , which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(尝试)increase the length of time we will remember it.‎ In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.‎ The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表)are an exception to the eeneral rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.‎ ‎---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎68.The author explains the law of overlearning by_________.‎ A. presenting research findings B. setting down general rules C. making a comparison D. using examples 阅读词汇、文章及作者态度题吴军破解规律 词汇答题秘诀12:模凌两可处如何处理?向该词就近信息点靠拢!向高频答案词特征靠拢!选择范围大的!‎ ‎【2011重庆卷A篇】There was a gardener who looked after his garden with ‎ great care. To water his flowers, he used two buckers. One was a shiny and new bucket. The other was a very old and dilapidated one, which had seen many years of service, but was now past its best.‎ ‎56. What does the underlined word “dilapidated” probably mean?‎ A. Dirty B. Dark C. Worn-out D. Plain-looking.‎ ‎ 被动答案特征!‎ 作者态度题秘诀11:高频答案词caring(关心的; 有同情心的)‎ ‎【2012天津卷B篇】‎ ‎45. Which of the following can best describe Ms. Yates?‎ ‎ A. Reliable and devoted. B. Tough and generous. ‎ C. Proud but patient. D. Strict but caring.‎ ‎【2012辽宁卷B篇】‎ ‎61. Which of the following best describes the families of the astronauts on the ISS ?‎ ‎ A. The are caring and thoughtful ‎ B. The are impatient and annoyed ‎ C. The are impatient and annoyed. ‎ D. The are excited and curious. ‎ ‎【2010全国Ⅱ卷A篇】‎ ‎45.Which of the following best describes Brownie?‎ A. Shy B. Polite C. Brave D. Caring 更多阅读高分秘术和高频答案词尽在2013高考英语阅读3天提分秘术教案中.艺考生和体考生只要记住阅读高频答案词,就有可能70%正确,再结合吴老师的2013高考英语阅读高分秘术(技巧密籍:www.sypeterwu.com),一本,‎ 二本不再是梦!同时也为考重点大学满分攻略带来了答案原理依据!‎ 现在可以开始预定吴军2013高考英语高分秘诀系统教案啦!‎ 单买:‎ ‎2013高考英语阅读3天提分秘术教案 原价5000元 现6折 3000元 ‎2013高考英语完形3天提分秘术教案 原价5000元 现5折 2500元 ‎2013高考英语语法词汇3天提分秘术 原价3000元 现5折 1500元 ‎2012高考英语阅读矩阵法则教案 原价3200元 现3折 960元 ‎2012高考英语完形易经法则教案 原价3200元 现3折 960元 ‎2012高考英语语法词汇高频考点 原价2000元 现3折 600元 ‎2012高考英语高频答案词一本通 原价2500元 现2折 500元 ‎2011高考英语阅读高分密码 原价3000元 现2折 600元 ‎2011高考英语完形高分密码 原价2500元 现2折 500元 全套:(教案不含听力,加盟文字系统版不含电子版及1年辅导和策划服务)‎ ‎2013吴军高考英语迅捷提分秘术 学生自学版 教师授课版 加盟系统版 辽宁卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4200元 12000元 20000元 新课标(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4200元 12000元 20000元 天津卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4500元 12000元 20000元 上海卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4500元 12000元 20000元 北京卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4500元 12000元 20000元 浙江卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4500元 12000元 20000元 四川卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4000元 12000元 20000元 重庆卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4000元 12000元 20000‎ 元 陕西卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4000元 12000元 20000元 安徽卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4200元 12000元 20000元 广东卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4200元 12000元 20000元 湖南卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4000元 12000元 20000元 湖北卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4500元 12000元 20000元 江西卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4000元 12000元 20000元 江苏卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4200元 12000元 20000元 全国I (作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4000元 12000元 20000元 全国II(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4200元 12000元 20000元 福建卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4200元 12000元 20000元 请上www.sypeterwu.com或上百度,输入"沈阳高分英语家教吴军"查询!‎ 您孩子或许接受过一对一的大型品牌英语家教服务,甚至一线在职教师的辅导,‎ 但绝大多数的情况是,您孩子的英语分数纹丝不动甚至下降了!为什么?‎ 花言巧语的广告轰炸和信誓旦旦的保分承诺是让很多家长经不起的诱惑!其实很多品牌家教派给您孩子的家教不过是以前在马路上举牌仅值30-50元/小时的应往届毕业生而已!最终,拿回承诺的退费比登山还难,即使退了,也换不来孩子的分数和本应美好的未来!‎ 在职教师有着令人信服的耀眼光环,但该好的当然是好,但该坏的照样是坏的!重点高中的孩子并不是你在职教师教出来的,因为学苗好,都125-130分了,谁教都会一样的好!把普通学校的学生拿给在职教师教,再用在职教师滚瓜烂熟的知识点串讲辅导和拿个五三套题让学生去做,其结果,很难短期内事半功倍!‎ 什么北京XX高分突破,60分钟高考英语提分秘诀,2012高分核按纽,选择 题高分模板等层出不穷,到底哪个才有效啊?与吴军高分密码有什么区别?‎ 有的用名头砸人(比如用北京或上海英语学科带头人,参加过高考出题,享受国务院特殊津贴等作为卖点);有的用卖成功学陈XX那样的文字广告框人;有的干脆模仿或照抄相关广告文案去骗人,甄别起来,还真是有点困难!‎ 真想区别开来,其实是可以找到答案的:‎ 骗子是很好鉴别的,一是可以让您的孩子问一些高考英语中阅读和完型很具体的问题,看他或她回答的如何?另外,骗子一般都不留自己的联络地址和电话号码,只留邮箱,QQ号码和银行卡号,让你被骗之后无从寻找。另外,他们还会承诺,不满意,可以退回资料,马上退款,还负责汇款手续费,让你觉得深信不已!其实,仔细想一想,资料都暴漏了,谁拿到后都可以马上复印,若可以退的话,岂不是所有人都可以免费拿到资料了吗?‎ 比如,2011年高考的时候就有人假借吴军老师的名义实施骗局!他在网上贴吧和博客上出卖的教案根本不是吴军的核心授课教案,是免费公益版的;另外淘宝网上卖的也是假的,是武汉某某在沈阳吴军高分英语家教网站上或百度文库,英语周报英语教师网及新浪爱问共享资料上免费下载的,是可以免费得到的,然而他却卖你3000元,但其并非吴军本人核心授课教案!声明:没有与沈阳吴军本人联络,且未将款项打入沈阳吴军个人银行帐号的交易与吴军无任何关系,其后果自负!已经上当的家长,请看一下你得到的是类似如下吴军高分教案吗? 不要图便宜,还是与吴军本人亲自交易吧!‎ 辨别有没有效,好不好使,其实方法也很简单:一要看你教的学生是不是真实的? 广告中提分的学员是否留有学校,班级和学生真实姓名及提分幅度?这样一来,知道了班级和姓名就很容易核实了,不符则可称为诈骗,可追究法律责任! 不敢留学生真实姓名,只是写上张某某(或从别处粘贴了外地高考状元的照片)‎ 并随意说提了50分是不可信的,目的也是可想而知!吴军英语的广告中声称的提分效果,都写明了学校班级和学生姓名及提分幅度,是可信的,也是敢于让公众监督的! 比如,吴军英语关于提分在其官网上是这么写的:‎ ‎2012吴军高考英语成绩公告 ‎   2012年高考已经结束,吴军老师今年承接了一对一或一对二,共计87位考生。其中刨出一个最高分136分(本身来时就130分左右)及考前半个月左右才来学的2位考生,平均提分36.7,再创辉煌!其中值得一提的是,吴老师所授的一名学员英语单科成绩竟然提了90多分,再次刷新了吴老师2009年创造的提73分的最高记录!令人兴奋!‎ 最高提90分,刷新2009年最高提73分记录!‎ 方美乔,鲁美附中高三3班(考前2个月内在翰林补课班上学),考生号:12210104130592,考场在50中学,高二下学期来吴军老师处学习时,成绩最高时仅36分,通过在1年多每周一次课的学习,2012年高考成绩为126分,提分90多分,刷新了2009年吴老师创造的最高提73分的记录。作为沈阳隆方房地产公司老板的女儿,家庭条件相当优越,但其从不缺乏刻苦专研精神,最后即将以艺考482分的优异成绩考取鲁迅美术学院!‎ 重点高中在职教师不行,不妨再找吴老师试试! ‎ 刘赫绅,22中高三9班,考生号:12210106150716,考场在53中学,通过某位重点高中参加过高考英语出题的在职教师近1年的一对一补课,成绩始终徘徊在70分左右,但考中国民航大学飞行员的英语小分必须达到90分.后来其母亲沈阳雏鹰小学马老师通过2011年考取一本B段涉外高护专业的沈阳4中胡兢元的母亲鼎立推荐,找到了吴军老师,此时距离2012年高考还有不到2个半月的时间,通过每周一、三、五下午17:30-19:00近30课的学习,最终将以2012年高考英语101分的成绩如愿以偿! ‎ 短期火箭式提分有秘方!‎ 高考前3个月,词汇量能达到初三下学期水平,本身有强烈的提分欲望,‎ 能刻苦专研,没有心理障碍的学员,基本上,或者说2005-2012历年99%提分。‎ 徐可,沈阳4中高三0班,考生号:12210106110515,考场在15中学, 总分605(过理科一本线)。2012年高考英语为125分。来时100多分,通过短期10课的学习,分数提了近20分;‎ 王天池,沈阳120中,考生号:12210105150840,考场在省实验中学,总分478(过理科二本线)。2012年高考英语为89分。来时接近40分,通过短期集中20多课的学习,分数提了近50分;‎ 袁小力,鲁美附中高三1班艺考生,考生号:12210104130667,考场在50中学, 总分436。按其成绩排名基本上可以考取鲁美。通过短期集中20课的学习,其由来时的30多分,上升到本次高考66分,分数翻倍,险过小分!‎ 蒋同学,沈阳31中高三艺考生,考生号:12210102170004,考场在38中学,通过8次课的集中学习,成绩由原来的80分左右提到2012年高考英语109分!‎ 更多提分详细资料,请亲临咨询!对于携带记者证或预交1课学费者,可以全部查询相关提分信息,并任意抽查3-5位同学父母的联络方式核实!也可根据其所在学校班级,二次核实!‎ ‎(链接2011年吴军老师亲授学员成绩公告)‎ 吴军亲授考生共83人参加了2011年高考,去掉一个最高分东北育才本部137分,去掉一个艺考最低分(临时只学了7次课,来时33分,2011年高考61分),平均提分31.5分! ‎ ‎2011年沈阳高分英语家教吴军一对一亲授中考生学员共计39人,140分以上占97.17%;130-140之间为0%;120-130之间占2.73%,没有120分以下的。其中21人达到了145分或以上,有“两匹黑马”值得一提,他们一个是辽宁省实验中学北校区初三8班的杨淇,另一位是沈阳7中初三21班的童俊豪,他们来吴军老师这儿学习时均为120分或以下,本次2011年沈阳中考英语成绩均达到了146分。‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ 许译 鲁美附中高三1班,考生号:11210104130303; 宁莹莹 鲁美附中高三3班2011届高三文科艺考生,考生号:11210702130017; 黄钰乔 沈阳27中高三13班,考生号:11210105130331,2011年高考英语分别提高了30-55‎ 分不等,已被一批本科鲁迅美术学院和中央美术学院录取!‎ 卢涵 沈阳铁路中学高三11班2011届高三艺考生,考生号:11210105130901, 李奕宣 沈阳同泽女中学高三3班2011届高三艺考生,考生号:112101053130422, 2011年高考英语成绩分别提高了30-35分不等,已被中国传媒大学文编专业和天津师范大学播音专业录取!‎ 李晨晖 沈阳2中2011届高三考生,考生号:11210103151002,总分:651分,理科,一本线重点大学,来吴军高分英语前110-120分,本次高考英语成绩为127分;‎ 杨嘉睿 东北育才双语2011届高三4班考生,考生号:11210102111097,总分:559分, 理科,预估一本线,来吴军高分英语前120分,本次高考英语成绩为130分;‎ 鲁菲 沈阳120中7班2011届高三考生,考生号:11210105110762,总分:544分, 理科,一本线,来吴军高分英语前110分,考前共学5课,本次高考英语成绩为119分。‎ 姜萧栩 沈阳雨田中学初三2班 考号:061020116 2011年沈阳中考英语成绩为145分;‎ 杨淇 辽宁省实验中学北校区初三8班 考号:051008906 2011年沈阳中考英语成绩为146分;‎ 王一乾 沈阳雨田中学初三2班 考号:061020406 2011年沈阳中考英语成绩为146分;‎ 袁若琳 沈阳雨田中学初三1班 考号:061021102 2011年沈阳中考英语成绩为144分;‎ 童俊豪 沈阳7中初三21班 考号:031009521 2011年沈阳中考英语成绩为146分;‎ 张天爱 沈阳雨田中学初三1班 考号:061019414 2011年沈阳中考英语成绩为144分。‎ ‎2012吴军高考英语3天提分秘诀辽宁卷效果示例 一、知识点和词汇全部押对!‎ 举几个2012高考英语辽宁卷单选的例子:‎ 吴军老师帮您筛选的30多个形容词和副词,大家看一看,是不是都在下列备选项中?‎ ‎22. We used to see each other , but I haven’t head from him since last year. ‎ A. especially B. regularly C. particularly D. approximately 有些连知识点都不用,只是通过吴军老师教你的正负 / 过程和结果解题法就所向披靡了!通过正负,可知A和D可选!再通过过程和结果,可知A. with pleasure强调的是结果,说明借过后,表示荣幸,所以不符!电话还没借呢,故只有D符合。‎ ‎23. — I’m terribly sorry to interrupt, but may I use your phone? It’s rather urgent. ‎ ‎— Yes, . ‎ ‎ A. with pleasure B. no burry C. it doesn’t matter D. of course ‎2012吴军高考语法与词汇单项选择题3天提分密码B-1第25页,Shall用于第二、第三人称,表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。这儿是说根据学校规定学生在校时都必须要穿校服。‎ ‎24. One of our rules is that every student wear school uniform while at school. ‎ A. might B. could C. shall D. will ‎2012吴军高考语法与词汇单项选择题3天提分密码B-2第25页,有宾语主动,无宾语被动!follow后面有宾语,with的宾语后面可加形容词、副词、分词、不定式、名词等作宾补,这儿pet dog与follow构成主谓关系,所以用following.‎ ‎25. The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog them. ‎ ‎ A. to follow B. following C. followed D. follows ‎2012吴军高考英语高频答案词一本通第108页,Rod喜欢拆卸钟表,然而,他从来都不能再重新装好。所以选B项。另外However两边句子相反,看到put…… together, 当然相反的就是taking apart啦!‎ ‎26. Rod loves clocks. However, he never manages to put them together again. ‎ A. taking apart B. giving away C. making up D. turning off ‎2012吴军高考语法与词汇单项选择题3天提分密码B-1第6页,one作“一个”,“一本”,“一件”等解,用来代替上文提到过的paper。相当于a copy of paper.‎ ‎28. If you’re buying today’s paper from the stand, could you get for me?‎ A. one B. such C. this D. that ‎2012吴军高考语法与词汇单项选择题3天提分密码B-2第13页,把你的钥匙留给你的邻居,以防你把自己锁在外面了。所以选C项。‎ ‎30. Leave your key with your neighbor you lock yourself out one day. ‎ ‎ A. as long as B. even though C. in case D. as if ‎ ‎2012吴军高考语法与词汇单项选择题3天提分密码B-3第4页,Not until位于句首时句子要倒装,consider having a holiday abroad这个动作发生在retire之后,所以用一般过去时。‎ ‎32. Not until he retired from teaching three years ago having a holiday abroad. ‎ A. he had considered B. had he considered ‎ C. he considered D. did he consider ‎2012吴军高考语法与词汇单项选择题3天提分密码B-1第26页,在句型 “It’s high/ very time that…”中, 从句中的谓语动词用did或should do.所以选D项。‎ ‎33. Jack is a great talker. It’s high time that he something instead of just talking. ‎ ‎ A. will do B. has done C. do D. did ‎ ‎2012吴军高考语法与词汇单项选择题3天提分密码B-2第18页,名词性从句4个高频答案词,介词for后面加的是宾语从句,且从句中find缺少宾语,故用whatever,选C。‎ ‎34. The newcomer went to the library the other day and scarched for he could find about Mark Twain. ‎ ‎ A. wherever B. however C. whatever D. whichever 二、完形技巧+高频答案词,挑战高分!‎ 举几个2012高考英语辽宁卷完形填空的例子来回忆一下吴军老师的完形易经,骄傲一下自己当时精明的选择!‎ 首尾或上下段落呼应,复现解决问题!‎ When Glen Kruger picked a small cat from an animal shelter, he did not expect much. Yet right from the start, eight years ago, there was an uncommon connection between him and the small black cat. He 36 her Inky. ‎ ‎“ I grew up on a hundred-acre farm and had only cats 37 playmates,”Kruger,The seventy-year-old man,says. “My hearing was damaged by the 38 of farm epuipment , so I learned to connect with 39 . ‎ ‎39. A. animals B. friends C. farmers D. neghbors ‎46 in a pool of blood on the basement floor, Kruger felt 47 going into shock(休克). He shouted for help , 48 his wife, Brenda , was asleep in their bedroom at the opposite end of the house. 49 Kruger noticed Inky watching from the top of the stairs. ‎ ‎ “Go get Brenda, ” Krugger said to Inky. ‎ Inky 50 to the bedroom door and scratched 51 until Brenda opened it. Then Inky led her to the 52 Brenda found her husband 53 the stairs and called 911. ‎ ‎52. A. bedroom B. basement C yard D. house 通过同现解决问题!‎ 看到rushed后就知道很匆忙,故50空纠结时,通过同现校正答案,就不能误选C了,ran与rushed同现;51空是C还是D呢?Inky是猫,madly更贴切;53空,叫911送医院了,说明掉楼梯底下了。‎ Inky 50 to the bedroom door and scratched 51 until Brenda opened it. Then Inky led her to the 52 Brenda found her husband 53 the stairs and called 911. Kruger was rushed to the hospital.‎ ‎50. A. walked B. ran C. returned D. withdrew ‎51. A. rapidly B. suddenly C. madly D . urgently ‎53. A. at the bottom of B. in the middle of C. at the top of D. in the front of 通过正负解决问题!‎ ‎“My hearing was damaged by the 38 of farm epuipment , so I learned to connect with 39 . They react to what they see and what you do. ”‎ ‎38. A. sound B. alarm C. noise D. voice 三、吴军英语阅读迅捷技巧+矩阵法则,挑战满分!‎ ‎ 找不到主旨句或四个选项都带中心词时,看出题点,即每段首尾句和有汉语标注的地方等,然后通过复现和同现就解决了!‎ Astronauts on shorter shuttle missions(使命)often work very long days. Tasks are scheduled so tightly that break times are often used to finish the day’s work. This type of schedute is far too demanding for long missions on the Internaitional Space Sttation(ISS). ISS crewmembers usually live in space for at least a quarter of a year. They work five days on and two days off to mimic the normal way they do ‎ things on Earth as much as possible. Weekends give the crew valuable. Weekends give the crew valuable time to rest and do a few hours of housework. They can communicate with family and friends by email, isternet phone and throhgh Private video conferenes. ‎ ‎ While astronauts cannot go to a baseball game or a movie in orbit, there are many familiar activetics that they can still enjoy. Before a mission. The family and friends of each ISS crewmember put together a collection of family photos, messages, videos and reading material for ‎ The astromauts to look at when they will be floating 370 kilometers above the Earth. During their missiom, the crew also receives care packages with CDs, books, magazines, photos and letters . And as from early 2010, the internet became available on the ISS , giving astronaouts the chance to do some “web surfing (冲浪)”in their personal time. Besides relaxing with these more commom entertainments, astromauts can simply enjoy the experience of living in space. ‎ Many astronauts say that one of the most relaxing things to do in space is to look out the window and stare at the universe and the Earth’s vast land mass and oceans. ‎ ‎63. The passage mainly discusses how astronauts . (2012辽宁卷阅读B篇)‎ ‎ A. work for longer missions in space B. connect with people on the Earth C. observe the Earth from space D. spend their free time in space 词汇13大解题思路使您茅塞顿开!本题仅用代入法就解决了问题!‎ Astronauts on shorter shuttle missions(使命)often work very long days. Tasks are scheduled so tightly that break times are often used to finish the day’s work. This type of schedute is far too demanding for long missions on the Internaitional Space Sttation(ISS). ISS crewmembers usually live in space for at least a quarter of a year. They work five days on and two days off to mimic the normal way they do things on Earth as much as possible. Weekends give the crew valuable. Weekends give the crew valuable time to rest and do a few hours of housework.‎ ‎60. What does the word “minic”in Paragraph 1 probably mean?(2012辽宁卷阅读B篇)‎ ‎ A. Find B. Copy C. Change D. Lose ‎ 找到minic这个动词的宾语way,way they do things做事的方式,Find 发现?;Copy 模仿?Change 改变?Lose 失去?way they do things做事的方式,当然是模仿做事的方式喽!‎ A大于B,则选A。‎ In the past two decades, the Chinese studies programs have gained huge popularity in Western universities. More recently, the Chinese government has set up Confucius Institutes in more than 80 countries. These schools teach both Chinese language and culture. The main courses of Chinese culture usually included Chinese art, history and philosophy(哲学). Some social scientists suggest that Westerners should take advantages of the ancient Chinese wisdom to make up for the drawbacks of Westerners philosophy. Students in the United States, at the same time, are racing to learn Chinese. So they will be ready for life in a world where China is an equal power with the United States. Businessmen who hope to make money in China are reading books about Confucius to understand their Chinese customers. ‎ ‎65. We can learn from Paragraph 4 that American students______。(2012辽宁卷阅读C篇)‎ A. have a great interest in studying Chinese B. take an active part in Chinese competitions C. try to get high scores in Chinese exams D. fight for a chance to learn Chinese ‎65题根据题干关键字American students文章定位,就近原则参考点为racing to learn Chinese. 有些同学在A和D之间纠结。如果确实区分有困难的话,可以根据“A大于D,则选A。”原则,则选A。‎ 矩阵法则解题:出题点;与中心词沾边;答案特征;答题步骤;核对规则. 69. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? (2012辽宁卷阅读D篇)‎ A.The customers who cannot pay can word as volunteers instead. ‎ B.More volunteers will go to new Orleans for the hurricane cleanup. ‎ C.Many new cafes will be opened to offer free lunches in the town. ‎ D.The lunch menu has remained the same since the café was started. ‎ ‎ 69题出题点在尾句,更有出题信号词instead ;选项中A是前后矛盾的句子,符合答案特征; 选项A中含有的volunteers是文章反复出现的中心词,所以答案就可以选A了.‎ 四、洞穿7选5秘诀, 吴军高考英语运筹帷幄!‎ 答题步骤:首句定位;排比;逻辑关系;指代+同现或复现;连接词+同现或复现;先易后难,缩小范围,从而高分突破!‎ How to Make Friends Friendship is a very important human relationship and everyone needs good friends. Good friendship has many benefits. It offers companionship, improves self-worth and promotes good health. There are times in our lives such as when we have recently moved into a new town, or changed our jobs or schools. Such changes often leaves us without a friend 71 . But for many of us the process is difficult and requires courage. Below are some helpful suggestions on how to make and keep friends. ‎ ‎1. Associate with others. ‎ The first step to making friends is associating with other people. You can go to public places to meet new people. Besides, you will need to make yourself known by becoming an active member of such places. ‎ ‎2.Start a conversation Starting a conversation is the second most important step in making new friends. 72 You can always start the conversation. Being able to make small talk is a very useful skill in relating with other people. ‎ ‎3. 73 ‎ Choosing friends with common interests is important in building friendship as these interests would always bring you and your friend together, Hanging out will always be a pleasant experience. ‎ ‎4.Let it grow. ‎ It is a good thing to stay in touch. However, try not to press your new friend with calls, messages or visits as this would likely wear him or her out and finally you may lose your friend. 74 . The best friendships are the ones that grow naturally. ‎ ‎5.Enjoy your friendship The best way to enjoy your friendship is to allow your friends to be themselves. 75 Try not to change them from who they are to what you want them to be. Become the kind of friend you will want your friend to be to you. ‎ A. Be cheerful. ‎ B. Do things together. ‎ C. Do not wait to be spoken to. ‎ D. Try not to find fault with your friends. ‎ E. Making new friends comes easy for some people. ‎ F. For a friendship to develop you need to stay in touch. ‎ G. So you will need to give your friend time to react to you. ‎ ‎71空发现复现词friend,根据吴军高考英语7选5法则转折关系(形容词或副词相反,转折),选E; 72空根据吴军7选5法则同现原则, spoken to与conversation关联,所以选C; 73空看到每段都是祁使句,而只有B项中有与原文中的复现词together,所以选B; 74空就近原则指代一致you,复现一致your friend,所以选G; 75空后面有them,说明前面有复数名词,再加上否定句结构排比Try not to,所以75空选D.‎ 五、改错探秘, 吴军教案看7遍,错点全部找到!‎ Dear Diana,‎ Thank you for the lovely day we have with you. It was so kind for you to let us bring Anne's ‎ had of friend. Gina. Unfortunate, the only problem was the journey home. There had been a terrible Unfortunately accident on the highway and, for a result, there was a long line of traffic for at least six mile. In ‎ as miles the end, we drove to a service station and waited there unless the road was clear. In the car park ‎ ‎ until ‎ here,Gina nearly got knocked over as ∧car drove out far too quickly from behind a lorry. They there a We finally dropped Gina off at her parents' and made our own way to home.‎ 请购买2012高考英语3天提分秘诀教案(增购7选5和改错版)的顾客仔细核对:‎ ‎1. 第1句have→had, 参考吴军改错教案一23页,由后面的was可知,这儿应该用过去时态。‎ ‎2. 第2句 for→of, 参考吴军改错教案二3页押中原题,It’s kind of you为固定用法。‎ ‎3. 第3句 Unfortunate→Unfortunately, 参考吴军改错教案一18页押中原题,用副词作状语。‎ ‎4. 第4句 for→as, 考吴军改错教案二2页,as a result固定搭配。‎ ‎5. 第4句 mile→miles, 参考吴军改错教案一4-5页,mile是可数名词,并且前面是six.‎ ‎6. 第5句 unless→until, 考吴军改错教案二4-5页,这儿后面一句是一个时间状语从句,意思是我们一直等到路通了。‎ ‎7. 第6句 here→there, 参考吴军改错教案一16-19页,叙述的是别的地方发生的事,所以用there.‎ ‎8. 第6句 car前加a, 参考吴军改错教案一1页,car不是特指,并且是可数名词,所以前面要加a.‎ ‎9. 第7句 they→we, 参考吴军改错教案一9页押中原题,叙述的是我们做的事,所以用we.‎ ‎10. 第7句去掉to, 参考吴军改错教案二2页押中原题,make one’s way home中home为副词,所以前面不用介词to。‎ ‎2013吴军高考英语迅捷提分秘术! 版权所有,侵权必究! 同行抄袭可耻,转载注明出处!‎ 二册上单词归类识记 一、词中词(复合词) Unit 1‎ ‎ within ;prep. with+in在里面;在……范围内;和……一起在里面 ‎ undertake v;t.& vi. 从事;着手做;承担(undertook,undertaken);助记 :在下边(地下);从事(地下)工作; engage v. 从事;订婚; gage抵押品;挑战;担保; ‎ agriculture ;n. 农业;农学;agri(土地)+culture文化,农业农学是一种文化(艺术) -ure名词后缀 ; ‎ research ;n. 探索;调查;研究; 搜寻,查找;助记 :单是寻找search还不够,要再研究调查,搜集资料 ‎ wheelchair ;n. 轮,wheel轮+chair椅 复习peel 剥(削)皮 ‎ disable ;vt. 使丧失能力 dis不+able能够; 使不能够做某事; disabled adj. 残废的 ;‎ intelligence ;n.智力;天才; 助记 :在我头脑里就有天才的;‎ misunderstand vt. 误会,误解;助记 :不理解;就在下边under站着stand,在下边站着就不会误会或误解 ; ‎ seek(sought,sought) vt.&vi. 寻找;探索;追求;助记:寻找到k ‎ scan vt. 浏览;助记 :细看能看见“s”;比较skin(发音相似) ; ‎ curious ;adj. 好奇地cur(e) I O US 好奇; ‎ observe ;vt. 观察;察觉;遵守;庆祝;助记 :察觉ob在服役/务 ‎ 二、减字记忆法 ‎ heaven ;n. 天;天空;词中词:have; he+ave+n ;n. 助记 :他(w)在波浪似的天空; ‎ scientific ; adj. 科学的;-tific+ce-fic+stscience ;n. 科学 ‎ scientist ;n. (c不发音); 谐音 “赛恩斯”science; ‎ conscience n. 良心;良知;adj.conscious;清醒的;有意识/良知的; ‎ 三、谐音 ‎ match v. 火柴“默契”联想:match比赛;换一字 march前进;行军,助记 :两合“火柴行军比赛; ‎ patient adj. “拍pat”它t要“耐心patience” ; ‎ scan v. 助记 :细看(s can)S形“浏览”;‎ microphone n. 麦克风;谐音 ‎ boundary n. 助记 :邦德bound(007主角)被绑在“边界”; ‎ science n. 助记 :赛恩斯先生对科学“C”保持沉默,c不发音; ‎ ‎ ‎ Unit 2‎ media ;n. “媒”me体“体”是“宣传工具”;[pl.复数 ]medium; ‎ reliable ;adj. 可信赖的; rely=depend on 确实是能够;复习: relic遗物;留下的遗物relic;是可靠的;reliable;valuable adj 有价值的;贵重的responsible ; honourable;unforgetable;‎ fire n. burning 燃烧;flame;火焰;复习:fibre;纤维;纤维少了b才能燃烧; ‎ be on fire 着火;对……充满热情/激情passion激情;热情;复习:emotion情绪;mood; 心情, 情绪; (精神)状态;[pl. ]喜怒无常, 脾气不好; face ;n-vt. 面对;正视; 复习:meet withsurface n.表面;necklace项链; ‎ ‎ —ace race ;n. 种族;比赛; ‎ edit vt. 编辑; ditch; 壕沟;排水沟editor n.编者;主笔;总编;edition n. 版;版本; 复习:publish;print;‎ reason n./vt. 原因;道理;说服;推论;助记: 说出真正real(儿子son的)理由; 复习:real; cause ;n.(引起某种结果/行动的直接)原因;cause and effect原因与结果; 真正的;真实的;‎ really adv.reality n.真实;现实realize v. 认识;领会;有道理的;推论;拓展 :reasonable; reasonably; reasoning n. 推理 ;rear ;n. 后部;rare ;adj. 稀罕的;珍奇的;难得;elect ;vt.& vi. 选举;推选;‎ electricity ;n;. 电 ‎—ect ‎ reject ;v. 拒绝;联想 : reflect反映 respect; effect; subject ;object; ‎ select ;v. 挑选;联想 :connect;expect project/protect; ‎ elephant ;n. 大象; 形近correct;direct;collect;affect;lecture ;protect; perfect;injure vt. 损伤;损害;联想 : injury n. ‎ ‎ —ure n.sure;future; measure;量(尺寸);措施;联想 :temperature 温度;体温;treasure n. 财富;近义词:harm ;hurt;wound;‎ rumour ;n. 谣言;传闻; 换字:humour;幽默;rumour;honour;favour;colour;neighbour;‎ inform vt. 通知; 联想 :in.form.ation 消息;信息;informed消息;灵通的;见闻的; form; ;n. 形式;表格; 联想 : perform表演;演出; perform表演;演出;助记 :The bookworm in uniform is informed of the storm穿制服的书呆子得到暴风雨的消息。‎ relate; ;v. 有关;涉及; 联想 :related相关的;涉及的;relative相关的;相对的;n. 亲戚;relation ;n. 关系; 联想 : in relation to;‎ talent ;n. 天资;天赋;才能;联想 :talented;adj. 联想 :gift; genius; intelligent;able;ability;tale n. 故事;传说 ; lent 借lend过去式; ‎ switch ;v. 开关;转换; 助记:女巫witch用魔法(wit)/ 机智转换开关;联想 :switch on= turn on ;witch ;n. 女巫;witchcraft魔法;妖术 ; ‎ present ;n. 礼物;助记:(提前pre送sent礼物)adj.在场;出席vt.呈现;描述;介绍;赠送; 助记: ‎ presence ;n. 出席;在场;存在; ‎ effort ;n. 努力; 联想:effect影响;结果; ‎ passion ;n. 助记:热情很快过去;联想pass;passenger客人;乘客 ; ‎ spirit ;n. 精神,酒精联想 :spiritual adj. inspiration;灵魂mind; soul;spiritual ;‎ AIDS ;n. 艾滋病;Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ;‎ addict ;vt. 使沉溺;使入迷;上瘾; 助记 :加上添加ict就会上瘾/入迷be addicted to = be lost in ;复习:drug 毒品/药; medicine,pill;draw one's attention to/be attracted ;address ;n. 地址;‎ ‎ -ic ‎ strict 严厉(格)的 ;district n. 地段街区;‎ ignore vt. 不顾;忽视;联想 :pay no attention;turn a deaf ear to;take no notice of不注意;忽视; attention ;n. 注意;专心;留心;联想 :at. ten. tion ;attentive adj. 专心致志地;复习:pay attention to注意;专心 ; ‎ ‎-ore ‎ ‎ more ; bore 厌烦; score (二十)therefore;因此;‎ tolerate ;vt. 容忍;忍受; 词中词:to; let;ate; late;rate;复习:bear;stand;忍受;rate;比率; hate;cross; 脾气不好的;易怒的;patient耐心的-anger;angry; locate;v. 坐落于;位于;location; 位置;position; ‎ affair ;n. 事情; 复习:matter,thing,event(大事);fair公平的,好的;‎ social ;adj. 社会的;society ;n.社会;‎ 音近:appreciate;欣赏;感激;ocean海洋;socialism ;adj. 社会主义的;社会主义者;commune ;v. 亲近,亲密;relative;亲属;亲戚;community社区;乡村居委会; ‎ concern vt./n 使担忧;烦恼;负责;牵连;担心;忧虑;焦急; 形近词 :concert音乐会;as far as… concerned 就……而言;telegram ;n. 电报; 复习:联想 :telescope望远镜;telegram电报telephone电话; ‎ complete ;vt. 完成;结束 复习:compete完全;完美;比赛;助记( 让宠物pet来比赛); ‎ retire; ;vi. 退休;退职;撤退; 联想 : tire使累;使厌倦; bear v. 使厌烦;bear 出生 bear 忍受;负担(bear,bore,born );同音同形:bear bear/keep in mind 牢记在心; learn ......by heart; attitude n. 态度;‎ conclude 推断/推理;conclusion ;n.复习:include;包括; ‎ disappoint ;vt. 使失望;受挫折;point点appoint指定;约定;任命;委派;adj. +ing/ed复习:disappointment n.guard n. 守卫;警戒;保卫;门卫;yard 庭院;校园; card 卡片;复习:defend 保(守)卫 keep on watch; ‎ citizen ;n. 公民;市民;居民;citizenship;‎ polluter ;n. 污染者;污染源;‎ ‎-ute; pollute;pollution; poll; n. 民意测验,舆论调查;pull推; ‎ update ;vt. 联想 :up.date ; 更新;改造;最新的;upward向上; upstairs上楼;‎ ‎ ‎ Unit 3‎ arch.itec.ture ;n. 建筑; 联想 :arch; n. 弓形门;弧形;architect n. 建筑师,制造者;arctic adj. 北极的;Arctic Ocean北冰洋;反义词:ant.arctic南极;North Pole 北极;联想 :Antarctic; ‎ prefer.ence ;n. 偏爱;偏好;喜好;优先 ;prefer' ;v. 喜欢;宁愿 ; 名词后缀; refer v. 提及;涉及;参考 ‎ reference n. 参考;提到;参照;引用;参照物;‎ ‎—ence ‎ 复习:confidence 信心 fence 篱笆;栅栏 defence n.保卫; ‎ design ;vt.& n. 设计;计划 ;sign n. 标志;记号;招牌;签名联想 :resign放弃;辞职assign分配;指定; ‎ furniture n. 家具(总称);复习:leather 皮革;皮制品; feather羽毛; fur皮毛;幼物)毛皮;毛皮制品;furs;further更大;更远;skin 动植物的)皮;a(n)piece/article of furniture一件家具; ‎ ‎-ure; ture;‎ cure 治愈;矫正; pure 纯的; sure 确实的; ‎ insure 保险;pressure 压力; measure;尺寸agriculture 农业 ;future 将来; ‎ lecture 演讲 mixture 混合物 ‎ picture 图片; adventure; 冒险temperature; 温度literature文学;taste n.& v. 对称;爱好;鉴赏;味道;味觉;换一字:waste; 浪费;花费 ; ‎ sofa n. 沙发;couch; ‎ modern adj. 谐音“摩登”;现代的;时髦的;复习:ancient;out-of-time; out-of-date ; ‎ 类似谐音外来词汇归纳: ‎ modern摩登的;guitar吉它;jeep吉普;card卡片;e-mail伊妹儿;shampoo香波/洗发精; ‎ honey n. 蜂密;花密;宝贝儿;亲爱的;honey bee蜜蜂;复习:money;grey;gray;monkey;obey; ‎ fashion n. 式样;model;模型; ‎ convenient adj. 方便的;‎ con-‎ 复习;control;conclude;contribute;contribution;connect ; consider;continent;containcontest; continue;convenience n.concert;concern;condition;confident;confidence;conflict ;‎ block ;n. 街区;大建筑;大块(固体);‎ ‎—ock cock;lock;sock;shock;clock 助记 :公鸡穿着袜子,刁着钟锁在大建筑里很吓人; ‎ apartment; ;n. 公寓房间分成一部分; ‎ apart 分开; ‎ style n. 风格;式样;作风 ;复习:fashion:pattern,model;stand; 承担 联想 :bear,support,suffer ;passage n. 段落;走道;过道; 助记 :pass+age; chapter 章节 ;复习:passenger乘客 passport:护照;passion 热情passive被动的;消极的;ugly adj. 丑陋的;难看的 ‎ 复习:nice;beautiful;handsome;pretty; ‎ drug 药;毒品sugar糖 ;luggage 行李; struggle斗争;奋斗; ‎ construct ;v. 建造;建设;structure 结构;construction建设;instruction ;n. 指令;指示;instruct ; ;v.production生产;产品;product产品;produce生产; ‎ steal; (同音异形词) v. 偷 steel 钢; iron 铁; gold 金; silver 银; ‎ concrete ;n. 混凝土;具体的事物;adj.具体的;有形的;实在的 复习:反义词abstract 抽象的; ;n. 摘要; secret 秘密;‎ impress ;vt.  铭刻;给……深刻的印象; 联想 :impression;have/leave impression on;‎ press ; v. 压;按杂志;出版物;言论界; 联想:dress穿裙子;衣服; address地址;v. 压;按杂志;出版物;言论界; The man depressed by the pressure from the press expressed the impression on him. 那 个受到来自新闻界压力压抑的人表达了他的印象;联想:dress穿裙子;衣服; address地址; ‎ affect; ;v. 影响; 换一字effect影响;结论 ; ‎ roof 屋顶;顶部;联想:roofs 复数只加s ; chiefs;handkerchiefs;gulfs;cliffs; proofs ;助记 :酋长戴着手帕;爬上房顶,看着悬崖,准备跳进海湾. ‎ balcony ;n. 阳台;复习chimney烟囱 lawn 草坪; pass 走栏;走道; ‎ fantastic ;;adj. 奇异的;荒诞的;fan 爱好者;狂热者;……迷;taste ‎ 兴趣;口味 ;‎ fantasy ;n 幻想;空想;fancy 幻想;想象;谐音:"范特西"; ‎ create ;vt. 创造;创作;创建 联想:;creative; creation;复习:construction 建设 ;‎ 助记 :创造是为了吃 ate ; ‎ sail n./v. 帆;蓬;航行; sailor 船员;海员;联想:fail失败mail邮寄nail指甲;钉子;‎ ‎-ail tail 尾巴; tailor裁缝; rail 铁轨;pail 桶; snail 蜗牛;tailor;裁缝; rail 铁轨'trail 小路;小径; detail 细节' wail 恸哭;哀求; ‎ medium (复数media) 媒体;方法;媒介; ‎ ‎ stand  n. 看台;助记 : 站着看露天体育赛很悲哀; ‎ belong; vi. 联想:own 拥有;属于某人的; ‎ paint ;vt./n 涂;颜料;油漆;颜料;涂料; 换一字:联想:faint 晕倒;昏倒;模糊;茫然; 词中词:pain疼痛;痛苦; ‎ aside adv. 边;侧面;方面;观点;联想:side ;take sides 支持;站在……一边;side by side并肩;shoulder to shoulder; ‎ rent v. 租用;租金; 换一字: lent; bent;‎ develop v. 发展;冲洗(底片)d联想:evelop(ment); eve除夕;envelope信封; ‎ poem n. 诗;韵文;诗体文; 联想:poet诗人 poetrythem ;problem ; ‎ enemy n. 敌人 反义:friend ; ‎ chemistry n. 化学; 联想:chemist 药剂师;chemics; ‎ extremely adv. 极端;极其; 联想:extreme; ‎ empty adj./v 空的;倒空;反义:full; ‎ attempt n.∕v. 尝试; 联想:trial; effort;‎ regret n.∕v. 遗憾; 形近词:secret 秘密的; forget 忘记;联想:let; net 网 pet 宠物 ; set 放 ; -et wet 潮湿 yet; get; met;upset 扰乱;使心烦; carpet 地毯; ‎ intention ; ;n. 意图;目的;打算;词中词tent 帐篷; 联想:intend 打算;计划; ‎ recite ;v. 背诵;b联想:ite咬; kite 风筝; quite 很;非常;spite 不管 despite 不管;不顾; ‎ ‎-ite write; white; excite 激动;site遗址;场所;遗迹;invite邀请 ; ‎ mad adj. 疯狂的;精神错乱的; 近义词:crazy;bad;dad; glad ;sad ;lad ;小伙伴; ‎ madam(e) ;n. 夫人;助记:夫人是跳堤坝 ;mad 女人; dame 贵夫人; dam 的; ‎ damn ;v. 咒骂;指责; 联想:damned被诅咒的;该死的; ‎ pattern ;n. 模式;方式;典型;式样;近义词:model 模型 type 类型;style 风格;方式;fashion ;n. 方式;做法;流行;时尚;‎ patent ;n./adj. 专利的;明显的; ‎ dialogue ;n. 对话;对白; 复习:line 台词 stage 舞台;同义词:conversation 对话联想:dial 拨(电话);dial 119 打119;log 圆木;原木;dialect 方言;diamond ;联想:diary 日记; ‎ sort ;n./v. 种类;类型;分类整理; 联想: kind type 类型;种类;short 短 ;sport 运动 ;(加字记忆法); ‎ fantasy ;;n. 想象;幻想;特色(谐音)词中词:fan( 球)迷;近义词: imagination fancy; ‎ loneliness ;n. 孤独;寂寞;联想:sadness;近义词:sorrow; ‎ grammar ;n. 语法; 助记:ram 前后对称 RAMMAR;词中词:gram 克(重量单位,简写g);hammer 锤;联想:program (programme) 节目;项目;程序 ; ‎ 归类记忆:vocabulary词汇(sentence) pattern句型;(grammar) structure结构; ‎ glory; ;n. 光荣;荣誉;联想:lorry四轮马车;truck卡车;glorious;光荣的loyal; 忠诚的; ‎ absence ;n. 缺习;不在; 联想:absent ;adj. absent-minded心不在焉的;difference不同点; ‎ district ;n. 地区;区域; 同义词:area; reigon;strict严格的;严肃的conflict冲突;‎ atmosphere ;n. 气氛;情绪;大气层;相关词:cloud云; smog烟雾 ;fog 雾;atoms原子;粒子; ‎ passion ;热情;联想:;be on fire for; ‎ spiritual adj. 精神上的;心灵的; ‎ merely  仅仅;只不过;联想: here; where ;there ;simply; ‎ introduce ;v. 介绍;联想:intro 向内 -duc-引导;生产;educate; education 教育 ; ‎ ‎-duc produce 生产; conduct指导; conductor列车员 ; ‎ translate v. 翻译; 联想: translation n. trans 越过;超;转换transport 运输;交通; ‎ ‎-ate ‎ fortunate;graduate;date;gate;;hate;late;plate;‎ skate;transplant;;classmate;;state;playmate;‎ talent 天赋; 联想:tale故事;传闻;传说;tail 尾巴  pale 灰色的sale卖;销售;‎ shade ;n. 阴凉;树荫;荫;暗部; 联想:;sad 悲哀的;悲伤的 ;grade 等级;年级; 联想:comrade 同志;persuade说服; trade商业;贸易; ‎ extraordinary adj. 特别的;平常的; 联想:extra 特别的;额外的; ordinary普通的;平常的 ; ‎ idiom ;n. 习语;成语;习惯用法; 联想:IDI对称 ; ‎ dust n./adj. 灰尘;尘土;灰的;脏的;联想:just 刚刚;仅仅;公平的trust 信任;相信; industry n. 工业; custom 习惯; ‎ crow ;n. 鸦;乌鸦;联想:blow 吹;爆 flow 流动; grow 生长;变成 ; ‎ cow 母牛;奶牛 low 低; show; snow ;throw 扔;crowd 人群;拥挤 ; ‎ ‎ powder 粉末;bowl碗; brown;town;downtown商业区;narrow弓箭 ; ‎ apart ; adv. 相隔;相距; 助记:相隔一部分距离; 联想:depart离去;离开;department部门;部分 ; ‎ essay ;n. 论说文;散文;随笔;联想:description; 描写(叙述);记叙文;argument 议论文; ‎ gay ;adj. 快乐;欢呼lay 放;搁;(下)蛋; 联想: delay推迟 ; ‎ recommend ;vt. 推荐;介绍;词中词:mend 补;修理;comma逗号;command命令;指挥; ‎ common ;adj. 普通的;共同的联想:;commerce商业commerical商业的; ‎ contribute ;vi.贡献;捐献;联想:contribution ;n.贡献attributive形容的;修饰的;attribute ;n./v. 特质;属性;归因于;归咎于;‎ Unit 5‎ consist ;vi. 由……组成;构成;i联想:nsist 坚持; 复习:make up; be mde up of; ‎ mystery ;n. 秘密;神秘 ; mysterious;assistant ;助手;‎ state ;n. 国家;政府;州;部门; 联想:country国家;乡村county县;郡;statement ;n. 陈述;叙述;state of matters (materials):gas -solid-liquid ; ‎ powerful ;adj. 强大的;强有力的; 联想:power力;功率;能力;力量;动力;电力 ;幂乘方; ‎ mistaken ;adj. 错误的;弄错的;联想:mistake弄错;误会; ‎ narrow ;adj. 狭隘的;狭窄的;arrow 弓箭;箭头; ‎ republic  ;共和国(体);联想:;public 公开的;公众的; 联想:pub 酒吧; publish; ‎ Europe ;n. 欧洲; 联想:European欧洲的;hope; telescope; 望远镜 ; ‎ form ;vt./n 形成;构成表格;形式;形近词:from从;来自perform表演;演出performance; 联想:formal 外形的;正式的;合乎礼仪的;former 从前的;以前的;前者; ‎ formula ;n. 公式;分子式formation形成;构成; ‎ Atlantic ;adj./n 太平洋的太平洋; 联想:lane小路;  lance长矛;鱼叉lantern灯笼;提灯; ‎ traffic ;n. 交通; 联想:plastic塑料;basic基本/础的; 联想:historic历史的 music;logic逻辑topic话题; ‎ general adj. 一般的;普通的; 联想:gene 基因;common ordinary 普通的;共同的; ‎ inflence ;n. 影响;作用; 联想:effect 影响;结果impress给……留下印象;影响;affect影响 ; ‎ fluency ;n/adj. 流畅;流利; 联想:fluent流利的;流畅的 fence 篱笆; 联想:defenece防卫;捍卫difference 不同点;区别; pence(penny);(便士)复数 ; ‎ ‎-ence conference 会议commence 开始 ‎ analysis ;分析; 联想:basis基础;根据;基本原则;base 基础;基底;地基;根据 bases 复数; ‎ sheet ;n. 被单;床单;薄板; 联想:quit被子a sheet of paper 一张纸feet 脚 meet; sweet甜的 ‎ grain ;n. 谷物;谷类植物;联想:rain 下雨; 下雨才能长谷物;brain大脑;train 火车; chain; ‎ ‎-ain main 主要的;联想: pain 疼痛;certain山脉; Spain 西班牙;curtain 窗帘; Srain brain on the train is restrained. 在列车上过度用脑受到约束. The gained grain drained away with the rain, all the pains were in vain again. 收获的谷物随雨水流失了,所有辛劳又白费。‎ ‎-ward eastward; southward; northward toward 朝;向 afterwards后来;以后; ‎ approach vt. 向……靠近;接近;联想:close to go/come near靠近;appreciate欣赏;感激;高兴;access 进入;接近;方法(途径);‎ Unit 6‎ prediction ;n. 预言;预报;预告; 联想:diction 措辞;用字;dictionary 字典;dictation 听写 ; ‎ predict v. 预言;预测; 联想:prepare 准备; ‎ pre- 提前;预先; forecast; 预测;预报president; 总统;董事长 ; ‎ precious 贵重的;宝贵的;  联想:predicate 表语;preface序言/文; ‎ prefecture县府;地区;专区;prefix 前缀-surfix后缀prefix 前缀-surfix后缀; ‎ present礼物;呈献;出席; 联想:president 总统;董事长;president总统;董事长 ‎ exact ;adj. 精确;正确的;严谨的; 联想:exactly;inactive不积极的;被动的; positive;‎ forecast n./v. 预测;预报; 联想:fore 前;提前forehead前额;脑门fortell 预言;预测 ; ‎ fore+ foresee 预测; 联想:foresight 远见;forest 森林;forefinger 食指 ‎ broadcast n./v. 广播; 联想:cast;投;抛;掷;cast; ‎ trend ;n. 倾向;趋势;时尚; 联想: fashion;减一字:tend;照顾; 倾向; ‎ contemporary adj. 当代的;现代的; 联想:current当今的;流行的;时尚的;currency货币;temorary临时的 ; 【串记】Because of the temperature tempo, I temporarily lost temper to my contemporary in the temple. 由于温度进度的原因,我在庙里一时地同代人发了脾气。 The empty empire' s emperor made an attempt t o tempt the contemptuous man. 空虚帝国的皇帝试图诱惑那个轻蔑的人。 ‎ indicate  ;vt. 表明;象征;预示; 联想:predict; porecast;symble;象征;show; -ate create;tolerate;graduate;updateurban adj. 城市的;都市的; 联想:rural乡村的;田园的;rural scenery 田园风光city城市;countryside 农村county县; ‎ ensure  v. 保证;担保;保护;保卫; 联想:guard;defend;insuranle 保险; ‎ system ;n. 系统;网;制度;体制; 联想:sister 妹妹;system茎;树干;叶(果)柄;茎状物; ‎ ‎;symbol 象征; 联想:sympathy 同情心; synthesis; synthesize 综合;合成; ‎ consumer n. 消费者;用/客户 ; 联想:consume;sum 总结;小结 summary总结;摘要goods商品;货物;good 复习:trade business; ‎ purchase购买;购置物; 联想:chase追赶;追求;bargain购买;讲价;讨价还价; ‎ tiny adj. 极小;微小的; 联想:tin 罐头;听筒;huge 巨大的; ‎ check;支票;chepue; cash 现金;;联想:cash crops 经济作物;cash 现金;现款; ‎ remain vi. 保持不变;剩下; 联想:main 主要的;stay;keep; ‎ importance n. 重要性; 联想:import出口;entrance 入口;通道;distance距离performance演出;表演; ‎ regular adj. 有规律地;规则的; 联想:irregular不规则的; ‎ medical adj. 医学的;医疗的; 联想:medicine药;医学;chemical;physical;political; ‎ deal n./v. 对付;处理;分配;(dealt dealt);deal with; do with; handle; ‎ physician; n. 医生;内科医师; 联想:musician;politician政客;政治家;physical物理学(P.E体育课) ‎ cure ;n./v. 治疗;治愈; 联想:treat;incuriable 不可治疗的;无法治愈的; ‎ biochemistry ;n. 生物化学; 联想:biology;chemistry ; ‎ educate ;v. 教育; 联想:educator 教育家;教育者;education教育; ‎ distance ;n. 远处;远方;距离; 联想:distant距离/远的;assistant辅助的;助手assistance援助; ‎ hopeful ;adj. 有希望的;怀有希望的;promising 有希望(前途)的; ‎ cheat ;vt./vi. 欺骗; 联想:heat 热;加热;chat 聊天;hat 帽子 ‎ wrist ;腕;腕关节; 联想:wristwatch 手表; ‎ 分类记忆: palm 手掌;掌心 thumb 拇指 ;forefinger食指arm手臂shoulder;elbow ;肘;胳膊肘(writ;knee;ankle 踝等的弯曲部分); ‎ require ;vt.vi 要求;需要; 联想:request 需要;要求;need;demand; 复习: 一坚持insist;二命令order;command;三建议advise;suggest;recommend;四要求;require;demand;request;urge;(宾语从句中常用should加原形;)‎ programme ;n./v 节目;计划;规划;程序;按计划;列入节目单; 联想:progress 进步;project 项目;规划; ‎ reality ;n. 现实;真实; 联想:real;activity 活动;活动性 ; ‎ absurd ;adj. 荒谬的;不合理的;荒唐的;un联想:reasonable不合理的;abstract抽象;incredible; beancurd豆腐 ; ‎ Unit 7‎ quiz ;n. 竞赛;比赛; 联想:test测试;match;n./v. 比赛; 联想:math竞赛;compete;false ;adj. 错误的;假的;伪造的;错误;联想:fault;error错误; mistaken; ‎ virus ;n. 病毒;病原体;毒素; 联想:thus因而;如此 ; ‎ via  凭借;通过;经过;经由; 联想:visa 签证;在护照上签证 ; ‎ blood ;n. 血液;flood洪水;水灾; 联想:food 食物; goods 商品;货物;good;wood木头;wooden木制的; ‎ 注意:-oo- oo 除“食物food”发长音外,其余发短音; (脚短食物长) ‎ prevention ;n. 预防;阻止;联想:prevent ;v. event事情;事件; ‎ defensive ;adj. defensive;防御的;防守的;防卫; 联想:defenceless无防备的;‎ fence n. 篱笆;栅栏; 联想:defence防卫;保卫;defend等于guard;protect保护;保卫; ‎ persuade ;vt. 说服;劝说; 联想:advise 劝说;劝告;advice;  ‎ illness ;n. 病;疾病; 联想:disease; ‎ treatment ;n. 治疗;对待;处理; 联想:cure 治疗incurable不可治疗的;curious 好奇的; deal 对待;处理; regard/ look on……as ; ‎ unprotected ;adj. 无防卫的;无保护的; 联想:protect; defend ;prevent;sex 性别;‎ fax ;n. 传真;tax 税;联想: wax 蜡;next;text;lack n./v. 缺乏;没有; ‎ back ;adj . black 黑色 ;联想:pack包;行李;track足迹;行踪backpack 背包;attack 进攻;袭击; ‎ proper ;adj. 合适的;适当的; 联想:suitable 合格的; right; ‎ probably ;adv. 可能地; 联想:pro- 向前;代理;progress;pronoun;projoct;programme ‎ ‎-per 每个; per- 全;透;贯;完全;perfect 完全的;完美的; 联想:persuade ‎ available ;adj. 可利用的;可达到的;有效的;avail 有用;有利;有效 ; ‎ discourage ;vt. 使泄气;使失去信心; 联想:courage勇气;discouraged;discouraging; ‎ cheer  ;v. 使兴奋;使高兴; 联想:pioneer;先驱enpineer;montaineer 登山者 ‎ specialist  ;n. 专家;专科医生; 联想:expert专家 ‎ special adj. 专门的;特别/殊的; 联想:especial特别; particular特殊的;特定的;个别的;个人的; ‎ meaningful ;adj. 有意义的;意味深长的; 联想:mean;meaning意思;涵义 ‎ fierce adj. 激烈的;凶猛的;强烈的; 联想:fire 火一般的;猛烈;strong;wild ‎ cell ;n. 细胞;小房间;单人房间; 联想:cellphone=mobile 手机; ‎ radiation ;n. 放射;发射;辐射; 联想:radio;‎ power  ;n. 力;力量; 联想:powerful; ‎ recover ;v. 重新找到;弥补;discover uncover 揭开;remove 移走;搬开; ‎ rely ;vi. 依靠;depend on ;relic遗址;‎ fight v. struggle斗争; 奋斗;+with / against/for ‎ countrary ;adj. 相反的;相对的; 联想:country 国家;乡村; opposite 相对;相反;对面; ‎ ‎-ary; -ry library; dictionary;contrast 对照;对比; ‎ category n. 种类;类别;范畴; 联想:cat 猫; glory光荣; kind;sort;type 类别;类型;; ‎ Unit 8‎ aid ;n. 援助;救助;助手; 联想:help ;assitance 帮助;救助; ‎ drown ;v. 溺死; 联想:dawn 黎明;拂晓 dask 黄昏down; 向下;drawn画画(drow)过去分词; ‎ flood 洪灾;水灾;联想:bleed(bled;bled) 出血;流血; ‎ choke  窒息;呛住 ; 联想:coke=coca cola 可乐;焦炭; ‎ wire ;n. 电览;电线;金属丝; 联想:fire;tire;retire;hire;admire; ‎ container ;n. 容器;集装箱; 联想:contain 包括;包函;容纳;certain 肯定;确定; ‎ electrical ;adj. 电的; 联想:eletricity;电;electric 电的;和电的; ‎ scream ;vi. 呼啸,发出刺耳的声音; 联想:cream;乳酪;ice cream 冰棋淋;team 队;团队;组 ‎ witness ;vt. 目堵;目击;证据;目击者联想:;wit 机智;智力;心智;智慧;‎ witch  ;n. 女巫;  联想:witchcraft 魔法;妖术; ‎ proof ;n. 证据;  联想:evidence 证据;证明 ‎ wisdom  ;n. 智慧; 联想:intelligence 智力;kingdom; ‎ calm adj./v 镇静;宁静的;平静; 联想:quiet 安静 ;silent 无声; still 静止;不动; ‎ panic ;v./n. 惊慌;恐慌; 联想:picnic野炊;野餐;hurry匆忙;in a hurry ‎ umbulance ;n. 救护车; 助记: 俺不能死; ‎ tip ;n.v. 小费;顶尖;赏钱;尖端;指示;使倾斜;给小费; 联想:top顶端; pit洞;坑;陷阱; dip ; ‎ slight ;adj. 轻微;少量;纤细的; 联想:light 轻的; flight航班;飞行; ‎ chest ;n. 胸膛;胸腔; 联想:;nest 巢; rest 休息; ‎ circulate ;vi. 循环;环流;流通; 联想:circle循环;circular圆形的;环形的;circulation循环 ; ‎ pulse ;n. 脉搏;跳动;谐音:怕尔死: 词中词:use;blood vessel ‎ 血管;脉管; ‎ wound ;n. 创口;伤口;创伤;联想:harm;hurt;injure;injury;found 创造;建立;成立;缔造; ‎ blanket ;n. 毛毯; 联想:carpet 地毯;blanket空格;bracket括号; blank ‎ motorcycle ;n. 摩托车; 联想:motor 发动机;motto 箴言;格言;motorbike;electric;bike电动车; ‎ sudden ;adj. suddenly; all of a sudden 突然;(by) accident/chance 意外 ‎ tape ;n. 磁带;tap 水龙头; 联想:pat 轻拍; ‎ loose  ;adj. 松散的;减一字: lose 丢失; 联想:tight 紧的; firm 紧;坚固的;bandage  ;n.(谐音)邦狄牌绷带;band 乐队; ‎ explanation ;n. explain v.解释 ‎ pronounce ;v. 发音 pronunciation;联想:noun 名词;pronoun 代词; ‎ Unit 9‎ ecology ;n. 生态;生态学;联想:technology技术 biology生物学;eco-system/environment生态环境 ‎ coal ;n. 煤; 联想:coat 衣服;外衣;charcoal炭;carbon; ‎ summarise ;v. 概括;总结;s联想:ummary总结;概括;sum up 总结;summer 夏天; ‎ content ;n./adj 内容;目录;满意;满足的;s联想:atisfied ;satisfying;tent帐篷; ‎ representative ;n. 代表;典型; 联想:represent代表;呈献;present 出现;呈现killer  ;n. 杀手;杀虫剂;止疼药; 联想:murderer 谋杀者;杀人犯;pain-killer 止痛药; ‎ access ;n. 接近;进入;进入/接近的方法; 联想:approach=close 接近;进入;靠近; ‎ violence ;n. 侵犯;强/猛烈; 联想:violent强/猛烈的;fence篱笆defence保卫;sentence句子commence ‎ conflict ;n. 冲突; 联想:demonstration 示威;游行 parade  ‎ peace ;n. 和平; 联想:at war 交战;pea;war;found“屁是我放的” ‎ per prep. 每;每一;按照; 联想:percent 百分之;period时期;时代 ‎ alternative ;;adj.n. 选择的;两者取一; 联想:alter改变;native;本族的;土著的;native language 本族语 ‎ defend ;n./ad j. 防卫;保卫;为……辩护;联想:defence;guard;protect; ‎ incorrect ;adj. 不正确的;不妥当的; 联想:correct正确的;correct正确的;incomplete 不完全的 ‎ affect ;vt. 影响;感动; 联想:effect n.影响;作用;效果;perfect完美的;object物体; ‎ ‎-ect subject科目;主题;文体; 联想:expect期待;期望;collect收集;聚集;direct直接的; ‎ respect尊敬;profect保护;保卫;lecture演讲;‎ premier ;n. 总理;首相; 联想:prime 主要的;首要的; prime minister 首相;总理;primary 第一的;首要的;基本的; 联想: primary school 小学; ‎ stress ;vt. 着重;强调;压力;紧张; 联想:actress 女演员; dress 裙子; address 地址; ‎ tension ;n. 拉紧;张力;紧张;不安;联想:tense;紧张的;tent; tend; ‎ equality ;n. 相等;平等;公平; 联想:equal;fair;fairness;cruelty残忍;残酷 ‎ responsibility ;n. 责任;责任心; 联想:responsible负责的;respond负责;回答;beauty;difficrlty; ‎ willingness ;n. 愿意;心甘情愿;联想:content;willing愿意的;甘愿的; 情愿的; ‎ harmony n. 协调;和谐;和睦 联想:;harm伤害;损坏 ‎ wipe ;vt. 擦;揩; 联想:pipe管子;烟斗;ripe熟的;成熟的; ‎ script ;n. 手稿; 联想:description描述;describe ‎ advise ;vt. 劝告;劝说;提建议; 联想:advice建议;意见;persuade说服;劝说 ; ‎ Unit10‎ frighting ;adj. 害怕; 恐惧; 联想:frightened; surprising ;frightening; shocked terrified; surprised; frightened ;shocking ;;terrifing; ‎ hurrycane ;n. 飓风;联想:hurry 匆忙; cane 棍子; ‎ erupt ;v. 爆发;喷发;联想:hurry 匆忙; cane 棍子;interrupt;打扰; ‎ interrupt ;v. 打扰;干扰; 联想:disturb; bother; ‎ bury ;v. 埋葬;掩藏; 联想:;funeral;tomb 坟墓 comb 梳子; ‎ ash ;n. 灰;灰尘; 联想:trash垃圾;rubbish;dirt; dust;污垢 dirty 脏的;flash动画;mud烂泥 ‎ sudden ;adj. 突然的;意外的; 联想:all of a sudden; suddenlly ‎ spot  ;n. 少量;点; 联想:sport 运动’; pot ; ‎ sight ;n. 情景;视线;视觉;视野;联想:;fight;light;night;right;tight;sign叹息 ‎ ‎-ight slight轻微的; flight飞行;航行kight;fright恐惧delight高兴 might may(过去时)  ‎ flee ;v. 逃走;run;away;联想: escape;(fled;fled);fee;费用;free; ‎ urge vt./n 催促;强烈希望;鼓励;强烈的欲望; 联想:edge边缘 border 边界arrival ;n. 到达; 联想:arrive+at/in;(小/大地方);survival 幸存;trial ‎ bath ;n. 浴缸;浴室; 联想:athe洗澡; bathtube ‎ pillow ;n. 枕头; 联想:low 低的; 联想:pillow 枕头要靠低的,靠高了要吃药 pill(药片/药丸;  ‎ immediately ;adv. 立即;马上;联想:at once;immediate;adj.   ‎ fresh  ;adj. 新鲜的; 联想:flesh 肌肉;flash 闪烁;动漫; ‎ web 网 ; 联想:WWW 世界万维网;net 网; internet 因特网; ‎ inch  英寸; 联想:foot(feet) 英尺;board ;n./v 船弦;甲板;登机;上船; 联想:on board在(船/甲板/机)上;blackboard;黑板 ‎ 形近字:broad宽的;广阔的 ‎ steamboat  ;n. 汽船;汽轮; 联想:steam蒸气; gas煤气;汽油; ‎ unbelievable ;adj. 不可相信的;难以置信的; 联想:uncomfortable 不舒适的;believe 相信; ‎ ‎-able unreasonable毫无道理的;unthinkable不可想象的; unimaginable不可想象的 ‎ crash ;n./v 破裂;崩溃;坠毁; 联想:trash垃圾;dash冲;跑; 破折号 ‎ aloud ;adv. 大声地;高声地; 联想:loud大声;高声的;read aloud 朗读; speak aloud; ‎ reading  ;n. 读数;阅读;联想:read; ‎ swear ;vi./vt. 诅咒;宣誓(swore sworn); 联想:wear 穿;戴 ( wore worn); ‎ 词组短语: as though=as if;live trough 度过;经受住;‎ all of a sudden=suddenly 突然 ‎ knock about 漫游;on board 上船; calm down 镇静,平静 drawl one’s attention to 吸引注意力 at hand 在手边 advise sb. (not) to do sth. 劝某人(不)做某事 advise doing 建议做某事 wipe out 消灭,擦干净 take part in 参加 in harmony with 与……协调 the UN-Untied Nation 联合国 in case of 假使,以防 in the case of 在……情况下 a list of 清单 keep in mind 记住 free from 不受……影响 pay attention to 注意 ‎ contribute to 为……作贡献 ‎=make contribution to in general 一般地,大体地 light up 照亮;使……放光彩 play with 玩耍;游戏 call up 召唤;使想起 fill up with 用……装 fall in love with 爱上……‎ relate…to 与……有关 go up 上升,增长 cheer up 使振奋;使高兴起来 put…together 把……结合成整体;装配 二册下单词速记 Unit 11‎ solar adj. 太阳的;日光的,比较: sun 太阳 grammar 语法;‎ particular 特别的,比较:lunar 阴历的, 月球的, lunar calendar 阴历 ‎ mankind人类,联想man ,human being ,people , person, ‎ constitution ;n. 宪法; basic law; 联想constitute ;v.组成;构成;任命;设立institute ;n. 协会;学会 ‎ support ;v.&n. 支持;维持;赡养;复习:supper; port ,super超级 daily日常的; 每日的= everyday复习:friendly ; lively; likely;lovely ‎ achieve ;v. 获得;取得 复习achievement 词中词ache疼痛 economy n. 经济 联想economic adj. 经济的 zone n.地区;地带;形近area, belt ; district; time zone 时区 bone骨头 ; 形近clone;克隆tone音调;phone 电话;private 私人的;个人的 反义 public 复习形近gate ; mate ;rate ;hate ;fate; late;( 大门;同伴;比率;讨厌;命运;迟到)‎ ‎ grasp ;vt. 抓住;掌握;理解形近grass草=master , catch; follow; understand perfect ;adj. 完美的;极好的,绝对的;‎ ‎ arrange ;v. 安排;筹划 词中词range 范围, set foot in =到达,涉足;踏上;have/leave an effect on 影响,产生作用;对……有效果;‎ rely v;. 依靠; 依赖; 指望;rely on 依靠 ;依赖 ;指望;depend on;‎ failure ;n. 失败; 失败的人(事);联想fail; success;‎ come to life  活跃 ;苏醒过来;‎ valley  ;n. 山谷,溪谷; 低凹处base     基地; 根据地 ;底部;‎ mark ;n. 标志 表示 做记号 打分数agency  ;n.机构 ;代理处形近agent 代理商 organ  ;n.器官 比较:organize组织;organization ;n. 组织;‎ forward向前 比较:向后backward; toward朝; 向;afterward后来; 以后upward向上;downward向下;‎ put for ward 提出; 建议;推荐;同义recommend;‎ breakthrough n. 突破;突围;比较:break though;‎ ‎ march ;n. 前进; 行军 比较 :March 三月;换一字:r—t match 比赛(谐音:默契);‎ ‎ aim v&n 目的;目标;瞄准;近义 purpose; goal aim (sth.) at旨在; 目的在于;瞄准;‎ announce  ;vt. 宣布; 宣告;=declare 词中词noun名词 announcement  ;n.  ‎ evolution ;n. 发展; 进化; revolution革命 battle  ;n. 战斗; 战役; 比较: fight; struggle ;bat 蝙蝠; 拍子;球拍 strategy ;n.. 助记 吃ate的策略 Unit 12‎ fiction ;n. 小说=novel;形近 dictionary字典;‎ belief ;n. 信仰;信念=faith 复习trust; believe in ;‎ ballon ;n. 气球;助记气球是球ballbotany ;n. 植物学; 复习biology; 生物学zoology; 动物学geography;地理学 apply ;n.应用;申请 联想 application ;n. apply to/for向……申请;应用 applied adj. 应用的; 实用的比较 apple; appreciate欣赏; 感激;servant ;n.仆人;公务员 联想 serve vt.服务;whale ;n. 鲸鱼; 词中词hale 强壮的;矫健的 比较 pale ;tale 苍白的; 故事传说;‎ hunter n. 猎人 词中词 hunt n. 打猎; 搜索 减一字n hut 小屋;棚子 hunt for =search for / look for 寻找 collision ;n.碰撞; 冲突; 同义 conflict companion ;n. 同伴;伙伴 联想 company ; 公司;accompany 陪伴; 陪同 permanent n.永久的;永恒的 助记 per. man.ent 每个per男人man 都是永恒的 guest n. 客人 联想 主人;东道主 host ;乘客 passenger比较 master; guest 注意 u字母不发音 ‎ ‎ voyage ;n.航行;比较 travel; journey ; trip ;tour; flight飞行; 航班 iron ;n.. 铁; 联想 metal; copper; gold; silver; tin 金属/ 铜 / 金/ 银/锡 environment 环境中有铁iron aboard ;adv. 在船/机/车上; 上船 ; 登机;词中词board 木板;cupboard; blackboard橱柜/黑板比较abroad adv. 到国外/海外 lamp ;n. 灯;油灯联想light电灯 换一字 damp 潮湿的 dislike ;vt. 不喜欢 同义 hate ‎ prisoner ;n..囚犯;犯人 prison监狱 gentle ;adj. 温柔/和的 近义 soft; kind 联想gentleman 绅士 marble ;n. 大理石 jade 玉石;珠宝 shore ;n. 岸;海边;近义beach ;coast ‎ luggage ;n. 行李 (总称) 近义 baggage; 形近 cabbage白菜 brilliant ;n. 辉煌的;杰出的;耀眼的; 近义outstanding ;remarkable; extraordinary ‎ phenomenon ;n. 现象;(复数) phenomena 助记 没有no男人 men 在on PHE上的现象;‎ labour ;n. 劳动;助记我们的our劳动在实验室lab干;‎ hesitate ;n. 犹豫;踌躇 助记他he犹豫地作着sit吃ate;‎ butcher ;n. 屠夫 谐音 bu 不切她her curtain ;n. 窗帘;助记肯定certain要挂窗帘;‎ lip ;n. 嘴唇;换一字 dip浸泡;tip小费;提示;‎ Unit 13‎ cube ;n. 立方体/块 形近tube 试管cubic ;adj.立方体的;square平方的;广场 sailor ;n. 海员; 船员;水手sail航行 benefit ;n&v.. 利益;好处;transport ;n.&v.运输;运送 transportation;‎ range ;vi. 在一定范围内变化; 变动形近arrange 安排;‎ unique ;adj. 唯一; 独特 助记唯一的选择就是“由你去/克”(谐音);‎ hydrogen ;n. 氢; 形近dragon龙 oxygen ;n.氧 词中词ox 牛;公牛;‎ relative ;adj.相对的;;n. 亲属;亲戚联想relate; related; relation; relativity; be related to; relationship;‎ solid ;n. &adj.固体;固体的;坚固的;联想液体liquid;‎ 词中词so + lid 如此“坚固的”盖子lid freezing ;n.&adj. 冰点; 极冷的;冰 冷的; freeze ;v. 结冰 词中词free 自由的freedom自由;‎ pure adj. 纯净的 形近sure;‎ gramme =gram ;n. 克;形近 grammar语法programme; 节目;项目 hammer 锤 联想kilogram(me)千克; telegram电报,‎ mass ;n. 质量; 团; 大块;比较; quality; 质量quantity 数量 float ;v.. 飘;漂流 形近boat decrease ;v.变小;减少 联想反义 increase增加 substance ; n.物质; 主旨; stance例子=example 形近subject; 物体subway地铁;distance距离 centigrade ;adj.. 摄氏温度 词中词cent 分+grade度; percent百分之; recent最近的 absorb ; n.吸收; 吸引 同义 attract, draw in ‎ thus ;adv. 如此 = so ; 形近bus; plus加上 stable ;adj.稳固的; 牢固的=steady;solid; 助记桌子table 是稳固的 sensitive a;dj. 敏感的;灵敏的;联想 sense 感觉; 感官;‎ trust .;v.相信; 信任= believe in联想faith; belief ; have faith/belief in ‎ nursery ;n.保育院;育儿室 词中词nurse护士;‎ ‎ recreation n. 娱乐;消遣;词中词creation; create创造 Unit 14‎ civil ;n.. 国内的 拓展civilization 文明; 开化 murder ;v.&n. 谋杀 拓展murderer杀人犯;谋杀者prisoner囚犯 youth ;n. 青年; 青春 ; 复习young revolution ;n.. 革命;形近 pollution;revolute旋转; 变革 slavery ;n. 奴隶制;词中词slave奴隶 wave; cave; save; brave; pave波浪/洞穴/救/勇敢/铺(路;街道); pavement 人行道 soul ;n. 灵魂;心灵;精神 heart and soul全心全意地 联想body ; flesh; spirit肉体;躯体/肌肉/精神 arrest ;vt. 逮捕;拘留; 助记抓到监狱里去休息rest联想unrest骚乱;冲突;‎ separation ;n. 分开;隔离; 复习 separate ;;v. 反义connection; contact; link/ touch race ;n.种族; 赛跑; 加一字 trace跟踪;痕迹; 复习 surface; necklace marriage n. 婚姻;结婚; marry 结婚; 联想 wedding;‎ forbid v. 禁止;不许 not allow for + bid 反义 permit; allow;‎ vote ;n. 选举; 投票;‎ 加字devote 献身于; 贡献; 花时间/精力在 ……上;‎ political adj. 政治的;联想politics n.. 政治; politician;‎ demand ;v. 要求 近义 require; request 注意从句中要求用should + 原行(虚拟语气)‎ boycott ;n.&v抵制;抵抗 助记男孩boy喜欢抵抗;‎ lawyer ;n. 律师; law 法律; 助记律师是“老爷”(谐音);legal 合法的;法律的 racial ;n种族的; 比较race 种族 discrimination ;n.歧视;区别 拓展discriminate ;v. crime ;n. 犯罪;犯法联想 prison; prisoner; murder;‎ act ;n. 法令;条例 ;动作;行为;行动 拓展action; active; actor; actress; activity bill ;n. 议案;帐单; 钞票 助记生病ill了付帐单;形近pill药丸 religion ;n. 宗教 ; 形近relics文物;遗产;‎ independence ; n. 独立;自主;自立 depend依靠; 拓展 rely ; independent 独立的 unconditional ;n. 无条件的; 绝对的; 词中词condition 条件 abolish ;n. 废止;废除; 拓展 get rid of ; break away from prejudice ;n. 偏见;成见 juice 汁;果汁 助记pre提前形成的偏见;近义 preference ;dice regardless ;n. 不管; 不顾; 不理同义neglect; omit复习regard 看待; ‎ 对待 chapter ;n. 章;回; 篇; 词中词 cap帽子;hat; cat; apt;‎ 复习passage; 段落paragraph 段 ridiculous ;n. 可笑的; 荒谬的 ;复习funny;incrediable Unit 15‎ upset ;adj. 苦恼的; 心烦的; 助记人倒着放肯定难过心烦;‎ airline ; n. 航线; 航班;航空公司 联想flight 航线; 航班 fly ;n. 苍蝇 联想飞; 航行 downtown ;n.&adj 市中心;城市商业区(的)‎ avenue ;n. 大街;通道; 词中词venue 会场; 集合地点;‎ altitude n. 纬度 形近attitude 态度 联想 longitude经度 guarantee ;v. 保证; 确保 近义 ensure; 保证insure 保险;‎ gather ;n. 集合; 聚拢 近义 collect feast ;n. 享受; 盛宴 形近 beast兽类 词中词east dip ;v. 洗澡; 浸泡 联想deep gym ;n.体育馆 gymnastics 体操 analyses ;v. 分析; analysis n. ‎ chat v. 聊天; 助记 猫cat戴着帽子hat聊天 ‎ budget ;n. 预算 词中词 bud花蕾;get 得到; 拓展expense; cost; income rate ;n. 价格;费用;速度; 比率 ‎ --ate date; gate; late; mate; hate; 日期/大门/迟到/同伴/讨厌;恨 visa ;n. 签证;联想 passport 护照 arrangement n.安排; 整理 arrange v.‎ range 在一定范围内变化 cheque= check ;n. 支票; cash 现金 currency ;n. 货币; 通货; 相关money ;bill current ;adj. 当前的; 通行的; 流通的;‎ Unit 16‎ entry ;n. 进入;许可 比较 entrance;‎ enter; 反义exit; ‎ mental ;n. 脑力的;精神上的;智力的;‎ ‎ 联想 spirit; soul; 形近 medal; 奖章metal 金属;‎ physical ;adj.. 身体上的; 物理的;‎ 比较 physics; ‎ suffering ;n. 痛苦; 折磨;苦难 比较 suffer ; pain; difficulty;hardship greedy adj. 贪婪的;渴望的比较greed n. 反义generous;;‎ trader ;n 商人; trade v. 贸易 unemployment ;n.失业;比较unemployed adj. 失业的 out of job; 相关dismiss; fire; employ; employer; employee;‎ unrest ;n.动乱; 骚乱;‎ sacrifice ;n.&v. 牺牲; 奉献;祭祀lose one’s life;‎ reconstruction n. 重建;比较 construction建设 ; construct ‎ former ;n. 以前的; 前者反义latter词中词 form ‎ funeral ;n. 葬礼 联想 bury ; tomb; 形近function vain ;adj. 徒劳的;白费的;徒然的 换一字 main; pain; rain; lain ;plain; chain ‎ eventually ;n. 最后; 终于;词中词 even 比较 event 事件; 赛事; finally; at last ;in the end;‎ dawn ;n. 开端; 黎明;换一字 down向下; 加一字 drown 溺水; drawn 画画(过去分词)‎ overcome ;n. 克服;战胜(overcame; overcome)比较 get rid of ‎ ‎ insist ;vi 坚持;形近 resist;抵制assist 援助; sister;‎ chief n.& adj. 首领;酋长; 上司;主要的; 注意 复数形式chiefs; 比较handkerchiefs 形近 belief ; thief afterwards ;n. 后来;以后 近义later ‎ widespread ;adj. 分布广的; 普遍的 ‎ wide + spread spread 传播; 传遍 比较 wildlife 野生动物 rot ;n. 腐烂;堕落 换一字pot; hot; lot 形近 carrot ; 萝卜 parrot 鹦鹉 ‎ supply ;v.& n. 供应; 供给;形近 ‎ supper ; super ; apply ‎ chain ;n. 链条; 连锁; 一连串 比较 plain ; pain; gain; main;‎ willing ;adj. 愿意的;心甘情愿的 ‎ 近义 content 心甘情愿的 ‎ Unit 17‎ disability ;n. 残疾; 无能;比较 ability;能力 able, disabled ‎ sidewalk ;;n. 人行道; = pavement(英)‎ waist ;n. 腰部 词中词 wait 等待 拓展 waist belt腰带 waistband 腰带waist coat背心= vest形近waste fair ;n. 商品交易会/展览会;公平的; 公正的;拓展unfair justice ‎ potential ;n&adj. . 潜力;潜在的;可能的 词中词pot; tent ‎ guidance ;n. 指导;引导;指引 比较 ‎ ‎ guide 导游; 指导; 向导 gifted ;adj. 有天赋的;天资的;同义 talented ‎ assist ;vt. 援助; 帮助;同义 aid ; help 形近resist ; insist sympathy ;n. 同情(心); 词中词path;‎ 形近symbol 象征 ‎ encouragement n. 鼓励; 鼓舞 ‎ encourage v. 近义inspire ‎ visual a;dj. 视觉上的 ; 视力的 比较 vision ; view ;‎ adjust ;v. 调整 ; 调节 近义adapt ‎ 词中词just ‎ candy ;n. 糖果;同义 sweet 词中词can形近candle niece ;n. 侄女; 外甥女 词中词nice 联想nephew;侄子; 外甥 cousin 堂弟兄; 表姐妹;‎ ceremony ;n. 仪式;典礼;形近harmony 和谐;‎ victory ;n. 胜利;形近history; factory dignity ;n. 尊严;尊贵;高贵;词中词 dig 近义noble ; loyal; ‎ participate ;vi. 参与;参加+ in ici对称比较: attend; join; take part in part; 部分;pat 拍;pate头顶;‎ conduct vt. 引导; 主持; 控制 比较 lead; direct; guide; control 拓展 conductor列车员; 指挥;director 导演;‎ accessible ;adj. 可使用/得到的/ 进入;复习access ; available ; entry; entrance;‎ ‎ ‎ Unit 18 ‎ vest ;n. 马甲;内衣换一字rest; best; lest;pest; west;背心= waist coat ; ‎ heel ;n. 鞋跟;后跟; 加 一字 wheel车轮;peel;‎ patent ;n. 专利(权); 词中词tent ; pat officer ;n. 公务员;官员;职员;比较 ‎ official 官员; 高官;clerk;staff词中词office 办公室;‎ petrol ;n. 汽油;词中词宠物pet;形近 control 控制;trolly bus 电车同义 gas ;‎ background ;n. 背景;back+ ground 比较 backpack背包;‎ reject ;vt. 拒绝;同义refuse 形近select; affect; reflect; elect; detect;‎ possibility ;n. 可能性;助记 三个I; 一个y近义 chance; potential; 词中词possible ; 形近ability;‎ otherwise ;adv. 否则; 要不然=or;‎ 助记other + wise;‎ connection ;n. 联系;连接; 联结;近义touch; contact; relation; ‎ previous ;adj. 以前的;先的; 同义former 反义 latter ;拓展curious; dangerous; serious; poisonous ‎ aware ;adj. 意识到;知道的;形近software; 软件hardware 硬件;近义 know; realize; recognize trial ;n. 尝试;试验; 审判 比较 try; arrival ; 近义 experiment; test; attempt rider ;n. 骑手;骑马/车者;‎ dusty ;adj. 肮脏的 多灰尘的;词中词dust灰尘 ; 拓展dirty ; windy; cloudy; funny; sunny pilot ;n. 飞行员;词中词plot; 阴谋;情节lot许多; pot ; 锅; 拓展flight; 飞行 storage ;n. 储藏;储存; 拓展store; v. restore; ‎ glue ;n. 胶水;形近 clue信索;暗示blue; true;‎ typewriter ;n. 打字机 type打字+ writer;‎ ‎ ‎ Unit 19‎ merchant ;n. 商人;词中词met; man ; hat;can; ran; cat mercy吝悯;同情同义 trader; businessman; 助记 昧(谐音)良心的商人 词中词chant 反复吟唱;单调地重复 ; 单调的歌/曲;‎ crown ;n. 王冠;皇冠; 词中词 crow;鸡叫/啼 cow;奶牛 own自己的/ 拥有;row; 排; 行; 划船换一字drown ; down mercy ;n. 吝悯;同情;仁慈;merciful 近义 sympathy;; kind 反义 cruel 残忍 cruelty enemy ;n. 敌人; 反义 friend; benefit; gene; general; ENE对称 reasonable ;adj. 有道理的;合情理的 词中词reason; son judgement ;n. 判决;判断词中词judge ;n&v. 判断;审判;法官 gentlemen n. 绅士;助记温柔的男人 gentle 温柔的;拓展soft; hard;‎ greeting n. 招呼; 问候; greet v. 打招呼; 问候;近义 wave;挥手;致意 envy ;n. 妒忌;羡慕;近义 jealous admire;‎ 形近 navy海军;助记恩威(谐音envy)并施;招人羡慕envy troublesome ;adj. 令人烦恼/麻烦的;讨厌的;形近tiresome累的;令人疲倦的词中词trouble ;‎ accuse ;v. 指控;指责; 形近excuse;‎ 近义charge ;‎ consequence ;n.. 结果;后果;近义 result; effect fortune ;n. 运气 ;机会;大笔钱 拓展 fortunate ; fortunately ; luck; lucky; fate;‎ bargain ;n.&v. 讨价还价;谈判;交易;协议; 助记在酒吧bar里讨价还价;获得gain廉价交易;‎ bless ;vt. 祝福; 保佑;词中词less legal ;adj. 合法的; 法定的;复习law; lawyer 词中词 leg;‎ deed ;n. 行动; 事迹;换一字 deep复习indeed确实;的确 ;‎ surgeon ;n. 外科医生;形近surname姓;surprise; pigeon鸽子;‎ requirement ;n. 要求;需要;规定 词中词require ; 近义request; demand declare ;v. 宣布;宣称;近义 announce;‎ court ;n.. 法庭;词中词our 换一字course 课程; 过程process;‎ justice ;n. 正义; 公平;同义fair; unfair; fairness; unfairness 形近adjust 词中词just; ice therefore ;adv. 因此;所以; so ; thus worthy ;adj. 值得的;应得的;同义deserve; worth; worthwhile;‎ kindness ;n. 仁慈;好意;近义 mercy; sympathy; 反义cruelty;‎ punish ;v. 惩罚;punishment n.‎ 近义blame; scold;责备 形近foolish order ;n&v. 命令;下令; 秩序;顺序;订购;预定 sword ;n. 剑;刀; 助记口服蜜剑;‎ complex ;adj. 错综复杂的;难解的;simple ‎ Unit 20‎ decoration ;n. 装饰;装潢;decorate ;v.‎ spear ;n. 矛; 枪;梭镖 词中词 pear n.梨; ear; 联想Shakespear pot n. 锅;罐; 壶;联想pan 平底锅 top 顶部;‎ emperor ;n. 皇帝;拓展king 国王;queen皇后; prince 王子; princess公主; 王妃 pin ;n.针; 别针;形近pine 松树 clothing ;n. 衣服(总称)联想cloth布; clothes 衣服 distinction ;n. 区别;对比;近义difference ‎ centimeter ;n. 厘米;联想 kilometer 千米 millimeter 毫米 clay ;n. 粘土;泥土; 联想earth; mud; land arrow ;n. 箭;形近 sparrow麻雀 联想bow弓 dozen ;n. 打; 十二个 dozens of 许多的; 联想score; 二十 cushion n. 垫子;垫石;助记坐垫子就像坐酷刑(cushion谐音)一样; mat坐垫;‎ spare ;adj. 备用的;额外的;业余的v. 腾出; 抽出(时间);形近spear tend vi倾向于;趋向; v. 照顾;换一字mend; bend; lend ; send; depend;‎ approximately adv. 接近;近乎;大约 approach 途径; 方法同义way ; method; means average ;adj. 平均的;普通的复习cage; message; damage; village cabbage; baggage;‎ lorry ;n. 卡车;同义truck; 形近glory;光荣 link ;vt. 联系;近义connect; join; contact; touch;‎ monument n. 纪念馆/碑 助记(谐音)(牦牛)纪念馆;‎ homeland ;n.祖国;home + land;‎ status ;n. 地位;身份形近statue雕像; 塑像;state国家;州; 状态;陈速;叙述;‎ remote ;adj. 遥远的;偏僻的distant远的 quantity ;n. 大量; 数量quality质量 mask ;n. 面具 换一字 task ;‎ accompany ;v. 陪伴/同 词中词 company ; 公司 联想 companion同伴 vast ;adj. 巨大的;庞大的;换一字 cast; 抛; 投;撒 vase花瓶; vest背心形近last; fast; cast;‎ square ;n.&adj. 广场;平方; 方形的; 联想diamond菱形的;triangle三角形 round;‎ triangle n;. 三角形;angle 角;形近 angel 天使;‎ 短语:‎ set foot in 涉足; 到达 have an effect on 对……影响……‎ rely on= depend on ‎ come to life 苏醒; 复活; ‎ put forward 提出 ‎ aim at 旨在;瞄准 set out 出发; 上路 make a living 谋生 apply to 申请 in public 公开 ‎ cut up 切碎 benefit from 得益于; 受益于;‎ all the way 一路上;一直 take advantage of 对……加以利用 give off 释放 a variety of 各种各样的 put in prison 把……投入监狱 set an example to/for给 ……树立榜样 from then on 从那时起 start with 以 …… 开始 ‎ regardless of 不管; 不顾 at first sight 乍 一看 look into 调查 every now and then 不时地 get/be tired of 对…..厌倦 cool off冷却; 变凉 take a chance冒险; 碰运气 in vain 白费 insist on 坚持 put out 出版; 产生;扑灭 in turn 依次; 轮流 get round=get about 活动; 四处走动 get used to 习惯于 allow for 顾及;为……做准备 get stuck 困住 break away from 摆脱;脱离 be aware of 知道意识到 after all 毕竟 pay back 偿还 keep track of 保持联系 have mercy on 怜悯 as far as I know就…..而言=in terms of at the mercy of 由 ……摆布/控制 lend a hand 帮助 ‎ 高三册词汇速记 Unit 1‎ beard ;胡须;近义:复习:moustache;嘴唇上的小胡子;联想: bear熊;出生;忍受;支持;背,负担,负载,负荷;承担;复习; bear /stand doing;‎ voyager;旅行者;复习:voyage,旅行;travel;‎ journey;trip;tour;‎ tight ;紧的;紧密的;反义:loose; 松的;tighten; v复习: firm; stable; steady;fasten;tough;‎ edition ;版本;复习:edite;editor编辑、主编; publish ;come out;make up; 编造 brewery ;啤酒厂;复习: beer; wine; alchol; 酒精;alcoholic;drinks;spirit;brandy白兰地;whiskey威士忌;soft drink; coffee;coke;tea;‎ conclude ; conclusion;推论;达成;结论;复习:reach/arrive at/come to conclusion/drow conclusion 得出结论;复习: agreement;/compromise 和解; infer;推断、理;‎ hire/employ ;v. 雇佣; 租用;反义; nemploy;fire;复习:dismiss;‎ rent ; v. 出租;租借; 比较:lent; cent;tent;‎ length ;长度;复习: long; width—wide;‎ high----height;depth---deep;warmth; health; wealth;‎ althletic/athlete ; 远动(员)(的);复习: player;‎ sport;/match/game/sports meet/compete/ /competition;‎ fade ;v.【谐音】“废的”;----凋谢、褪色;复习:die down;‎ in a row = one by one ;one after another,一个接一个;接连不断地 in the first place ; = first fo all, above all; 首先;复习:in the last place;比较; to begin with; on the one hand; on the other hand;for one thing; for another thing;‎ account ; 叙述;账目;帐户;复习:count ;数数;计算;重要;算数;take …into account/consideration考虑;‎ attempt ; vt./n =effort尝试;企图;努力;复习: tempter ; n.脾气;复习:temperory暂时的;contemporary当代的;current;‎ suitable ; adj. 合适的、恰当的;复习: proper ;be suitable /fit for ; fit; be suited to;‎ apply for 申请;请求; apply to适应;应用;复习:applicition;applicant求职者;‎ inspect ; v. 视察;检查;复习: check;examine;test;‎ confirm ;v. 证实;确认;复习:assure;insure,make sure;/be sure;insect(昆虫);复习:害虫pest;‎ certificate ; v.证书;证明;复习:/diploma文凭;、proof/evidence/turn out to be;prove;‎ bid ; (bid bid); 喊价;投标;比较:charge; bargain;联想:forbid;禁止 decade ;十年;复习:annaul 每年的,anniversary,周年纪念;dozen/十二 score二十;fortnight十四日、两周;‎ committee ; . 委员会;复习:commit犯罪、犯错;commit a crime犯罪,commit to 委托;交给;【串记】The committee admits it committed an omission in commissioning the mission. 委员会承认它在委任使团时犯的疏忽。‎ fasinate ; v .迷住;使神魂颠倒;比较:puzzle;strike;be lost in/ be addicted to;‎ burst ;v. (burst; burst) into crying/laughter 突然哭、笑起来;比较:explode;爆发;爆炸;bomb炸弹;‎ underline ; vt.下划线;强调;复习:underlined ; adj.划线的;强调的;比较:undertake;underground;‎ globe ; n. 地球(仪); 复习:global; adj. 全球的;universe; universal ; 比较:earth; 形近:rob;抢;‎ bush ; n. 灌木(丛);形近:brush 刷子;毛笔;push;推;woods;forest;‎ skillful ; adj. 熟练的;有经验的;联想:esperienced ; expert;‎ admininstration ; n. 管理;行政机关;复习:authority 权威;权力;比较 :manage; rule ;control;;govern;government;【串记】In the Administration, this minister is in charge of registering regional 在内阁中这个部长负责登记区域宗教。‎ permission ; v.permit 允许;许可;比较:admit; allow;‎ familiar ;adj. 熟悉的;be familiar with; 比较: family; strange;‎ centre on /concentrate on /focus on 集中……注意力。以、把 ……当作重心;lay stress on;强调;‎ helmet ; n .头盔;安全帽;词中词:meet的过去式:met. 比较: mask;面罩,面具 truly ;true的副词; honestly;loyal, earnest, sincerely; (写信结尾客套话);比较:faulse; fault;,real;‎ delight; 乐趣,高兴;delighted; adj. 词中词:light; 比较: joy, happiness; pleasure,‎ energetic 精力充沛的;充满活力的;‎ 比较:energy;power; strength; force;‎ cautious ; 小心的;谨慎的;比较: careful;‎ register ; n. 注册;登记;复习:复习: sign ; 签名;报名;‎ skim ; v. 浏览;略读;比较:scan;look through;‎ 比较: sailfish(旗鱼)-----selfish(自私); ‎ feat ; n.(功绩;成绩)-----feast(宴会);a feast for the eyes;大饱眼福;比较 :achievement ; ‎ Unit 2‎ evaluate ; v. 评价;估价;比较: value; 价值;评价;珍惜;认为……价值高;复习:think highly/much of;【串记】I didn' t evaluate the blue glue due to the vague plague. 因为不明确的瘟疫,我没有对蓝色胶水估价。‎ various ; adj. 各种各样的;复习:vary; v. variety; n.; all kinds/sorts of; alter; change;differ;‎ in the name of /hope …‎ in exchange of归纳:in honour of/favour/need/search/want…注意:有the 和无 the 的区别;‎ in return 报答; 回报 African; 非洲人; 非洲的;—an—ian:人 ;Canadian;musician, physician,musician;‎ ambassador ;大使;谐音助记:大使说:“俺是不怕死的”。‎ embassy大使馆(谐音助记):“俺怕死”。‎ 形近:embarrass尴尬;窘迫;‎ wander ;v. 徘徊;漫游;游荡;形近:wonder;‎ existence;存在;v. exist; 比较; being,humanbeing survive ; v. 存活;幸存;arrive;‎ accurate ; adj;准确;精确;比较: exact;‎ navy ;海军;复习: airforce空军;army;军队;形近比较; envy嫉妒;羡慕;‎ treasure ; n 财宝;财富; V. 珍惜;珍爱;看重;比较: precious珍贵的;宝贵的;wealth/y财富(富有的);‎ fleet ; n. 船队;舰队;词中词:flee(fled;fled)逃跑;逃走;fee费用;feet 脚、英尺;‎ command ; v.命令;指挥;控制;‎ 注意; 宾语从句中用虚拟语气(should )加动词原形:‎ 一坚持;insist;‎ 二命令;order;command;‎ 三建议;advise;suggest;propose;‎ 四要求; demand;require;request;claim; ‎ 五渴望;desire;;‎ 六催促、敦促; urge;‎ set sail to/ for/from启航;复习sail 帆; 航行; sailor; 海员 royal ; n.王室的; 皇家的;复习:noble高贵的;形近:loyal;忠诚的;‎ zebra 斑马;‎ symbolic ;adj. 复习:symbol; n. 象征;represent;代表;‎ volunteer ;自愿者; 自愿者说:“我能”谐音 ‎-eer; pioneer; engineer; beer;‎ radium 镭;形近:medium; 媒体;radio; 收音机;‎ sum 总额; 总数;复习:summary;总结; 概括;摘要;summer夏天;‎ dam ;堤坝;复习; damage; 损坏;毁坏;‎ accomplish ; v. 完成; 实现;形近:复习:accompany;陪伴;复习:be/get accustomed 习惯于;‎ apart from= besides; 除外(还有);‎ sickness ; disease 疾病;复习:ill; sick sacred ;神圣的;宗教的; 上帝的,神的。 复习; scared 害怕;‎ run out ;用完; 耗尽;复习; use up; be worn out;‎ aircraft ; aeroplane; plane;飞机; 飞行器;‎ arise; 升起;上升;出现;复习: rise;‎ evidence ; n. 证据; 证词;复习:proof;证明;‎ evident; 明显的;复习:obvious;clear chairman 主席; 董事长;复习:president; 总统;‎ praise ; v.赞扬; 称赞;复习:raise; proud; pride’‎ UNIT 3‎ strait ; n, 海峡; 比较:复习:straight, adj & adv. 直的;笔直的;trait,特征; 特色; street; 街道;‎ fellow ; adj.& n ;同伴; 伙伴; 比较: follow; 跟随; 听懂; 明白;‎ allow ; 允许; 同义: permit; 反义: forbid;‎ criminal ; n. 罪犯; adj. 犯罪的;复习:crime 犯罪;复习: prison(er), jail , murder(er); rob; ‎ claim vt.&n. 要求;声称;(should +v原形);‎ govern ; vt. 管理; 统治;复习:governor;总督;州长;复习: government; rule; control; handle;‎ as a consequence (of)= as a result of, 结果; 由于;‎ resemble ; vt. 像;类似;复习:be similar/equal to; (be) like/as;symble; 象征; 符号;‎ diverse ; adj. 多样的;不同的;复习:diversity多样性;复习: differ; vary; different; various;‎ transform ; 改变;转移;改造;复习:trans-‎ transfer;转移;换车;translate; 翻译;translation. translator ; n.transpplant;移栽;移植; transport; transportation; 交通;transmit;传送=deliver;‎ immigrate ; n. immigration v. 移民;复习:immediate(ly); 立即; 马上;同义:right away; at once; straight away; instantly; directly; without delay strengthen ; v. 加强;巩固;复习:stong; strength;‎ pronunciation ; n. 发音;pronounce; v. 复习:dialect ;方言;复习:accent; 口音;oral; 口语;口头的;spoken;‎ vocabulary ; 词汇;复习:grammar; 语法;pattern; 句型;idiom;短语;习语;‎ femal ; 女性;复习:male; 男性;‎ mate ; = fellow; 同伴;复习: classmate; workmate; roommate ;= match;成配偶;配合;搭配 concept ; 概念;观念;复习:except;‎ break out 爆发; 突然发生;(不用被动);‎ ‎=happen; take place;‎ breakthrough ; 突破;重大进展;break through;‎ chew ; 嚼碎;回味;复习;jaw;下巴;lip嘴唇;chin ;面颊;beard;小胡子;moustache嘴唇上的胡须;‎ feed…on ; 喂养;饲养;复习feed… to把 ……喂 给;live… on; depend on;‎ entire ; adj. 全部的;整个的; 完全的;复习 ‎:complete; total; altogether;adv.‎ mine ; n.&v. 矿;矿井;地雷;开矿;开采;复习:我的;‎ mineral ; 矿物;矿藏;金属;复习:metal;material; 物质;材料;‎ fence ; 篱笆;栅栏;围墙;复习:defence;defend;防卫; 防御;‎ round up ; 使集合在一起;赶拢;比较: gather;‎ outdoors ;adv. 在户外;复习:indoors; 在户内;‎ birthplace ; 出生地;复习:birth;‎ outing ; 远足; 郊游;复习:;outer; inner;‎ lemonade ; 柠檬;汽水;lemon谐音:柠檬;‎ barbecue ; 烧烤;野餐;复习:picnic;‎ roast ; vt. 烤;bake; 焙; 烤;复习:toast; 敬酒;干杯;‎ steak ; 排; 牛排;复习:beef 牛肉;‎ barrier ; n. 屏障;障碍;复习:bar ; 酒吧 pointed ; adj. 尖的;直截了当的;复习:sharp;‎ claw ; vt.&vi.&n. 爪子;挠;刮;‎ ‎ hairy; 多毛的;毛发的;复习:bushy; 灌木茂密的;丛生的;‎ medium ; 中等的;媒介物;传导体;媒质,基质,介质,介体;中间物;mass media ‎ 大众传播媒介;宣传工具;‎ Unit 4‎ procedure ; n. 步骤; 程序;手续;复习:process;step;‎ rose ; n, 玫瑰(花);复习 -rise 的过去式;‎ arise ; 产生;发生;复习:rise;‎ strawberry 草莓;复习:strawhat草帽;‎ bunch ; n. 束; 串; 团;a bunch of rose; 复习: brunch; 早午餐;复习:lunch; 午餐;‎ merely; adv. 仅仅; 只不过;=only; singly;‎ ‎=alone;‎ herb; 草药;草本植物;复习:hero ;英雄;‎ classify; 编排;分类;复习:catalog; sort;grade;‎ 比较: satisfy;‎ identification n. 验明;鉴别;=proof; identify ;v. = prove ; ID card 身份证;‎ promote ; 提升;促销;复习:improve; arise; advance比较; remote;遥远;‎ botanical botany; adj./n. 植物学(的);复习:biology privilege ; n. 特权;特别待遇;复习;village;村庄; preference ;偏爱;偏好;‎ cosy= comfortable; 舒适的;‎ appetite ; 胃口;食欲;欲望;复习desire; enthusiasm; taste; appeal; 恳求;上诉;吸引;‎ wealth ; 富有; 财富; = riches; richness; prosperity; 反义:poverty;‎ appoint; vt. 任命;约定;appointment; 约会;date;约会;复习: disappoint; 使失望;disappointed; disappointing; disappointment;‎ calculate; 计算;推算;同义: evaluate ;work out; estimate; calculator;计算器;‎ astronomy ; 天文学;复习:astronaut;宇航员;spaceman;‎ expense ; n.成本; 费用;复习:expensive; 昂贵的;‎ enterprise; n.企业(单位); 事业;复习:venture; project ; company; career;‎ settlement ; 开拓; 定居;解决;复习:settle; ‎ accumulate; vt. 积累;聚集;增加;复习:gather;get together ; 复习:accurate; 准确;精确;‎ abandon ; vt. 离开; 遗弃;复习:desert; deserted; throw away;band;‎ pineapple; 菠萝;pine 松树;复习: apple;‎ tone; 色度;色调;语气;音调;复习:tune; 调旋;调节(音量);ton ;吨(重量); ‎ reward ; n.&vt. 报答;报酬;复习:award; in return;‎ technical ; technique;technology; 技术(的);复习:technician ; 技术员;复习:skill; skilled; skillful; experienced;‎ nowhere ; adv.&n. 无处; 任何地方都不;‎ altogether adv. 总之;完全地;总共;复习:completely; thoroughly; entirely;‎ appearance; 外表;外貌;出现;复习:appear;出现;disappear; feature; characteristic; trait;‎ output n. 产量;产品;输出;复习:product; input;‎ latter ; adj. 后者的;比较: late; later; former;前者;‎ distinguish ; vt./vi. 区别;辨别;复习:differ;tell from;tell the difference of/ from;‎ millimeter; 毫米;复习:kilometer; centimeter;‎ in detail 详细地;复习:specific; ‎ name…after , 给…取名;命名;‎ pass away 去世;复习:die;‎ year after year 年复一年;年年; 复习:year by year; 逐年;‎ look out for ;警惕; 留心;复习:watch out; look out;‎ on a large scale ;大规模的; 大范围地;‎ Unit 5‎ convey ; vt. 表达; 运载;复习: express; transmit; transport;‎ advertise ; vi. /vt. 登广告; 做广告;复习:advertiser;advertisement; make…known; announce; ‎ brand ; 商标; 牌子;复习:band; 乐队;班派;‎ consideration; n. 考虑; 体贴;take… into consideration 考虑;复习:consider; vt ‎ charge ; n/v. 主管; 价钱;控告;充电;‎ loss ; lose; n; v. 损失;‎ blame ; vt./n. 责备; 谴责; 责怪;归咎于;‎ 注意:be to blame (不用被动);复习:scold;‎ broadcast ; (broadcast; broadcast); 广播;播出;‎ post vt.张贴;邮寄;复习:post office; post box ;postman; deliver; mail ;‎ react ; vt./vi. 反应;复习:respond; reflect;‎ annoy ; Vt./ vi.; 使烦恼;恼怒;复习:annoying; adj. 讨厌的;恼人的;复习:tiresome; upset; frustrating; boring;‎ accuse ; vt. 控告; 控诉;复习:charge;‎ associate ; Vt./vi. 使发生联系;使结合;复习:connect; contact; touch; join;‎ appeal ; vi/n. + to ; 吸引;呼吁;上诉;复习:charge; accuse ; attract; draw/catch one’s attention;‎ frequent ; 频繁的;时常发生的;复习:constant; normal ; regular;‎ figure ; 数字; 价格; 图表;画像;复习:number; count; form ;shape; diagram; graph; drawing;; figure out 想象出;‎ salesman/ saleswoman ; 售货员;复习:sale;sell profit ; 利益;利润;复习:interests; benefit; income;‎ campaign ; vt./ vi. 运动; 战役;复习:war; battle; fight; action; activity;‎ policy ; 政策;方针;形近: police; polite; 复习:document文件; principle;原理;原则;stragety; 策略;‎ spokesman ;/spokesman 发言人;‎ illegal ; 非法的; 不合法的;复习:legal; criminal; unlawful;‎ target ; 目标; 靶子;复习:aim ; goal; objective; intention;‎ sneaker ; 胶底运动鞋;复习:sneak; 偷偷悄悄走;潜行;‎ nowadays ;adv. 现在; 目前;复习:at present; currently ;at the moment;‎ nephew ; 侄子;外甥;复习:neice侄女;‎ 助记:侄子是新的(new);侄女是漂亮的(nice)‎ waitress ; 女服务员;复习: waiter; actress;hostess女主人; 女主持人;复习:heroine; 女英雄;‎ bridegroom ; n.新郎;复习: bride新娘;‎ attach vt. 系; 贴;附上;复习: attachment; ‎ discount ; n./ vt. 打折;折扣;count;数数;计算;account; 说明解释;账目;账单 bonus ; n. 奖金;复习:reward; medal;‎ point out 指出;复习:point at 指向;‎ get across 传播; 为人理解;=make known;‎ appeal to 吸引;‎ in charge of 管理;复习: in the charge of 被……负责;‎ hand in hand 手拉手;关系密切;‎ make sense; 有意义; 讲得通;复习:nonsense; 废话;无意义;common sense 常识;常理;‎ ‎ UNIT 6 ‎ quit ; (quit; quit)vt. /vi. 停止;放弃;复习:stop; give ‎ up; pause;break;‎ apply to 运用;应用;复习:apply for;‎ add up 加起来;复习:add up to 加起来达到;‎ lose heart 灰心 ;泄气;注意:不用one’s 或the; 复习:‎ lose one's balance 失去平衡,跌倒。 lose one's head 被斩首;被搞糊涂。 lose one's life 丢了性命 circumstance ; 环境; 情况;= environment; 复习:‎ condition; situation;surroundings;‎ assessment ; n. 评价;评定;复习:assess; V. 估价;评定;evaluate;estimate;‎ biscuit ; 饼干;烤饼;‎ alcohol ; 酒精;烈酒;复习:wine; beer;‎ goat ; 山羊;复习:sheep;绵羊;‎ flour; 面粉;复习: flower 花;floor; 地板;‎ nail ; 指甲;复习:sail 航行;mail 邮寄;tail 尾巴;fail 失败;‎ razor ; 剃刀;刮脸;剃胡须;复习:shave;‎ bedding ; n. 铺盖;被褥;复习:sheet;床单;quilt 被单;blanket 毛毯;复习:carpet ; 地毯;‎ beyond ; prep./adv. 在……外; 超出;远胜;‎ leave behind 落后;留下;;同义:fall behind;‎ ox ; n. 公牛;复习:cow; cattle; ‎ frontier ; n. 边疆;边界;同义:border;edge;‎ side;boundary;‎ lose one’s way 迷路;比较: lose heart;‎ salty adj. 含盐的;咸的;复习: salt; thirsty; catchy; 吸引的;cosy;舒适的;‎ pond n; 池塘;复习:pool ; swimming pool; fish pond;‎ pound 磅; 英镑;= 453.6克,略作 1b. 或1b.英镑=100便士,略作£或L〕。a pound note 一张一英镑钞票。 a pound of flesh ;by the pound 按每磅(计价)‎ burden ; n. 负担;责任;同义:load;‎ desperate ; n. 绝望的;极其严重的;‎ beast n. 动物; 兽类;复习:animal; cattle; bird;‎ accustomed adj. 习惯的;通常的;复习:‎ get accustomed to 习惯于;‎ starvation ; n. 挨饿;饿死;复习:starve; go hungry ;‎ anxiety ; n. 担忧; 忧虑;复习:anxious; adj. ‎ shallow; adj. 浅的;复习:deep; 深的;allow 允许;‎ swallow; 吞咽;燕子;‎ come to an end 结束;复习:put an end to;‎ tax ; 税;复习: fax 传真;taxpayer纳税人;‎ anniversary ; 周年;周年纪念日;复习:per year;比较:necessary;dictionary;‎ granddaughter/son ;孙女、孙子;grabdfather/mother flu ; 流行感冒;复习:bird flu 禽流感;复习:cold; cough;‎ throat ; 喉咙;复习:float;boat;coat;‎ castasrophe ; 大灾难; 同义:disaster灾难,大祸;tragedy悲剧;ruin;‎ relief ;减轻;缓解;复习:belief;chief;‎ deliver ; 投递;邮送;复习:post; mail;send;‎ tough ; 困难; 坚忍;艰巨;复习:hard;difficult;比较:cough;plough;enough;though;through;‎ quilt ;被褥、子;复习:sheet;bedding;比较:quite;quit;‎ tie up ; tie …to 拴;捆;系;复习:fasten;‎ packet ; 小包裹;小盒、袋;复习:pack;package;‎ ray ; 光线;射线;复习:X-ray; shine;‎ bark 吠叫;咬;复习:dark;shout; howl; 嚎叫;roar; 吼,咆哮;(海、风等)呼啸,怒号;‎ sculpture ; 雕像;雕刻[塑]物[品]; 复习:carve;figure;statue;monument;纪念碑,‎ 石碑;墓碑;‎ memorial ; 纪念物,纪念品;纪念日;纪念馆;纪念碑;纪念仪式; monument;纪念碑,石碑;墓碑; 复习:in honour of;‎ retell ; 复述;重说;复习:repeat;reread; 重新读,再读;‎ go for ; 去努力;努力获取;复习:go in for 爱好; 从事;go after追求;复习:persue追赶;追求 Unit 7‎ care for 喜爱; 照顾;复习:care about; 关怀;关心 (for);介意,计较,(不)管,(不)顾,(不)问(for, about)。〔与 for 连用〕爱好;愿意,望,欲。 care for her health 挂念她的健康。 He cares for music. 他喜欢音乐。 carefor sb.'s education 负责某人的教育;‎ bacteria ; (复数)细菌;;(单数)bacterium;‎ mediun (复数).媒介物;传导体;媒质;(单数);追求media;‎ powder ; 粉末;复习:= power;gun powder ;火药face powder;搽脸香粉;‎ standard n. 标准;水平;规格;复习:level; scale;range;‎ conscience n. 良心;良知;词中词:science; awareness;‎ frost ; n.霜;严寒;复习:fog; freeze;‎ handwriting n. 书法;手写稿;手迹;‎ overcoat ; 大衣; 外套;复习:garment;‎ wage ;工资;报酬;复习:salary 薪水;income;earnings;‎ anyway ; adv. 无论如何;即使如此;复习:anyhow;‎ god ; n. 神;上帝;复习:heaven; ‎ leave alone ; 不管;随……去;复习:neglect; ingore; regardless of;‎ admit vt. 承认;准许进入;录取;同义: confess; The chess professor confessed his professional blessing in the confession. 象棋教授在供状中承认了其职业福气.‎ foolish ; adj. 愚蠢的;傻的;复习:stupid;fool;‎ silly;idoit;unwise;‎ clap ;v. 拍手;鼓掌;复习:applaud; applause;‎ partner ; n.搭档;同伴;复习:fellow; mate;‎ abundant ; adj. 丰富的; 充裕的;复习:enough; plenty;‎ in want of ; in need of ; 需要;复习:in search of ; in honour of;‎ warmth ; n. 暖和;温和;复习:truth;health;wealth;‎ badly off 潦倒;穷困; 反义: well off;‎ occupy ; v. 忙碌;从事;占有;be occupied (in doing sth., with affairs) 在做…,在忙…。 occupy oneself about [in, with] ... (正)从事…。‎ constant adj. 经常的; 不断的;复习:continuous; regular;‎ welfare n. 福利;复习:fare; fee;‎ clerk ; n. 职员;办事员;复习:staff;crew;‎ have an eye for 有眼光、眼力;‎ composer n. 创作者;作曲者;复习:compose;.组成,构成 novelist 小说家;‎ firm 公司; 商行;.坚固的,坚牢的;稳固的。复习:company; trading firms 商行。 a printing firm 印刷公司;‎ as follow ;如下(列举例子); 复习:as usual; 像平常一样 shadow n. 影子;阴影;复习: shade ;shady;‎ ambition n. 抱负;雄心;复习:ambitious; adj. 有理想、抱负的;‎ noble 高贵的;高尚的; 复习; royal;honorable;‎ bond n. 契约;债券;复习:pond; fond;‎ indeed adv. 的确; 确实;‎ goose 鹅;复习:loose 松的;geese ( 复数);‎ selfish adj. 自私的;比较:foolish;self-introduction;‎ bishop n. 主教;‎ 艺考生的救命稻草!‎ 突破130分,快速提高30分的锦囊妙计!‎ ‎6步搞定任何高考英语阅读真题,一般人不告诉他(她)!‎ ‎2013吴军高考英语阅读理解3天提分秘术 众说周知,得阅读、完形者得天下!‎ 文章看没看懂不重要,关键是要选对!‎ 高考英语阅读的核心暗示点:词和短语!‎ 题目(或题干)有暗示,秘笈为你精准导航!‎ 选项与出题点之间存在逻辑关系,3天帮您梳理!‎ 速度比完美更重要,思路比题海要有效!‎ ‎2013高考英语阅读3天提分秘术, 既不是神人的牛B押题,也不是最牛高考班的密卷!而是沈阳高分英语家教吴军老师从2000-2012年2700多篇高考英语阅读真题答案内幕规律衍生出的迅捷提分秘诀!‎ ‎2013高考英语阅读3天提分秘术是纸质的解析讲解类自学教案,而不是如同上大课般的名师讲座光盘(如高分突破,提分宝典,四步兵法,高频考点等),你可以站着,躺着,甚至在卫生间里也可以阅读自学!‎ 立竿见影!以一顶百!9年来我们在自我独门秘笈的基础上,20%参阅了132种全国知名高考英语教案或资料(如:新东方,张清波,北京四中李俊和,管卫东,提分宝典,高频考点等)。但发现很多名师教案与高考提分关联度小,因为相当一部分名师只是把自己在考研和雅思领域的研究成果生搬硬套到高考英语教学中(讲述的高频词汇严重超纲,甚至是大学6级的),而不是深入到2700篇历届阅读真题中潜心研究,效果可想而知。还有些重点高中一线老师,将自己上课用的教案制作成光盘用以贩卖,其实质不过是高频考点和词汇的串讲,有的甚至用35%的篇章讲述如何记忆单词,而广告却说是提分秘笈,真是让人遗憾!‎ 好消息!吴军老师2012高考英语3天提分秘诀仅释放了其30%的功力,就达到了90%以上的客户满意度,为了配合文科其他科目的上市,2013年吴军高考英语将释放其70%的功力,2013年高考英语提分速度和幅度将再升一倍,看完下列示例后,还不赶紧抢购呀!‎ 目录:‎ 一、2013阅读吴军猜题秘术: 备选项高频答案特征 二、2013阅读吴军暗示点秒杀: 备选项高频答案词 三、擒贼先擒王:主旨题、写作目的题吴军答题密码 四、阅读出题点与细节题吴军答题法则 五、阅读文章结构、题材与推论题吴军突破秘诀 六、阅读词汇、文章及作者态度题吴军破解规律 ‎2013阅读吴军猜题秘术: 备选项高频答案特征(10条秘诀)‎ 秘诀一:被动结构是备选项高频答案特征!‎ ‎【2010辽宁卷B篇】I hated dinner parties. But I decided to give them another shot because I'm in London. And my friend Mallery invited me. And because dinner parties in London are very different from those back in New York. There, '“I’m having a dinner party' means: "I'm booking a table for 12 at a restaurant you can't afford and we'll be sharing the checque evenly, no matter what you eat." Worse, in Manhattan there is always someone who leaves before the bill arrives. They'll throw down cash, half of what they owe, and then people like me, who don’t drink, end up paying even more. But if I try to use the same trick, the hostess will shout: "Where are you going?" And it's not like I can say I have somewhere to go: everyone know I have nowhere to go.‎ ‎ But in London, dinner parties are in people's homes.(转折对比,说明前面New Yorkers 评价是Self-centred.) Not only that, the guests are an interesting mix. The last time I went to one, the guests were from France, India. Denmark and Nigeria; it was like a gathering at the United Nations in New York. The mix is less striking. It's like a gathering at Bloomingdale's, a well-known department store.‎ ‎---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎61. What does the writer dislike most about dinner parties in New York?‎ ‎ A There is a strange mix of people. B. The restaurants are expensive.‎ ‎ C. The bill is not fairly shared. D. People have to pay cash ‎63. What is the author's opinion of some New Yorkers from her experience?‎ ‎ A. Easy-going. B. Self-centred. C. Generous. D. Conservative.‎ ‎【2012四川卷E篇】So far, efforts to cut emissions(排放)of planet-warming greenhouse gases are not seen as enough to prevent the Earth heating up beyond 2℃ this century — a point scientists say will bring the danger of a changeable climate in which weather extremes are common, leading to drought, floods, crop failures and rising sea levels.‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎60. What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs about the world’s temperature?‎ A. It has risen nearly 0.2℃ since 1979.‎ B. Its change will lead to weather extremes.‎ C. It is 0.8℃ higher in 1979 than that of 1990.‎ D. It needs to be controlled within 2℃ in this century.‎ ‎【2012四川卷A篇】The seasons change just outside the door. We watch the maples turn every shade of yellow and red in the fall and note the poplars’(杨树)putting out the first green leaves of spring. The rainbow smelt fills the local steam as the ice gradually disappears, and the wood frogs start to sing in pools after being frozen for the winter. A family of birds rules our skies and flies over the lake.‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎43. What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean?‎ A. The change of seasons is easily felt.‎ B. The seasons make the scenes change.‎ C. The weather often changes in the forest.‎ D. The door is a good position to enjoy changing seasons.‎ ‎【2012陕西卷C篇】The authors of both studies stress that these risks are relatively small for healthy people and certainly modest compared with other risk factors such as smoking and high blood pressure. However, it is important to be aware of these dangers because everyone is exposed to air pollution regardless of lifestyle choices. So stricter regulation by the EPA of pollutants may not only improve environmental air quality but could also become necessary to protect public health.‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎55. What can we learn from the text? ‎ A. Eating fatty food has immediate effects on your heart.‎ B. The EPA conducted many studies on air quality.‎ C. Moderate air quality is more harmful than smoking,‎ D. Stricter regulations on pollutants should be made.‎ ‎【2012江西卷D篇】For those who make journeys across the world, the speed of travel today has turned the countries into a series of villages.Distances between them appear no greater to a modern traveler than those which once faced men as they walked from village to village. Jet plane fly people from one end of the earth to the other, allowing them a freedom of movement undreamt of a hundred years ago.‎ ‎  Yet some people wonder if the revolution in travel has gone too far. A price has been paid, they say, for the conquest (征服) of time and distance. Travel is something to be enjoyed, not endured (忍受). The boat offers leisure and time enough to appreciate the ever-changing sights and sounds of a journey. A journey by train also has a special charm about it. Lakes and forests and wild, open plains sweeping past your carriage window create a grand view in which time and distance mean nothing. On board a plane, however, there is just the blank blue of the sky filling the narrow window of the airplane. The soft lighting, in-flight films and gentle music make up the only world you know, and the hours progress slowly.‎ ‎   Then there is the time spent being “processed” at a modern airport. People are conveyed like robots along walkways; baggage is weighed, tickets produced, examined and produced yet again before the passenger move again to another waiting area. Journeys by rail and sea take longer, yes, but the hours devoted to being “processed” at departure and arrival in airports are luckily absent. No wonder, then, that the modern high-speed trains are winning back passengers from the airlines.‎ Man, however, is now a world traveler and can not turn his back on the airplane. The working lives of too many people depend upon it; whole new industries have been built around its design and operation. The holiday maker, too, with limited time to spend, patiently endures the busy airports and limited space of the flight to gain those extra hours and even days, relaxing in the sun. speed controls people’s lives; time saved, in work or play, is the important thing—or so we are told. Perhaps those ‎ first horsemen, riding free across the wild, open plains, were enjoying a better world than the one we know today. They could travel at will, and the clock was not their master. ‎ ‎--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎73.According to Paragraph3, passengers are turning back to modern high-speed trains because_____.‎ ‎ A.they pay less for the tickets B.they feel safer during the travel ‎ C.they can enjoy higher speed of travel D.they don’t have to waste time being “processed”‎ ‎75.What is the main idea of the passage?‎ ‎ A.Air travel benefits people and industries.‎ ‎ B.Train Travel has some advantages over air travel.‎ ‎ C.Great changes have taken place in modern travel.‎ ‎ D.The high speed of air travel is gained at a cost.‎ ‎2013阅读吴军暗示点秒杀: 备选项高频答案词(17项不到90个单词)‎ 秘诀9:lead to (result in, bring about, cause)是选项中答案高频暗示词!‎ ‎【2012浙江卷C篇】‎ First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. A report on violence among middle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult (侮辱). For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence. The problem isn't in the sandwich, but in the way students deal with the conflict.‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎51. From Paragraph 2 we can learn that________ .‎ A. violence is more likely to occur at lunchtime 具体!‎ B. a small conflict can lead to violence C. students tend to lose their temper easily D. the eating habit of a student is often the cause of a fight 具体!‎ ‎【2011湖北卷D篇】our own generation has access to more nutritious food .more convenient transport .bigger houses, better ears .and of course, more pounds and dollars than any who lived before us .This will continue as long as we there things to make other things, This more we specialize and exchange, the better off we’ll be.‎ ‎2) Brilliant advances ‎ One reason we are richer, healthier, taller, cleverer, longer-lived and freer than ener before is that the four most basie human needs -food, clothing, fuel and shelter- have grown a lot cheaper. Take one example. In 1800 a candle providing one hour’s light cost six hours’ work. In the 1880s the same light from an oil lamp took 15 minutes’ work to pay for. In 1950 it was eight seconds. Today it’s half second.‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎65. The candle and lamp example is used to show that .‎ ‎ A. oil lamps give off more light than candles ‎ B. shortening working time brings about a happier life.‎ ‎ C. advanced technology helps to produce better candles.‎ ‎ D. increased production rate leads to lower cost of goods.‎ 秘诀10: Control (handle, deal with )是选项中答案高频暗示词!‎ ‎【2012天津卷D篇】‎ Those who choose to be creators look at life quite differently. They know there are individuals who might like to control their lives, but they don’t let this get in the way. They know they have their weaknesses, yet they don’t blame themselves when ‎ they fail. Whatever happens, they have choice in the matter. They believe their dance with each sacred(神圣的)moment of life is a gift and that storms are a natural part of life which can bring the rain needed for emotional and spiritual growth.‎ ‎---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎52. According to Paragraph 2, creators __________.‎ A. seem willing to experience failures in life B. possess the ability to predict future life C. handle ups and downs of life wisely D. have potential to create something new ‎【2012山东卷D篇】‎ Last year, it was a refrigerator that tweeted. This year, it’s Wi-Fi-enabled laundry machines and fridges that can tell you when your groceries are going bad. ‎ The washers and dryers, available starting in the spring, connect to any smartphone through a downloadable application. The phone can then be used as a remote control, so the machines can be turned on and off while their owners is at work or on the bus. ‎ Samsung says it’s not just something new — the app connection actually has some practical uses. ‎ ‎“If you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out, you can go to your phone and restart your dryer for the time when come home, so your clothes are refreshed and ready to go,” said spokesperson Amy Schmidt. ‎ The company also says that with electricity rate(电价)varying depending on the time of day, more control over when the machines are used can help save money. ‎ Perhaps, but what they will probably really accomplish is what all good technologies do —enable laziness. Rather than getting up to check on whether the laundry is done, users will instead monitor it on their phones while watching TV. ‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎73. What can we learn about the new laundry machines? A. They can tell you when your clothes need washing B. They can be controlled with a smartphone C. They are difficult to operate D. They are sold at a low price 秘诀12:miss (missing) ; lose (lost)是选项中答案高频暗示词!‎ ‎【2011全国新课标卷A篇】‎ There is sadly no home milk delivery today. Big companies allowed the production of cheaper milk thus making it difficult for milkmen to compete (竞争). Besides, milk is for sale everywhere, and it may just not have been practiced to have a delivery service.‎ Recently, an old milk box in the countryside I saw brought back my childhood memories. 1 took it home and planted it on the back porch (门廊). Every so often my son's friends will ask what it is. So I start telling stories of my boyhood, and of the milkman who brought us friendship along with his milk.‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎59. Why did the author bring back home an old milk box?‎ A. He missed the good old days. B. He wanted to tell interesting stories. ‎ C. He needed it for his milk bottles. D. He planted flowers in it.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【2010江西卷A篇】‎ Andy rode slowly on his way to school, day-dreaming about the fishing trip that his father had promised him. He was so busy dreaming about all the fish he would catch that he was unaware of everything else around him.‎ He rode along until a strange sound drew him to the present. He came to a stop and looked curiously up to the heavens. What he saw shocked and terrified him. A huge swarm of bees filled the sky like a black cloud and the buzzing mass seemed to be heading angrily towards him.‎ With no time to waste, Andy sped off in the opposite direction, riding furiously—but without knowing how to escape the swarm. With a rapidly beating heart and his legs pumping furiously, he sped down the rough road. As the bees came closer, his panic increased. Andy knew that he was sensitive to bee stings(蜇). The last sting had landed him in hospital—and that was only one bee sting! He had been forced to stay in bed for two whole days. ‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎56. Why did Andy fail to notice the swarm of bees earlier?‎ A. He was riding to school.‎ B. He was listening to a strange sound.‎ C. He was going fishing with his father. ‎ D. He was lost in the thought of the fishing trip.‎ 擒贼先擒王:主旨题、写作目的题吴军答题密码 方法一:找中心句 第一段首、末句(一段末出现转折)‎ 二段一句、二句(二段对一段进行总结或否定)‎ 尾段首末句, 90%在末句 有汉语标注的地方!‎ ‎【2012全国新课标卷B篇】‎ Honey(蜂蜜)from the African forest is not only a kind of natural sugar, it is also delicious. Most people, and many animals, like eating it. However, the only way for them to get that honey is to find a wild bees' nest(巢)and take the honey from it. Often, these nests are high up in trees, and it is difficult to find them. In parts of Africa, though, people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper一a little bird called a honey guide.‎ The honey guide does not actually like honey, but it does like the wax (蜂蜡) in the beehives (蜂房). The little bird cannot reach this wax, which is deep inside the ‎ bees’ nest. So, when it finds a suitable nest, it looks for someone to help it. The honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts the attention of both passing animals and people. Once it has their attention, it flies through the forest, waiting from time to time for the curious animal or person as it leads them to the nest. When they finally arrive at the nest, the follower reaches in to get at the delicious honey as the bird patiently waits and watches. Some of the honey, and the wax, always falls to the ground, and this is when the honey guide takes its share.‎ ‎---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎63. What can be the best title for the text?‎ A. Wild Bees B. Wax and Honey ‎ C. Beekeeping in Africa D. Honey-Lover's Helper 表转折和因果处:but, yet, however, instead,today,now,Although,so, therefore, thus, as a result, because(since,as,for), one of the reasons was……, The results are……‎ It was a village in India. The people were poor. However, they were not unhappy. After all , their forefathers had lived in the same way for centuries.‎ ‎ Then one day, some visitors from the city arrived . They told the villagers there were some people elsewhere who liked to eat frog’s legs. However, they did not have enough frogs of their own, and so they wanted to buy frogs from other places.‎ This seemed like money for nothing . There were millions of frogs in the fields around, and they were no use to the villagers. All they had to do was catch them . Agreement was reached, and the children were sent into the fields to catch frogs. Every week a truck arrived to collect the catch and hand over the money. For the first time ,the people were able to dream of a better future. But the dream didn’t last long.‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ From Paragragh 1 we learn that the villagers . ‎ ‎ A.worked very hard for centuries B.dreamed of having a better life ‎ C.were poor but somewhat content D.lived a different life from their ‎ forefathers ‎【2012全国新课标D篇】‎ Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced still swim as well as ever since. A man when he gets back who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star"。remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎67. What is the main idea of paragraph 1?‎ A. People remember well what they learned in childhood.‎ B. Children have a better memory than grown-ups.‎ C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words.‎ D. Stories for children are easy to remember.‎ ‎【2012重庆卷E篇】‎ In his 1930 essay “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren “, John Keynes, economist, rewrote that human needs fall into two classes: absolute needs ,which are indeed what other have , and relative needs ,which make us feel superior to our fellows. He thought although relative needs may indeed be insatiable (无止境的) this is not true of absolute.‎ ‎ Keynes was surely correct that only a small part of total spending id decided by the super- iority He was greatly mistaken, however, in seeing this derive as the only source of demands ‎ ‎ Decisions to spend are also driven by ideas of quality which can influence the den almost all goods, including even basic goods like food. When a couple goes out for an dinner, for example, the thought of feeling superior to others probably never ‎ comes to them. The goal is to share a special meal that stands out from other meals.‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎75.The author of the passage argues that ______.‎ A. absolute needs have no limits B. demands for quality are not insatiable C. human desires influence ideas of quality D. relative needs decide most of our spending ‎【2012陕西卷C篇】‎ Eating too much fatty food, exercising too little and smoking can raise your future risk of heart disease. But there is another factor that can cause your heart problems more immediately: the air you breathe.‎ Previous studies have linked high exposure (暴露)to environmental pollution to an increased risk of heart problem, but two analyses now show that poor air quality can lead to heart attack or stroke (中风)within as little as a few hours after exposure. In one review of the research, scientists found that people exposed to high levels of pollutants (污染物)were up to 5% more likely to suffer a heart attack within days of exposure than those with lower exposure. A separate study of stroke patients showed that even air that the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers to be of “moderate” (良好)quality and relatively safe for our health can raise the risk of stroke as much as 34% within 12 to 14 hours of exposure.‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎53. The text mainly discusses the relationship between . ‎ A. heart problems and air quality B. heart problems and exercising C. heart problems and smoking D. heart problems and fatty food 写作目的题秘诀13:广告文体写作目的题一般用advertise!‎ ‎【2012重庆卷B篇】Top lists are lecturing people on everything from"100 books to read ". Aren't you just tired of being told what to do with your time?‎ Now you have a list to end all lists!‎ Take a look at the following two examples from the list of "101 things not to do":‎ ‎……‎ Go to See the Mona Lisa?‎ There must be something about the mysterious(神秘的)smile. The 6 million people who the lady in the Louvre every year can’t all be wrong after all. But they can be quite and standing in front of you, holding up their cameras to prevent you from seeing anything. In fact hard for you to see the painting clearly because you have to stay away from it for security read. After queuing for hours, many tourists can remain in front of the painting only for 15 seconds most.‎ So, still long to see the Mona Lisa? If you want to find out more about the list, read 101 Tings NOT to Do Before You Die. Visit www.not2dobeforeidie.co.uk and buy the book at a 20% discount.‎ ‎63. What is the main purpose of the passage?‎ ‎ A. To advertise a book B. To introduce a website ‎ ‎ C. To comment on popular lists D. To recommend tourist activities.‎ 写作目的题秘诀17:一般说明文写作目的题常用inform!‎ ‎【2012浙江卷C篇】‎ There will always be conflict in schools, but that doesn't mean there needs to be violence. After students in Atlanta started a conflict resolution program, according to Educators for Social Responsibility, "64 percent of the teachers reported less physical violence in the classroom; 75 percent of the teachers reported an increase in student cooperation; and 92 percent of the students felt better about themselves". Learning to resolve conflicts can help students deal with friends,. teachers. parents, bosses, and coworkers. In that way, conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in schools across the country.‎ ‎---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎54. The writer’s purpose for writing this article is to_______.‎ A. complain about problems in school education B. teach students different strategies for school life C. advocate teaching conflict management in schools D. inform teachers of the latest studies on school violence But后面violence是重心!‎ 写作目的题秘诀18:新闻报道写作目的题常用report!‎ ‎【2012全国II卷D篇】ADDIS ABABA, Ethiopia - One of the world's most famous fossils (化石) - the 3.2 million-year-old Lucy skeleton ( 骨骼 ) unearthed in Ethiopia in 1974 - will go on an exhibition tour abroad for the first time in the United States, officials said Tuesday. Even the Ethiopian public has only seen Lucy twice. ‎ The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital. Addis Ababa is a replica while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom. A team from the Museum of National Service in to U.S. tour. Texas spent four years disscusing with the Ethiopians for the U.S. tour. Which will start in Houston next September.‎ ‎"Ethiopia's rich culture of both the past and today, is one of the best kept secrets in the world,"said Joel Bartsch, director of the Houston museum.‎ The six-year tour will also go to Washington, New York. Denver and Chicago. Officials said six other U.S. cities may be on the tour. But they said plans had not yet been worked out.‎ Traveling with Lucy will be 190 other fossils.‎ ‎ Lucy, her name taken from a Beatles song that played in a camp the night of her discovery, is part of the skeleton of what was once a 3½-foot-ball ape-man (猿人).‎ ‎-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎53. The author writes this text mainly to _ _. ‎ ‎ A. introduce a few U.S. museums B. describe some research work ‎ C. discuss the value of an ape-man D. report a coming event 阅读出题点与细节题吴军答题法则 秘诀9:找到信息点后核对选项,发现照抄原文的不是答案,同义替换的通常是答案,有时结合答案特征,发现的更快!‎ Tanni’s enduring success had been part motivation(动机), part preparation, “The training I do that enables me to be a good sprinter(短跑运动员) enables me to be good at a marathon too. I train 50 weeks of the year and that keeps me prepared for whatever distance I want to race…. I am still competing at a very high lever, but as I get older things get harder and I want to retire before I fall apart.”‎ ‎-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎58. The underlined word “that” in the 5th paragraph refers to _______.‎ ‎ (此题容易错选 A ,但正确答案是 C ,怎样避开陷阱?)‎ ‎ A. fifty weeks’ training B. being a good sprinter C. training almost every day D. part motivation and part preparation 阅读文章结构、题材与推论题吴军突破秘诀 推论题秘诀3:‎ 没有中心句(中心词四选项都有),尾段也没有核对点,则找出题点核对!‎ ‎【2012福建卷B篇】‎ At exactly eleven Sir Percival knocked and entered, with anxiety and worry in every line of his face. This meeting would decide his future life,and he obviously knew it.‎ ‎"You may wonder, Sir Percival,’’ said Laura calmly, “if I am going to ask to be released (免除)from my promise to marry you. I am not going to ask this. I respect my father's wishes too much.“ 汉语标注处是出题核对点! His face relaxed a little, but one of his feet kept beating the carpet. ‎ ‎"No, if we are going to withdraw.(退出)from our planned marriage, it will be because of your wish, not mine.‎ ‎“Mine?” he said in great surprise. “What reason could I have for withdrawing?’‎ ‎"A reason that is very hard to tell you," she answered. "There is a change in me. ”‎ His face went so pale that even his lips lost their color. He turned his head to one side.‎ ‎"What change?" he asked, trying to appear calm.‎ ‎“ When the promise was made two years ago, ” she said, my love did not belong to anyone. Will you forgive me, Sir Percival, if I tell you that it now belongs to another person?”‎ ‎“I wish you to understand, “ Laura continued, “that I will never see this person again, and that if you leave me, you only allow mc to remain a single woman for the rest of my life. All I ask is that you forgive mc and keep my secret."‎ ‎‘I will do both those things, “ he said. Then he looked at Laura, as if he was waiting to hear more. "I think I have said enough to give you reason to withdraw from our marriage, “ she added quietly. “ No. You have said enough to make it the dearest wish of my life to marry you, “ he said.‎ ‎---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎61. We can learn from the passage that .‎ A. Laura had once promised to marry Percival B. Laura's father wished to end her marriage C. Percival had been married to Laura for two years D. Percival asked to be released from the marriage 文章取材题秘诀5:若首段有小括号,里面有新华,搜狐,网易,新浪,路透,BBC等提示,如(XINHUA NET),或每段首句有具体时间信息点,则选项一定与news有关!‎ ‎【2012辽宁卷C篇】‎ If Confucius(孔子)were still alive today and could celebrate his September 28 birthday with a big cake, there would be a lot of candles.He’d need a fan or a strong wind to help him put them out. ‎ While many people in China will remember Confucius on his special day, few people in the United States will give him a passing thought. It’s nothing personal. ‎ Most Americans don’t even remember the birthdays of their own national heroes. ‎ But this doesn’t mean that Americans don’t care about Confucius. In many ways he has become a bridge that foreigners must cross if they want to reach a deeper understanding of China. ‎ In the past two decades, the Chinese studies programs have gained huge popularity in Western universities. More recently, the Chinese government has set up Confucius Institutes in more than 80 countries. These schools teach both Chinese language and culture. The main courses of Chinese culture usually included Chinese art, history and philosophy(哲学).Some social scientists suggest that Westerners should take advantages of the ancient Chinese wisdom to make up for the drawbacks of Westerners philosophy. Students in the United States, at the same time, are racing to learn Chinese. So they will be ready for life in a world where China is an equal power with the United States. Businessmen who hope to make money in China are reading books about Confucius to understand their Chinese customers. ‎ So the old thinker’s ideas are still alive and well. ‎ Today China attracts the West more than ever, and it will need more teachers to introduce Confucius and Chinese culture to the West. ‎ As for the old thinker, he will not soon be forgotten by people in the West, even if his birthday is. ‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎67. The passage is likely to appear in ___________. ‎ A. a biography B. a history paper ‎ C.a newspaper D. a philosophy textbook 文章取材题秘诀6:文章首尾句看是否有关键信息点,比如book,可能是书的前言或简介,若有价格,与钱有关或访问某网站,则可能是广告(advertisement)!‎ ‎【2010湖北卷C篇】This brief book is aimed at high school students , but speaks to anyone learning at any stage of life.‎ Its formal ,serious style closely matches its content ,a school-masterly book on schooling .The author , W .H . Armstrong ,starts with the basics : reading and writing .‎ ‎ In his opinion , reading doesn’t just mean recognizing each word on the page ; it means taking in the information,digesting it and incorporating it into oneself just as one digests a sandwich and makes it a part of himself .The goal is to bring the information back to life , not just to treat it as dead facts on paper from dead trees . Reading and writing cannot be completely separated from each other ; in fact ,the aim of reading is to express the information you have got from the text .I’ve seen it again and again :some-one who can’t express an idea after reading a text is just as ineffective as someone who hasn’t read it at all.‎ Only a third of the book remains after that discussion ,which Armstrong devotes to specific tips for studying languages ,math , science and history . He generally handles these topics thoroughly(透彻地) and equally ,except for some weakness in the science and math sections and a bit too much passion(激情) regarding history to his students , that was a hundred times more than my history teachers ever got across .To my disappointment , in this part of the book he ignores the arts .As a matter of fact ,they demand all the concentration and study that math and science do,though the study differs slightly in kind .Although it’s commonly believed that the arts can only be naturally acquired ,actually ,learning the arts is no more natural than learning French or mathematics.‎ My other comment is that the text aged. The first edition apparently dates to the 1960s—none of the references(参考文献)seem newer than the late 1950s. As a result, the discussion misses the entire computer age.‎ These are small points, though, and don’t affect the main discussion. I recommend it to any student and any teacher, including the self-taught student.‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎66. This passage can be classified as________.‎ ‎ A. an advertisement B. a book review ‎ C. a feature story D. A news report ‎【2012北京卷A篇】‎ The Basics of Math—Made Clear Basic Math introduces students to the basic concepts of mathematics, as well as the fundamentals of more tricky areas. These 30 fantastic lectures are designed to provide students with an understanding of arithmetic and to prepare them for Algebra(代数) and beyond.‎ The lessons in Basic Math cover every basic aspect of arithmetic. They also look into exponents(指数), the order of operations, and square roots. In addition to learning how to perform various mathematical operations, students discover why these operations work, how a particular mathematical topic relates to other branches of mathematics, and how these operations can be used practically.‎ Basic Math starts from the relatively easier concepts and gradually moves on to the more troublesome ones, so as to allow for steady and sure understanding of the material by students. The lectures offer students the chance to “make sense” of mathematical knowledge that may have seemed so frightening. They also help students prepare for college mathematics and overcome their anxiety about this amazing—and completely understandable—field of study.‎ By the conclusion of the course, students will have improved their understanding of basic math. They will be able to clear away the mystery(神秘性) of mathematics and face their studies with more confidence than they ever imagined. In addition, they will strengthen their ability to accept new and exciting mathematical challenges.‎ Professor H. Siegel, honored by Kentucky Educational Television as “the best math teacher in America,” is a devoted teacher and has a gift for explaining mathematical concepts in ways that make them seem clear and obvious. From the basic concrete ideas to the more abstract problems, he is master in making math lectures learner-friendlier and less scary.‎ With a PhD in Mathematics Education from Georgia State University, Dr. Siegel teaches mathematics at Central Arizona College. His courses include various make-up classes and a number of lectures for future primary school teachers.‎ If the course fails to provide complete satisfaction to you, you can easily exchange it for any other course that we offer. Or you can get your money back.‎ ‎---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎59. Where is the passage most likely to have been taken from?‎ ‎ A. A news report. B. A book review ‎ C. A lesson plan. D. An advertisement 文体结构题秘诀4:指定段落有a man, one man, such as等信号词时, 结构为举例(examples).‎ ‎【2012江西卷D篇】‎ ‎  Yet some people wonder if the revolution in travel has gone too far. A price has been paid, they say, for the conquest (征服) of time and distance. Travel is something to be enjoyed, not endured (忍受). The boat offers leisure and time enough to appreciate the ever-changing sights and sounds of a journey. A journey by train also has a special charm about it. Lakes and forests and wild, open plains sweeping past your carriage window create a grand view in which time and distance mean nothing. On board a plane, however, there is just the blank blue of the sky filling the narrow window of the airplane. The soft lighting, in-flight films and gentle music make up the only world you know, and the hours progress slowly.‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎72.How does the writer support the underlined statement in Paragraph2?‎ ‎ A.By giving instructions. B.By analyzing cause and effect.‎ ‎ C.By following the order of time. D.By giving examples.‎ ‎【2012全国新课标D篇】‎ One explanation is the law of overlearning , which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(尝试)increase the length of time we will remember it.‎ In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle ‎ riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.‎ The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表)are an exception to the eeneral rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.‎ ‎---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ ‎68.The author explains the law of overlearning by_________.‎ A. presenting research findings B. setting down general rules C. making a comparison D. using examples 阅读词汇、文章及作者态度题吴军破解规律 词汇答题秘诀12:模凌两可处如何处理?向该词就近信息点靠拢!向高频答案词特征靠拢!选择范围大的!‎ ‎【2011重庆卷A篇】There was a gardener who looked after his garden with great care. To water his flowers, he used two buckers. One was a shiny and new bucket. The other was a very old and dilapidated one, which had seen many years of service, but was now past its best.‎ ‎56. What does the underlined word “dilapidated” probably mean?‎ A. Dirty B. Dark C. Worn-out D. Plain-looking.‎ ‎ 被动答案特征!‎ 作者态度题秘诀11:高频答案词caring(关心的; 有同情心的)‎ ‎【2012天津卷B篇】‎ ‎45. Which of the following can best describe Ms. Yates?‎ ‎ A. Reliable and devoted. B. Tough and generous. ‎ C. Proud but patient. D. Strict but caring.‎ ‎【2012辽宁卷B篇】‎ ‎61. Which of the following best describes the families of the astronauts on the ISS ?‎ ‎ A. The are caring and thoughtful ‎ B. The are impatient and annoyed ‎ C. The are impatient and annoyed. ‎ D. The are excited and curious. ‎ ‎【2010全国Ⅱ卷A篇】‎ ‎45.Which of the following best describes Brownie?‎ A. Shy B. Polite C. Brave D. Caring 更多阅读高分秘术和高频答案词尽在2013高考英语阅读3天提分秘术教案中.艺考生和体考生只要记住阅读高频答案词,就有可能70%正确,再结合吴老师的2013高考英语阅读高分秘术(技巧密籍:www.sypeterwu.com),一本,二本不再是梦!同时也为考重点大学满分攻略带来了答案原理依据!‎ 现在可以开始预定吴军2013高考英语高分秘诀系统教案啦!‎ 单买:‎ ‎2013高考英语阅读3天提分秘术教案 原价5000元 现6折 3000元 ‎2013高考英语完形3天提分秘术教案 原价5000元 现5折 2500元 ‎2013高考英语语法词汇3天提分秘术 原价3000元 现5折 1500元 ‎2012高考英语阅读矩阵法则教案 原价3200元 现3折 960元 ‎2012高考英语完形易经法则教案 原价3200元 现3折 960元 ‎2012高考英语语法词汇高频考点 原价2000元 现3折 600元 ‎2012高考英语高频答案词一本通 原价2500元 现2折 500元 ‎2011高考英语阅读高分密码 原价3000元 现2折 600元 ‎2011高考英语完形高分密码 原价2500元 现2折 500元 全套:(教案不含听力,加盟文字系统版不含电子版及1年辅导和策划服务)‎ ‎2013吴军高考英语迅捷提分秘术 学生自学版 教师授课版 加盟系统版 辽宁卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4200元 12000元 20000元 新课标(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4200元 12000元 20000元 天津卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4500元 12000元 20000元 上海卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4500元 12000元 20000元 北京卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4500元 12000元 20000元 浙江卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4500元 12000元 20000元 四川卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4000元 12000元 20000元 重庆卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4000元 12000元 20000元 陕西卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4000元 12000元 20000元 安徽卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4200元 12000元 20000元 广东卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4200元 12000元 20000元 湖南卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4000元 12000元 20000元 湖北卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4500元 12000元 20000元 江西卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4000元 12000元 20000‎ 元 江苏卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4200元 12000元 20000元 全国I (作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4000元 12000元 20000元 全国II(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4200元 12000元 20000元 福建卷(作文模板及特殊题型免费赠送) 4200元 12000元 20000元 请上www.sypeterwu.com或上百度,输入"沈阳高分英语家教吴军"查询!‎ 您孩子或许接受过一对一的大型品牌英语家教服务,甚至一线在职教师的辅导,‎ 但绝大多数的情况是,您孩子的英语分数纹丝不动甚至下降了!为什么?‎ 花言巧语的广告轰炸和信誓旦旦的保分承诺是让很多家长经不起的诱惑!其实很多品牌家教派给您孩子的家教不过是以前在马路上举牌仅值30-50元/小时的应往届毕业生而已!最终,拿回承诺的退费比登山还难,即使退了,也换不来孩子的分数和本应美好的未来!‎ 在职教师有着令人信服的耀眼光环,但该好的当然是好,但该坏的照样是坏的!重点高中的孩子并不是你在职教师教出来的,因为学苗好,都125-130分了,谁教都会一样的好!把普通学校的学生拿给在职教师教,再用在职教师滚瓜烂熟的知识点串讲辅导和拿个五三套题让学生去做,其结果,很难短期内事半功倍!‎ 什么北京XX高分突破,60分钟高考英语提分秘诀,2012高分核按纽,选择 题高分模板等层出不穷,到底哪个才有效啊?与吴军高分密码有什么区别?‎ 有的用名头砸人(比如用北京或上海英语学科带头人,参加过高考出题,享受国务院特殊津贴等作为卖点);有的用卖成功学陈XX那样的文字广告框人;有的干脆模仿或照抄相关广告文案去骗人,甄别起来,还真是有点困难!‎ 真想区别开来,其实是可以找到答案的:‎ 骗子是很好鉴别的,一是可以让您的孩子问一些高考英语中阅读和完型很具体的问题,看他或她回答的如何?另外,骗子一般都不留自己的联络地址和电话号码,只留邮箱,QQ号码和银行卡号,让你被骗之后无从寻找。另外,他们还会承诺,不满意,可以退回资料,马上退款,还负责汇款手续费,让你觉得深信不已!其实,仔细想一想,资料都暴漏了,谁拿到后都可以马上复印,若可以退的话,岂不是所有人都可以免费拿到资料了吗?‎ 比如,2011年高考的时候就有人假借吴军老师的名义实施骗局!他在网上贴吧和博客上出卖的教案根本不是吴军的核心授课教案,是免费公益版的;另外淘宝网上卖的也是假的,是武汉某某在沈阳吴军高分英语家教网站上或百度文库,英语周报英语教师网及新浪爱问共享资料上免费下载的,是可以免费得到的,然而他却卖你3000元,但其并非吴军本人核心授课教案!声明:没有与沈阳吴军本人联络,且未将款项打入沈阳吴军个人银行帐号的交易与吴军无任何关系,其后果自负!已经上当的家长,请看一下你得到的是类似如下吴军高分教案吗? 不要图便宜,还是与吴军本人亲自交易吧!‎ 辨别有没有效,好不好使,其实方法也很简单:一要看你教的学生是不是真实的? 广告中提分的学员是否留有学校,班级和学生真实姓名及提分幅度?这样一来,知道了班级和姓名就很容易核实了,不符则可称为诈骗,可追究法律责任! 不敢留学生真实姓名,只是写上张某某(或从别处粘贴了外地高考状元的照片)并随意说提了50分是不可信的,目的也是可想而知!吴军英语的广告中声称的提分效果,都写明了学校班级和学生姓名及提分幅度,是可信的,也是敢于让公众监督的! 比如,吴军英语关于提分在其官网上是这么写的:‎ ‎2012吴军高考英语成绩公告 ‎   2012年高考已经结束,吴军老师今年承接了一对一或一对二,共计87位考生。其中刨出一个最高分136分(本身来时就130分左右)及考前半个月左右才来学的2位考生,平均提分36.7,再创辉煌!其中值得一提的是,吴老师所授的一名学员英语单科成绩竟然提了90多分,再次刷新了吴老师2009年创造的提73分的最高记录!令人兴奋!‎ 最高提90分,刷新2009年最高提73分记录!‎ 方美乔,鲁美附中高三3班(考前2个月内在翰林补课班上学),考生号:12210104130592,考场在50中学,高二下学期来吴军老师处学习时,成绩最高时仅36分,通过在1年多每周一次课的学习,2012年高考成绩为126分,提分90多分,刷新了2009年吴老师创造的最高提73分的记录。作为沈阳隆方房地产公司老板的女儿,家庭条件相当优越,但其从不缺乏刻苦专研精神,最后即将以艺考482分的优异成绩考取鲁迅美术学院!‎ 重点高中在职教师不行,不妨再找吴老师试试! ‎ 刘赫绅,22中高三9班,考生号:12210106150716,考场在53中学,通过某位重点高中参加过高考英语出题的在职教师近1年的一对一补课,成绩始终徘徊在70分左右,但考中国民航大学飞行员的英语小分必须达到90分.后来其母亲沈阳雏鹰小学马老师通过2011年考取一本B段涉外高护专业的沈阳4中胡兢元的母亲鼎立推荐,找到了吴军老师,此时距离2012年高考还有不到2个半月的时间,通过每周一、三、五下午17:30-19:00近30课的学习,最终将以2012年高考英语101分的成绩如愿以偿! ‎ 短期火箭式提分有秘方!‎ 高考前3个月,词汇量能达到初三下学期水平,本身有强烈的提分欲望,能刻苦专研,没有心理障碍的学员,基本上,或者说2005-2012历年99%提分。‎ 徐可,沈阳4中高三0班,考生号:12210106110515,考场在15中学, 总分605(过理科一本线)。2012年高考英语为125分。来时100多分,通过短期10课的学习,分数提了近20分;‎ 王天池,沈阳120中,考生号:12210105150840,考场在省实验中学,总分478(过理科二本线)。2012年高考英语为89分。来时接近40分,通过短期集中20多课的学习,分数提了近50分;‎ 袁小力,鲁美附中高三1班艺考生,考生号:12210104130667,考场在50中学, 总分436。按其成绩排名基本上可以考取鲁美。通过短期集中20课的学习,其由来时的30多分,上升到本次高考66分,分数翻倍,险过小分!‎ 蒋同学,沈阳31中高三艺考生,考生号:12210102170004,考场在38中学,通过8次课的集中学习,成绩由原来的80分左右提到2012年高考英语109分!‎ 更多提分详细资料,请亲临咨询!对于携带记者证或预交1课学费者,可以全部查询相关提分信息,并任意抽查3-5位同学父母的联络方式核实!也可根据其所在学校班级,二次核实!‎ ‎(链接2011年吴军老师亲授学员成绩公告)‎ 吴军亲授考生共83人参加了2011年高考,去掉一个最高分东北育才本部137分,去掉一个艺考最低分(临时只学了7次课,来时33分,2011年高考61分),平均提分31.5分! ‎ ‎2011年沈阳高分英语家教吴军一对一亲授中考生学员共计39人,140分以上占97.17%;130-140之间为0%;120-130之间占2.73%,没有120分以下的。其中21人达到了145分或以上,有“两匹黑马”值得一提,他们一个是辽宁省实验中学北校区初三8班的杨淇,另一位是沈阳7中初三21班的童俊豪,他们来吴军老师这儿学习时均为120分或以下,本次2011年沈阳中考英语成绩均达到了146分。‎ ‎----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‎ 许译 鲁美附中高三1班,考生号:11210104130303; 宁莹莹 鲁美附中高三3班2011届高三文科艺考生,考生号:11210702130017; 黄钰乔 沈阳27中高三13班,考生号:11210105130331,2011年高考英语分别提高了30-55分不等,已被一批本科鲁迅美术学院和中央美术学院录取!‎ 卢涵 沈阳铁路中学高三11班2011届高三艺考生,考生号:11210105130901, 李奕宣 沈阳同泽女中学高三3班2011届高三艺考生,考生号:112101053130422, 2011年高考英语成绩分别提高了30-35分不等,已被中国传媒大学文编专业和天津师范大学播音专业录取!‎ 李晨晖 沈阳2中2011届高三考生,考生号:11210103151002,总分:651分,理科,一本线重点大学,来吴军高分英语前110-120分,本次高考英语成绩为127分;‎ 杨嘉睿 东北育才双语2011届高三4班考生,考生号:11210102111097,总分:559分, 理科,预估一本线,来吴军高分英语前120分,本次高考英语成绩为130分;‎ 鲁菲 沈阳120中7班2011届高三考生,考生号:11210105110762,总分:544分, 理科,一本线,来吴军高分英语前110分,考前共学5课,本次高考英语成绩为119‎ 分。‎ 姜萧栩 沈阳雨田中学初三2班 考号:061020116 2011年沈阳中考英语成绩为145分;‎ 杨淇 辽宁省实验中学北校区初三8班 考号:051008906 2011年沈阳中考英语成绩为146分;‎ 王一乾 沈阳雨田中学初三2班 考号:061020406 2011年沈阳中考英语成绩为146分;‎ 袁若琳 沈阳雨田中学初三1班 考号:061021102 2011年沈阳中考英语成绩为144分;‎ 童俊豪 沈阳7中初三21班 考号:031009521 2011年沈阳中考英语成绩为146分;‎ 张天爱 沈阳雨田中学初三1班 考号:061019414 2011年沈阳中考英语成绩为144分。‎ ‎2012吴军高考英语3天提分秘诀辽宁卷效果示例 一、知识点和词汇全部押对!‎ 举几个2012高考英语辽宁卷单选的例子:‎ 吴军老师帮您筛选的30多个形容词和副词,大家看一看,是不是都在下列备选项中?‎ ‎22. We used to see each other , but I haven’t head from him since last year. ‎ A. especially B. regularly C. particularly D. approximately 有些连知识点都不用,只是通过吴军老师教你的正负 / 过程和结果解题法就所向披靡了!通过正负,可知A和D可选!再通过过程和结果,可知A. with pleasure强调的是结果,说明借过后,表示荣幸,所以不符!电话还没借呢,故只有D符合。‎ ‎23. — I’m terribly sorry to interrupt, but may I use your phone? It’s rather urgent. ‎ ‎— Yes, . ‎ ‎ A. with pleasure B. no burry C. it doesn’t matter D. of course ‎2012吴军高考语法与词汇单项选择题3天提分密码B-1第25页,Shall用于第二、第三人称,表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。这儿是说根据学校规定学生在校时都必须要穿校服。‎ ‎24. One of our rules is that every student wear school uniform while at school. ‎ A. might B. could C. shall D. will ‎2012吴军高考语法与词汇单项选择题3天提分密码B-2第25页,有宾语主动,无宾语被动!follow后面有宾语,with的宾语后面可加形容词、副词、分词、不定式、名词等作宾补,这儿pet dog与follow构成主谓关系,所以用following.‎ ‎25. The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog them. ‎ ‎ A. to follow B. following C. followed D. follows ‎2012吴军高考英语高频答案词一本通第108页,Rod喜欢拆卸钟表,然而,他从来都不能再重新装好。所以选B项。另外However两边句子相反,看到put…… together, 当然相反的就是taking apart啦!‎ ‎26. Rod loves clocks. However, he never manages to put them together again. ‎ A. taking apart B. giving away C. making up D. turning off ‎2012吴军高考语法与词汇单项选择题3天提分密码B-1第6页,one作“一个”,“一本”,“一件”等解,用来代替上文提到过的paper。相当于a copy of paper.‎ ‎28. If you’re buying today’s paper from the stand, could you get for me?‎ A. one B. such C. this D. that ‎2012吴军高考语法与词汇单项选择题3天提分密码B-2第13页,把你的钥匙留给你的邻居,以防你把自己锁在外面了。所以选C项。‎ ‎30. Leave your key with your neighbor you lock yourself out one day. ‎ ‎ A. as long as B. even though C. in case D. as if ‎ ‎2012吴军高考语法与词汇单项选择题3天提分密码B-3第4页,Not until位于句首时句子要倒装,consider having a holiday abroad这个动作发生在retire之后,所以用一般过去时。‎ ‎32. Not until he retired from teaching three years ago having a holiday abroad. ‎ A. he had considered B. had he considered ‎ C. he considered D. did he consider ‎2012吴军高考语法与词汇单项选择题3天提分密码B-1第26页,在句型 “It’s high/ very time that…”中, 从句中的谓语动词用did或should do.所以选D项。‎ ‎33. Jack is a great talker. It’s high time that he something instead of just talking. ‎ ‎ A. will do B. has done C. do D. did ‎ ‎2012吴军高考语法与词汇单项选择题3天提分密码B-2第18页,名词性从句4个高频答案词,介词for后面加的是宾语从句,且从句中find缺少宾语,故用whatever,选C。‎ ‎34. The newcomer went to the library the other day and scarched for he could find about Mark Twain. ‎ ‎ A. wherever B. however C. whatever D. whichever 二、完形技巧+高频答案词,挑战高分!‎ 举几个2012高考英语辽宁卷完形填空的例子来回忆一下吴军老师的完形易经,骄傲一下自己当时精明的选择!‎ 首尾或上下段落呼应,复现解决问题!‎ When Glen Kruger picked a small cat from an animal shelter, he did not expect much. Yet right from the start, eight years ago, there was an uncommon connection between him and the small black cat. He 36 her Inky. ‎ ‎“ I grew up on a hundred-acre farm and had only cats 37 playmates,”Kruger,The seventy-year-old man,says. “My hearing was damaged by the 38 of farm epuipment , so I learned to connect with 39 . ‎ ‎39. A. animals B. friends C. farmers D. neghbors ‎46 in a pool of blood on the basement floor, Kruger felt 47 going into shock(休克). He shouted for help , 48 his wife, Brenda , was asleep in their bedroom at the opposite end of the house. 49 Kruger noticed Inky watching from the top of the stairs. ‎ ‎ “Go get Brenda, ” Krugger said to Inky. ‎ Inky 50 to the bedroom door and scratched 51 until Brenda opened it. Then Inky led her to the 52 Brenda found her husband 53 the stairs and called 911. ‎ ‎52. A. bedroom B. basement C yard D. house 通过同现解决问题!‎ 看到rushed后就知道很匆忙,故50空纠结时,通过同现校正答案,就不能误选C了,ran与rushed同现;51空是C还是D呢?Inky是猫,madly更贴切;53空,叫911送医院了,说明掉楼梯底下了。‎ Inky 50 to the bedroom door and scratched 51 until Brenda opened it. Then Inky led her to the 52 Brenda found her husband 53 the stairs and called 911. Kruger was rushed to the hospital.‎ ‎50. A. walked B. ran C. returned D. withdrew ‎51. A. rapidly B. suddenly C. madly D . urgently ‎53. A. at the bottom of B. in the middle of C. at the top of D. in the front of 通过正负解决问题!‎ ‎“My hearing was damaged by the 38 of farm epuipment , so I learned to connect with 39 . They react to what they see and what you do. ”‎ ‎38. A. sound B. alarm C. noise D. voice 三、吴军英语阅读迅捷技巧+矩阵法则,挑战满分!‎ ‎ 找不到主旨句或四个选项都带中心词时,看出题点,即每段首尾句和有汉语标注的地方等,然后通过复现和同现就解决了!‎ Astronauts on shorter shuttle missions(使命)often work very long days. Tasks are scheduled so tightly that break times are often used to finish the day’s work. This type of schedute is far too demanding for long missions on the Internaitional Space Sttation(ISS). ISS crewmembers usually live in space for at least a quarter of a year. They work five days on and two days off to mimic the normal way they do things on Earth as much as possible. Weekends give the crew valuable. Weekends give the crew valuable time to rest and do a few hours of housework. They can communicate with family and friends by email, isternet phone and throhgh Private video conferenes. ‎ ‎ While astronauts cannot go to a baseball game or a movie in orbit, there are many familiar activetics that they can still enjoy. Before a mission. The family and friends of each ISS crewmember put together a collection of family photos, messages, videos and reading material for ‎ The astromauts to look at when they will be floating 370 kilometers above the Earth. During their missiom, the crew also receives care packages with CDs, books, magazines, photos and letters . And as from early 2010, the internet became available on the ISS , giving astronaouts the chance to do some “web surfing (冲浪)”in ‎ their personal time. Besides relaxing with these more commom entertainments, astromauts can simply enjoy the experience of living in space. ‎ Many astronauts say that one of the most relaxing things to do in space is to look out the window and stare at the universe and the Earth’s vast land mass and oceans. ‎ ‎63. The passage mainly discusses how astronauts . (2012辽宁卷阅读B篇)‎ ‎ A. work for longer missions in space B. connect with people on the Earth C. observe the Earth from space D. spend their free time in space 词汇13大解题思路使您茅塞顿开!本题仅用代入法就解决了问题!‎ Astronauts on shorter shuttle missions(使命)often work very long days. Tasks are scheduled so tightly that break times are often used to finish the day’s work. This type of schedute is far too demanding for long missions on the Internaitional Space Sttation(ISS). ISS crewmembers usually live in space for at least a quarter of a year. They work five days on and two days off to mimic the normal way they do things on Earth as much as possible. Weekends give the crew valuable. Weekends give the crew valuable time to rest and do a few hours of housework.‎ ‎60. What does the word “minic”in Paragraph 1 probably mean?(2012辽宁卷阅读B篇)‎ ‎ A. Find B. Copy C. Change D. Lose ‎ 找到minic这个动词的宾语way,way they do things做事的方式,Find 发现?;Copy 模仿?Change 改变?Lose 失去?way they do things做事的方式,当然是模仿做事的方式喽!‎ A大于B,则选A。‎ In the past two decades, the Chinese studies programs have gained huge popularity in Western universities. More recently, the Chinese government has set up Confucius Institutes in more than 80 countries. These schools teach both Chinese language and culture. The main courses of Chinese culture usually included Chinese art, history and philosophy(哲学). Some social scientists suggest that Westerners should take advantages of the ancient Chinese wisdom to make up for the drawbacks ‎ of Westerners philosophy. Students in the United States, at the same time, are racing to learn Chinese. So they will be ready for life in a world where China is an equal power with the United States. Businessmen who hope to make money in China are reading books about Confucius to understand their Chinese customers. ‎ ‎65. We can learn from Paragraph 4 that American students______。(2012辽宁卷阅读C篇)‎ A. have a great interest in studying Chinese B. take an active part in Chinese competitions C. try to get high scores in Chinese exams D. fight for a chance to learn Chinese ‎65题根据题干关键字American students文章定位,就近原则参考点为racing to learn Chinese. 有些同学在A和D之间纠结。如果确实区分有困难的话,可以根据“A大于D,则选A。”原则,则选A。‎ 矩阵法则解题:出题点;与中心词沾边;答案特征;答题步骤;核对规则. 69. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? (2012辽宁卷阅读D篇)‎ A.The customers who cannot pay can word as volunteers instead. ‎ B.More volunteers will go to new Orleans for the hurricane cleanup. ‎ C.Many new cafes will be opened to offer free lunches in the town. ‎ D.The lunch menu has remained the same since the café was started. ‎ ‎ 69题出题点在尾句,更有出题信号词instead ;选项中A是前后矛盾的句子,符合答案特征; 选项A中含有的volunteers是文章反复出现的中心词,所以答案就可以选A了.‎ 四、洞穿7选5秘诀, 吴军高考英语运筹帷幄!‎ 答题步骤:首句定位;排比;逻辑关系;指代+同现或复现;连接词+同现或复现;先易后难,缩小范围,从而高分突破!‎ How to Make Friends Friendship is a very important human relationship and everyone needs good friends. Good friendship has many benefits. It offers companionship, improves self-worth and promotes good health. There are times in our lives such as when we have recently moved into a new town, or changed our jobs or schools. Such changes often leaves us without a friend 71 . But for many of us the process is difficult and requires courage. Below are some helpful suggestions on how to make and keep friends. ‎ ‎1. Associate with others. ‎ The first step to making friends is associating with other people. You can go to public places to meet new people. Besides, you will need to make yourself known by becoming an active member of such places. ‎ ‎2.Start a conversation Starting a conversation is the second most important step in making new friends. 72 You can always start the conversation. Being able to make small talk is a very useful skill in relating with other people. ‎ ‎3. 73 ‎ Choosing friends with common interests is important in building friendship as these interests would always bring you and your friend together, Hanging out will always be a pleasant experience. ‎ ‎4.Let it grow. ‎ It is a good thing to stay in touch. However, try not to press your new friend with calls, messages or visits as this would likely wear him or her out and finally you may lose your friend. 74 . The best friendships are the ones that grow naturally. ‎ ‎5.Enjoy your friendship The best way to enjoy your friendship is to allow your friends to be themselves. 75 Try not to change them from who they are to what you want them to be. Become the kind of friend you will want your friend to be to you. ‎ A. Be cheerful. ‎ B. Do things together. ‎ C. Do not wait to be spoken to. ‎ D. Try not to find fault with your friends. ‎ E. Making new friends comes easy for some people. ‎ F. For a friendship to develop you need to stay in touch. ‎ G. So you will need to give your friend time to react to you. ‎ ‎71空发现复现词friend,根据吴军高考英语7选5法则转折关系(形容词或副词相反,转折),选E; 72空根据吴军7选5法则同现原则, spoken to与conversation关联,所以选C; 73空看到每段都是祁使句,而只有B项中有与原文中的复现词together,所以选B; 74空就近原则指代一致you,复现一致your friend,所以选G; 75空后面有them,说明前面有复数名词,再加上否定句结构排比Try not to,所以75空选D.‎ 五、改错探秘, 吴军教案看7遍,错点全部找到!‎ Dear Diana,‎ Thank you for the lovely day we have with you. It was so kind for you to let us bring Anne's ‎ had of friend. Gina. Unfortunate, the only problem was the journey home. There had been a terrible Unfortunately accident on the highway and, for a result, there was a long line of traffic for at least six mile. In ‎ as miles the end, we drove to a service station and waited there unless the road was clear. In the car park ‎ ‎ until ‎ here,Gina nearly got knocked over as ∧car drove out far too quickly from behind a lorry. They there a ‎ We finally dropped Gina off at her parents' and made our own way to home.‎ 请购买2012高考英语3天提分秘诀教案(增购7选5和改错版)的顾客仔细核对:‎ ‎1. 第1句have→had, 参考吴军改错教案一23页,由后面的was可知,这儿应该用过去时态。‎ ‎2. 第2句 for→of, 参考吴军改错教案二3页押中原题,It’s kind of you为固定用法。‎ ‎3. 第3句 Unfortunate→Unfortunately, 参考吴军改错教案一18页押中原题,用副词作状语。‎ ‎4. 第4句 for→as, 考吴军改错教案二2页,as a result固定搭配。‎ ‎5. 第4句 mile→miles, 参考吴军改错教案一4-5页,mile是可数名词,并且前面是six.‎ ‎6. 第5句 unless→until, 考吴军改错教案二4-5页,这儿后面一句是一个时间状语从句,意思是我们一直等到路通了。‎ ‎7. 第6句 here→there, 参考吴军改错教案一16-19页,叙述的是别的地方发生的事,所以用there.‎ ‎8. 第6句 car前加a, 参考吴军改错教案一1页,car不是特指,并且是可数名词,所以前面要加a.‎ ‎9. 第7句 they→we, 参考吴军改错教案一9页押中原题,叙述的是我们做的事,所以用we.‎ ‎10. 第7句去掉to, 参考吴军改错教案二2页押中原题,make one’s way home中home为副词,所以前面不用介词to。‎ ‎2013吴军高考英语迅捷提分秘术! 版权所有,侵权必究! 同行抄袭可耻,转载注明出处!‎ Unit 8‎ motivation n. 动机; 积极性;复习:motivate ; v. 激发;激动促动;复习; drive; inspire; insporation; stimulate; ‎ dictation ; 听写; 口授; 命令;‎ correction n. correct ; v. 改正;修改;‎ alphabet; n. 字母表;alpha;阿尔法〔希腊语字母表首字母α,相当于英语的 a〕。‎ stick vt. (stuck; stuck) 伸出; 粘住;停止;复习: stick to 坚持;insist on;‎ ‎ effective adj. 有效的;复习:effect n. efficient; 高效的;‎ acquire vt. 学到;获得; acquistion ;n. 复习: require; get; obtain;‎ make sense 有意义;说得通;复习; matter; make no/some/much sense (of);‎ in other words 换言之;换句话说;复习:in a word 简言之;‎ awful ; adj.可怕的; 复习:terrible; [口语〕非常,极其。 I'm awful glad you came. 你来了,我非常高兴;‎ instruct ;vt. 教导;指示; instruction; 复习: teach; educate; coach;‎ data n. 资料;数据;〔此词系 datum 的复数。但 datum 罕用,一般即以 data 作为集合词,在口语中往往用单数动词;如系指一件资料,则说作 this data〕。The data is not enough to be convincing. 资料不足,尚难令人信服。复习:material; date;‎ 比较: medium;media; bacterium;bacteria;‎ acdemic ; adj. 学术的;学院的;‎ comprehension 理解,理解力; be above [pass, be beyond] comprehension 难理解,不可解。复习:understanding;‎ anxious ; adj. 忧虑的; 焦急的;令人但有的;‎ 复习:anxiety; eager;‎ secure ; adj. 安心的;不必担心的;有把握的;复习: safe; sure; ensure; insure;‎ take a risk ; 冒险;复习:danger;adventure;‎ experiment with 进行试验、实验;复习:try; trial;‎ translator ; n. 译员;interpretor ; 口译;‎ patience ; n. 病人; 耐心;复习:patient;助记: 是病人就要有耐心;‎ adopt ; v. 采用;采纳;接受;收养;比较; adapt; 适应;adopt a proposal 采纳提议。 words adopted from a foreign language 外来语。‎ pile ; n. 堆;叠; vi; .堆 (up on) 积蓄 (up) 堆积;层积;1.堆积,堆;火葬柴堆 (=funeral pile)。2.大量,大批,大块;高大建筑物;〔口语〕钱堆,财产; a pile of; 一堆;piles of ; 大堆; 大批、量;复习:mile; pill 药;‎ tyre ; 轮胎;装轮胎;复习:tire疲倦,累 (with) 厌倦 (of)。使疲倦;使厌倦。 ‎ Walking soon tires me. 我一走路就累。 She never tires of speaking English. 她讲起英语来从不厌倦。 tire down 把…追赶到跑不动,使疲惫到精疲力尽,逐渐微弱。 tire out =tireto death 使疲倦到极度 (I am tired out. 我累得要死,十分疲倦);‎ overweight adj; 发胖;超重的;an overweight luggage 过重行李。vt.使…装载过重;使…负担过重;在重量上超过。‎ put an end /stop to ; bring to an end; 结束;使……中断、停止;‎ operation ; 手术; 运转;操作;复习:operate ; v. the operation of a machine 机器的运转;in operation 活动着;运转着;施行着。 perform an operation (on sb. for a disease) (给某人)动(外科)手术。 put into operation 实施,施行。 undergo an operation 受手术。‎ knock down ; knock about [around] 1. 接连敲打;乱打,乱敲。 2. 殴打,虐待,(浪等)冲打(船只)。 knock against 1. 碰撞;同…冲突。 2. 偶然遇见。 knock at 敲(门、窗等); knock at the wrong door 找错了门路)。 ‎ knock away 敲下,敲掉。‎ level; standad ; n. 水平; 标准;复习:scale;‎ junior ; 年少的; 等级低的;复习:senior;年长的; 等级较高的; ‎ a senior statesman 富有资历的政治家。 a senior officer 高级军官。 a senior man 高班(学)生。 a senior citizen 老年人〔尤指退休老人〕; junior middle school; 初中;senior middle school 高中; primary school小学;‎ fall behind ; 落后;跟不上。 . 拖欠。 fall beyond 属于…外,在…外;fall into 1. 陷入(网等)中;陷入(坏习惯等)中,fall into the habit of doing;fall off 1. 下降,跌落。2. 减退,销路减少;衰退;堕落;‎ association 社团; 协会;复习:CBA; NBA;associate把…同…联系起来 (with)。‎ ‎ Be associated with sb. In an enterprise 与某人联合从事一项企业;‎ appropriate ; adj. 适当的,合适的;be appropriate for [to] 适于,合乎 postcode ; n. 邮编;复习:code; (电)码,代码,密码,暗码;代号,略号,暗号;‎ Unit 9‎ abuse ; v. 滥用;虐待;abuse one's privilege 滥用特权;A word of abuse 骂人话。复习:accuse;控告[告发]某人犯某罪 (of) ;谴责[指控]某人 (for); 把某事归罪于某人 (for)。‎ insurance ;保险(业);复习: insure; 保险,给…保险;保障,为…提供保证。assure; 保证,担保,确告;使安心,让…放心;‎ ‎ I assure you of his honesty. (那人)包你老实可靠。 assure one's life 保人寿险。 assure oneself of 弄清楚,查明 (I must assure myself of the real situation. 我必须查明真实情况)。 I assure you that... 包你…。‎ carpenter ; n. 木匠;复习: carpet:地毯,桌毯;毛毯,绒毯;wood ;woodcutter; 伐木工人;樵夫;木刻家。‎ lay off 下岗; 解雇;复习:be out of job;‎ income ;收入; 复习: profit; wage; salary; outcome结果;成果;后果;输出口;〔比喻〕出路。input; 输入;import; export;‎ to make thing worse ;更糟糕 的是;更危险、困难的; (作插入语);=what’s even worse; what’s more ;不仅如此;‎ hopeless ; 无望; 绝望; = desperate 悲观失望的,穷途末路的,无可救药的; 极想得到的;‎ clinic ; 诊所;门诊部;doctor’s office; 复习; waiting-room ; 形近:picnic; 野餐,郊游;‎ allowance ; n.津贴,补助,零用钱; 复习:bonus; 奖金;额外津贴;award; 奖品;‎ fundamental ; adj. basic;基本的; 基础的;词中词:fund资金,基金,专款; mental; 智慧的,智[脑]力的。精神的,思想的;心理的 (opp. corporal)。‎ pressure ; n. 压力; 压强;复习:press; 压,按;印刷;‎ consult ; v. 咨询; 查阅;consult a dictionary 查词典。 consult a doctor 找医生诊治。‎ chemist 药剂师;化学家;复习:chemicial; chemistry;‎ statistics ; 统计数字[资料],统计表〔用作复数;‎ fee; 税;会费,学费,报名费,入场费;复习:fare; charge; bill;fund;‎ nationwide 全国性的; 遍及全国的;‎ make ends meet 使 收支相抵; 量入为出;‎ unfortunate ;复习:fortunate ; (不)幸运的;unfortunately;unluckily;‎ tailor ; n. 裁缝;复习:sailor;‎ incident ; n. 小事;事件; 事情;事故;事变。event;matter; occurance;复习: accident;‎ significance ; n. 意义; 重要性;复习:significant; adj. 有意义的; 重要的,重大的,值得注意的。‎ bench ; n. 长凳;条凳; a park bench 公园长凳。 an experimental bench 试验架。 a carpenter's bench 木工工作台。stool; 凳子;搁脚凳;‎ sink ; n/v; (sank , 〔古、美〕 sunk sunk, sunken )洗涤槽;污水池; 下沉;下垂;下沉,坍下去,塌下去,下陷。‎ the sun sinks in the west. 太阳落在西方。 The floods are sinking rapidly. 洪水正在急退中;‎ jar ; n. 广口瓶;罐;坛子,瓶子;‎ lid ; n. 盖子;复习:cover;‎ devotion ;devote ; 献身; 奉献;忠心;dvote…to…‎ ‎ Unit 10‎ garbage ; n. 垃圾;复习:litter; rubbish; waste;形近:garage;车库;cabbage;baggage;luggage;‎ maid ; n 女仆;.婢,侍女,处女,未婚女子,闺女;〔诗〕少女,姑娘。an old maid老处女。 a lady's maid侍女。‎ prince ; n 王子;复习: princess; 公主; ‎ outcome ; n. 结果; 效果; 比较: income 收入;‎ penny ; 便士; 分;(pl. pence , pennies ); 表示价格的复数用 pence; 表示辅币个数的复数用 pennies.; cent; change; 零钱;six-penny series 六便士丛书currency; money; ‎ A penny saved is a penny gained. 省一文就得一文。 A penny soul never come to twopence. 小气鬼成不了大事。Take care of the pence, and the pounds will take care of themselves. 小事留意,大事顺利。 ‎ grocery ; 杂货店;〔美常用 pl.〕食品,杂货。复习:store; shop;‎ bakery ; n. 面包房;复习:bake; 烤;焙;烧;baker面包师傅;烤箱〔美国〕烧烤会餐。barbecue;〔美国〕(吃烧烤全牲的)野外大宴会。复习: picnic ;野餐;野炊;‎ weep ; (wept; wept) ;v. 哭泣;比较: cry; sob; 抽噎,啜泣;哽咽,呜咽;wail; ‎ 痛哭,大哭 ;howl; 嚎,嗥叫。复习:sweep ; 扫地;‎ furnish ; v. 装饰; 提供家具;装备,布置,装修(房屋)。furnish sb. with sth. =furnish sth. to sb. 供给某人某种东西。 a well furnished shop 货物齐全的商店。 furnished rooms to let. 备有家具的房间出租。 be furnished with 备有; 复习:furniture;decorate;‎ shabby ; adj. (衣衫)褴褛的;破旧的;寒酸的;a shabby street 肮脏的马路。 a shabby fellow 卑鄙的家伙;小气鬼;mean;‎ mailbox ; 邮箱;信箱;复习:postbox; 〔英国〕信箱;邮筒;‎ bell ; n. 钟声; 铃声;钟,铃;门铃;electric bells 电铃。 A hand bell 手摇铃。 A door bell 门铃 attend to 处理; 照顾;关照;look after; take care of;‎ rag ; 碎布;破布;复习:in rags 穿破衣服;‎ He has not a rag to his back. 他衣不蔽体。‎ rare ; adj. 稀少; 罕见的; 复习:unusual; infrequent; regular; 比较:area面积;平地;地区,地方;‎ take a pride in ; = be proud of 感到自豪;‎ garment ; n. 一件衣服;外衣;外套;长袍。a lady garment-ed in silk 一位穿着绸衣服的女士;复习: clothes; blouse; 短上衣trousers;vest;T- shirt; skirt;uniform; 制服;‎ do up = dress up 打扮; ‎ carpet ; n. 地毯;桌毯;毛毯,绒毯。复习:blanket毛毯,绒被;毛毡状物,层,垫。cushion软垫,椅垫,靠垫;‎ barbershop 理发店; barber 理发师;复习:haircut; ‎ anecdote ; n. 逸事;轶闻;复习:tale 故事;‎ let down 使 失望; 不支持;=disappoint;‎ booklet 小册子;leaflet小叶,嫩叶;传单;广告 mutton 羊肉;比较:beef; pork; 复习button; 按钮;‎ stove ; n. 火炉;电炉,加热器。复习:heater; oven灶,炉,炭窑,干燥炉;烘箱;‎ baggage ; n. 行李;luggage; suitcase;复习: cabbage; 白菜;‎ pale ; adj. 苍白; 浅色;暗淡复习:gray/ grey灰白;‎ prayer ; n. 祈祷; 祷告;复习:pray请求,恳求 (for)祷告,祈祷 (to); 复习; beg; request; urge;‎ fix sth. on /upon ;fix one’s eyes on 全神贯注于; 凝视;复习:stare at; focus on; ‎ approve ; v. 批准; 通过;认可;赞成;反义:disapprove; disapproval; n. 复习: arrival; survival生存;残存;幸存;‎ anyhow ; adv. 无论如何; 至少;复习:anywhere;‎ shave ; v. 刮脸; 修面;剃胡须;剃刀,刮刀; 复习:save;have;‎ comb ; v./n. 梳头;梳子;复习:tomb;‎ tortoies; 乌龟;复习:zebra;‎ at length = at last ;eventually; 最后; 终于;‎ flash ; vi. 闪烁; 闪光;复习:ash;shine;flesh;‎ simplify ; vt. 简化;simple; simply;brief; 简洁的;‎ Unit 11‎ criterion ; 标准; 尺度;(pl.复数 -ria) (评判等的)标准,准则。同义:standard; level;scale;‎ stick with ; 继续支持; 保持联系;复习:stick to 坚持;‎ pull out ;从……中退出;The drawer won't pull out. 抽屉拉不开。 a train pulling out of the station 一列开出车站的火车。pull in . 使后退,缩(头等)。 . (火车等)到站;船靠近(海岸)。 逃走,离开pull off . 忙着脱(衣服、鞋等)。 做好,完成;协定。 实行。 . 开(船);(船)离开。‎ summary ; 总结;摘要;复习:sum, 总数,总计,总额; primary主要的,为首的,第一位的;‎ percentage ,百分比;百分率;复习:percent;cent;‎ questionaire 问卷; 调查表;复习:millionaire 百万富翁;survey 调查 reputation , n. 名声;名誉;复习:fame; credit 信用,信任;名誉,名望,声望; have a reputation for=have the reputation of 因…而著名,以…闻名,有…的名气。 live up to one's reputation 不负盛名;repute名誉,名声,名望,信用;‎ colleague 同事;比较: college; fellow; mate;‎ suspect ; vt. 怀疑; 不相信; 同义:suppose; wonder; ‎ staff 全体职工; 全体雇员;复习: clerk ;crew乘务员,(中下级)船员;同事们,工友们;personnel; 人员;人事部门;‎ in reality ; 实际上;= in fact; as a matter of fact; actual; ‎ temporary ; 暂时的;临时的;反义: permanent永久的,不变的,耐久的;持久的,经久的;regular;规则的;‎ coach 教练;家庭教师;辅导员;(长途)公共汽车。carriage(四轮)马车;〔英国〕(铁路)客车车厢(=〔美国〕car); 复习:train; judge;‎ cooperate ;合作;协作;复习:operate; 操作,工作;(机械等)动作;运转;‎ uncertain ; 不确切; 不确定;复习:certain;sure;‎ expection ; 期望; 期待;意料; 复习:live up to one’s expection 不辜负某人的期望;‎ division ; 分割;划分; 同义:separation; partion; distribution; 复习:divide ; v. ‎ keep an eye on 照料;照管;注意;复习:attend to; look after;‎ compromise ; n. 妥协; 和解;折衷;词中词: promise 许诺;近义:cooperation; negotiation 谈判;‎ excite ; vt.使激动;复习:exciting; excited;‎ regulation ; n. 规则; 条例;近义; rule ;复习:regular ;adj 规则的;‎ bureaucratic; 官僚的;复习:bureau; (政府机构的)局(=〔英国〕office);司(=〔英国〕department);处,办公署。办公桌,写字台;‎ take into consideration 考虑;take…into account;‎ dynamic ; 动力的; 强有力的;复习:dynmo 发电机; 口语〕勤奋肯干的人,精力充沛的人;‎ shortcoming ; 缺点; 复习:weakness; disadvantage;‎ embarrass ;vt. 尴尬;为难;be [feel] embarrassed;局促不安;复习: frustrate挫败(敌人);破坏(计划等),阻挠; be frustrated in 在…方面归于失败;终成画饼。‎ contradictory ; 矛盾的; 对立的;复习:oppose; opposing; 反义:harmony;‎ violent ; adj. 暴力的;强烈的;复习:violent ;n. 暴力;‎ resign ; v. 辞职;退休;同义: retire;‎ ambitious ; adj. 有雄心的;复习:ambition; n. 抱负,志气,雄心; 复习:determined; motivated;‎ as a whole ; 普遍说来; 作为整体;复习:‎ generally speaking;in all;‎ definite ; adj. 确切的; 肯定的;复习:certain; sure;‎ congratulate ; v. 祝贺; 庆祝;复习:congratulation; n. 同义: celebrate; ‎ smooth ;adj. 顺利的; 光滑的;平坦的;近义:plain ; 平坦的;光滑的;复习:flat;smooth;反义:rough; 粗糙的;‎ finance ; n./v. 财政;金融;资金;复习:fund combination ; n; 结合; 混合;复习: combine; v. be combined with 与…结合着; join; connect; unite;‎ bride ; n. 新娘;复习:bridegroom; 新郎;‎ shame ; n. 羞耻; 惭愧;复习:pity; ashamed; adj. ‎ pursue ; v. 追求; 追逐;复习:be/go after decline ; v. 拒绝;减弱; 变小;复习:resist; reject; decrease; reduce; turn down;‎ oral ; adj. 口头的; 口述的;spoken; ‎ Unit 12‎ load ; n. 负担;负荷;复习:burden; a load of care 精神负担。 a load of debt 债务的负担。 be ever ready to bear a heavy load on one's shoulders 勇于挑重担。 V. 把货装到(船、车等)上;装(货)。a heart loaded with care 心事重重。 a table loaded with delicacies 摆满佳肴的桌子。 air loaded with carbon 充满碳气的空气。 load one's stomach with food 吃得太多。 load sb. with praise 极力称赞某人。load a camera with film 给照相机装胶卷。 ‎ 复习: download 下载; workload 工作负担;‎ strict ; adj. 严格; 严厉;复习:destrict 地区;gentle; 温柔; hard ; severe; cruel;‎ compulsory ; adj. 义务的; 必须做的;必修的;‎ 复习:equired; necessary; essential;‎ commitment ; n. 承诺; 保证;复习:‎ committee委员会; guarantee;assuarance;‎ to begin with 开始; 起初; 第一;复习:in the first place;‎ sceptical ; adj. 怀疑的;复习:wonder; doubt;‎ tendency ;n. 倾向; 趋势;复习:tend to ‎ absent ; adj. 缺席的; 不在的;复习:absence;‎ drop out (of) 退出; 辍学;复习:leave school;graduate;‎ expand ; v. 扩大; 增强;复习:enlarge; increase; spread out; extend;‎ distribute ; v. 分配; 分布;复习:hand out ; give out ;‎ result in 产生; 导致(某种作用或结果);复习:lead to;result from由 ……引起;‎ corporation ; n. 公司; 法人团体;同义:firm ; company;‎ donate ; 捐赠;赠送;donate blood to a blood bank 向血库捐血。 donate 1,000 dollars to an orphanage 向孤儿院捐赠 1,000 美元;‎ They used to donate to the Red Cross every year. 他们每年捐钱给红十字会;同义: give away. 让掉,赠送;分送,分发。‎ curriculum ; n. 全部课程; 必修课程; 复习:course;‎ ministry ; n. 部;部长的任务[职务、任期]。常作 M-〕〔英国〕内阁;〔英国〕(政府的)部(=〔美国〕 department);‎ wordwide 遍及全世界的;全国的;复习:nationwide;‎ aspect ; n. 方面;局势,形势,a beautiful aspect 好景;美观。 a thing in its true aspect 事物的真相。 The house has a southern aspect. 那间房子朝南。 the physical aspect of China 中国的地势。 consider a question in all its aspects 由各方面考虑问题。 assume [take on] a new aspect 面目一新,呈新局面。‎ profession ; n; 职业;professional ; adj. 复习:professor; 教授;‎ advocate ; v. 提倡;拥护;鼓吹;主张;辩护;复习:support; promote;oppose; object to;‎ obtain ; v. 获得;取得;=achieve; require;get; obtain a reward 得到报酬。 obtain a prize 得奖 obtainable 形容词;能得到的;能达到的; 复习: accessible ; .能接近的,容易会见的。可以进入的;容易理解的;‎ evident ; adj. 明显的; 清楚的;obvious; clear; 复习: evidence; n. proof; ‎ restriction ;n. 限制; 约束;复习: limit; control; limitation;‎ schedule ; n. 程序表,计划表;进度表;时间表。a train schedule 火车时刻表。 a design schedule 设计计算表,进度表。 according to schedule 按照预定计划[时间表]。复习:timetable;‎ presentation ; n. 描述;提出;呈现;介绍;复习:present; v. introduction; description;‎ measurement; measure; 量尺寸;衡量;测量;‎ ‎ Unit 13‎ informal ; formal (非)正式;复习:form; inform;perform;reform; The bookworm in uniform is informed of the storm穿制服的书呆子得到暴风雨的消息。‎ reception ; n. 接待; 招待(会);复习:receive; attend to ;‎ considerate ; adj. 考虑周到的; 体贴的;复习;consider; consideration;‎ cigar ; n. 雪茄; 复习:cigarette; tobacco烟草;烟叶;烟丝,卷烟,纸烟;‎ splendid ;adj. 壮丽的; 辉煌的;同义:wonderful;marvelous; 词中词: send; end; spend; lend; did; pen; pend吊着;悬而未决;待决;‎ astonish ; v. 使 惊讶; 使…… 震惊;同义: amaze; surprise;shock; fright;alarm; upset;fear;horror; terror;panic;‎ coincidence ; n. 巧合;近义:accident; chance; luck;‎ tension ; n. 紧张;张力,拉力,牵力;复习:tense;adj. 拉紧的; 绷紧的; n. 时态;‎ elegant ;adj. 优雅的; 文雅的;复习:graceful; 优美的,雅致的; 得体的,适度的; 比较; elephant; 大象;‎ bachelor ; n. 未婚男子; 学士;复习:single; unmarried; master; doctor;‎ prescription ;n. 药方;处方;复习:description ; 描述;叙述;‎ drawer ; n. 抽屉;制图人〔pl.〕 橱柜。‎ theft ;n. 偷; 盗窃;复习: steal; stealing;‎ religious ; adj. 宗教的;笃信的,虔诚的;复习:relif减轻;缓解;‎ stubborn ;adj. 顽固;倔强的; a stubborn resistance 顽强的抵抗。 stubborn facts 不容抹煞的事实。 a stubborn illness 顽疾。 as stubborn as a mule 非常固执的。同义:persist;‎ enquiry ; n. 问讯;查询;inquire; 比较: require;‎ assitance ; n. 帮助;协助;复习:aid; assist; help resist; ‎ vital ; adj.重要的;生死攸关的,致命的;重大的,紧要的;不可缺少的;复习:very important; critical;esstial;‎ guilty ; n. 内疚的;有罪的;复习:guilty behaviour 犯罪行为。 have a guilty conscience 自疚,问心有愧。 wear a guilty look 露出内疚的神色。 be found guilty 被判决有罪。 be guilty of 犯…罪(be guilty of murder 犯杀人罪);‎ stain ; n./v. 污点污迹;玷污;染污;It is stained with ink. 它让墨水弄脏了。 hands ‎ stained with blood 沾满血的手;凶手;近义:smear banquet ; n. 宴会; 盛宴;复习: feast;‎ convince ; v. 使确信;说服;convince people by sound arguments 以理服人。 be convinced of [that] 确信,深知。 be fully convinced 充分相信。 convince (sb.) of [that] 使(人)承认[信服]。 convince oneself of 充分弄明白。‎ assume ; v. 假定;设想;假装;复习:assumption ;n. 假定;假设;‎ I assume that you know. 我以为你是知道的。 assume a new name 用一个新名字。 assume airs of 摆…的架子。‎ ‎ assuming that ... 假定…,若;复习:suppose;supposing;given that;‎ cancel ; v. 取消;废除;划掉,略去,删去= call off;‎ meanwhile ; adv. =at the same time; 同时;‎ remark ;n./v. 评论;评述;话,言语;评论,意见。a theme of general remark 议论纷纷的事情。 Did you make a remark 你有没有说过什么话?[发表意见] make a remark on 就…说一说〔表示一点意见〕。 make no remark 什么也不说。 make remarks 说东道西;评论;演说;‎ innocent ;adj. 无辜的;无罪的;复习:blameless ;not guilty; 反义:guilty;‎ commit ; vt. 犯罪; 做(不合法的事);干(坏事等),做(某事);commit a crime 犯罪。 commit sin 犯(宗教、道德上的)罪过。 commit robbery 抢劫。 commit suicide 自杀;形近: committee; 委员会;commitment许诺,诺言;‎ 许诺,诺言;‎ straightforward ; adj. 直接的; 坦率的;复习:frank ; 随和的;easygoing ;speak frankly; 坦率交换意见; have a frank exchange of views; 为人坦率;‎ roundabout ; adj. 转弯抹角的;兜圈子的;‎ Unit 14‎ humorous ;adj. 幽默的;滑稽的;近义:funny; amusing;‎ ant ; n. 蚂蚁;复习:restaurant; elegant; elephant;sigificant;peasant;‎ get hold of = catch; 抓住; 拿住;‎ bee ; n. 蜜蜂;honey蜂蜜;爱人;形近:fee; 复习:honeymoon 蜜月;‎ transparent ;adj. 透明的;复习:trans + parent;trasnplant; transfer; transport;translate;‎ tell … apart ; = tell … from; tell the difference;辨别;区分;‎ dot ; n. 圆点; 点状物;复习:spot; point;mark; period;‎ over and over again 一再;多次;反复;‎ surrounding ; dj./n. 情况;环境;周围的事物;复习: situation; condition; environment;‎ troop ; n./v. 大群;〔pl.〕部队;军队;复习:force; army; navy;‎ semicircle ; adj. 半圆的;半圆的东西;复习:circle; 圆圈;‎ apparent ; adj.明显的;清楚的;复习:parent ;transparent;clear; obvious;‎ sideways ; adv. 斜着的;斜向一边的;旁,横,斜着,从旁边。复习:to one side;‎ come to light 显露;为人所知;复习:throw light on;启发;使显露;‎ maximun ; n. 最大量;[反义]minmun; 最小量;The maximum plus or minus the minimum makes minute difference.最大值加上或者减去最小值只产生极小的差异.‎ precise ; adj. 精确的;准确的;近义: exact; accurate; specific;‎ adequate ; adj; 足够的;充足的;近义:enough; plenty; Qualified quality and adequate quantity are equally important. 合格的质量和足够的数量同等重要。‎ clarify ; vt.澄清;说明,讲清楚,阐明。复习:make clear;‎ fetch ; v . 去拿来; 取来;比较:bring; take;carry;‎ upward ;adv. 向上;复习:downward(s); 向下;forward;backward; toward;forward;eastward; westward; northward; southward;‎ kid ; n. /v. 取笑; 欺骗;小孩;复习:child; teenager; youngster;‎ disgusting ; ad; 使人反感的;讨厌的;复习:horrible; awful; unpleasant; dreadful;‎ psychology ; n. 心理学;比较:philosophy哲学 changeable ; adj. 易变的;不定的;复习:variable; unstable; irregular;‎ adaption ; n. 适应;复习:adapt;‎ stripe ; n. 条纹;条状物;复习:strip条带,长条;条板;带状地。‎ camel ; n. 骆驼;复习:camera; 相机;‎ primitive ; adj. 原始的;上古的;复习:ancient;‎ missile ; n. 导弹;复习: rocket; bomb;‎ walnut ; n. 胡桃;胡桃木;复习:nut; 坚果;‎ session ; n. 一段时间;学期;学年;复习:term; period;‎ Unit 15‎ voluntary ; adj 志愿的;自愿的;谐音:我能volun; The voluntary revolutionaries revolted like the outbreak of volcano. 志愿革命者们象火山爆发一样起义了.‎ ‎ ; adj. 每年的,年度的;复习:every year; per year;‎ acknowledge ;vt.承认;告知已收到;为…..表示感谢;复习:acknowledge one's defeat 认输。 acknowledge one's fault 认错,赔不是,道歉; 复习: admit;词中词: knowledge; 反义:deny; At the edge of the wedged hedge, I acknowledged the knowledgeable man. 在边缘上,我向那位博识的人致谢.‎ scheme ; n.计划;方案;plan; plot; design;‎ elder ; adj.年长的;年龄较大的;‎ ‎ elderly ;adj.上了年纪的;过了中年的;比较:old; older;‎ breathless ;adj.使人屏住呼吸的;气喘吁吁的;‎ dizzy ; adj.头晕的;philosophyfaint; v. 头晕,昏过去 (away) 复习:be faint with hunger 饿得头晕眼花。 feel faint 感到头昏眼花 eyesight ; n.视力; 眼力;眼界;见解,观察; 复习:nearsighted; shortsighted;近视;‎ weekly ; adj.每星期的;每周一次的;复习:fortnight ; 两周;两星期; 十四日 beneficial ; adj.有益的;有用的;复习: benefit; n.利益;好处;profit ;interest;do good to;‎ straight away =without delay; =right away;立刻地;‎ communist ; adj. /n. 共产主义的;共产主义者;复习:communism; 共产主义;socialism; socialist;‎ satisfaction ; n. 满足的;复习:satisfactory令人满足[满意]的,称心如意的;=satisfying; satisfactory results 圆满的结果。复习:satisfy; v. ‎ eager ; adj. 热切的;渴望的;热衷于 (after; about; for;be eager to do sth. 极想做某事。‎ ‎ I am eager for [after] news about them. 我渴望得到有关他们的消息;比较: anxious; enthusiastic;‎ worthwhile ; adj. 值得的,值得做的;复习:worth; deserve; It’s worthwhile doing;‎ timeable ; 计划表;进度表;时间表;复习:schedule starve ; v. 挨饿;饿;复习:hungry; hunger; go hungry;‎ adjustment ; n. adjust ; v. 调整;调节;复习:‎ fill in (with) = adjust to ; 与……想适应、协调;‎ mature ; adj. 成熟的;充分发育的;复习:full- grown; ripe; raw; 生的;未煮过的;未加工的,粗的;familiar ;熟悉的;‎ due to = owing to =thanks to = because of =on account of; 因为; 由于;‎ jeans ; n. 牛仔裤;复习: pants; trousers uniform ;n. 制服;军服;〔the uniform〕 军人;adj. 一贯不变的;始终如一的;‎ casual ;adj. 随便的;复习:informal; Televisions and telescopes give the visitors visual ability to see the casual casualty.- - 电视和望远镜赋予参观者们看见偶然伤亡事故的视觉能力。‎ shopkeeper= storekeeper 店主; 零售商;复习:grocery ;‎ adolescent ; 青春期的;少年,少女。复习:maid; youngster;youth; teenager;‎ recent ; adj. recently ; adv. 最近;复习: lately;‎ whereas ; conj. 鉴于;然而;而,却,倒;其实,反过来。‎ I hate whereas you merely dislike him. 你不过不喜欢他,我却恨他。复习:but; while; however;nevertheless; 仍然(还),不过 possess ; v. 拥有; 具有; 复习:possession; session;学期;‎ Unit 16‎ barber ; n. 理发师;〔多指为男子理发的人〕,复习:为女子理发者多用 hair-dresser〕;a barber's shop = 〔美国〕 a barber shop 理发店;shave; ‎ chef ; n. 厨师;厨师长;大厨;比较: chief;‎ accountant ;n. 会计师;会计员;复习:account计算;账;账目;账户;计算书,账单;报告书,报表;‎ adviser ; 顾问;复习:advise;‎ typist ; n. 打字员;复习:type; typewriter; 打字机;‎ receptionist ;n. 接待员;招待;复习:reception; receive;‎ greengrocer ;n. 蔬菜水果商;复习:grocer食品商,杂货商。‎ astronaut ; n. 宇航员;复习:spaceman; pilot;‎ adore ; v. 热爱;敬仰;复习:admire;respect; worship;‎ vacant ; adj. 空的; 未占用的;复习:avaible;empty;反义:occupied;‎ outstanding ; adj; 杰出的;优秀的;复习:excellent; I exceed the excellent student who has excessive excellence. 我胜过那个有过多优点的优秀学生marvleous ;exceptional;remarkable惊人的;显著的;非凡的,非常(好)的,异常的,出众的;‎ assess ; v. 评价; 估价;形近:access; 接近;会面; 复习:evaluate;‎ salary ; n. 工资; 薪水;复习:wage;pay;payment;‎ occupation ; n. 职业;占据;复习:profession; occupy占领,占据;‎ amateur ; n. 业余爱好者;part-time; 反义: professional ;专业的;‎ instant ; adj, 立刻;立即的;复习:instantly ; adv. 立刻地; 一……就……;directly; immediately;‎ flexible ; adj. 灵活的; 有弹性的;反义:regular; fixed; I' m perplexed by the flexible complex index of sex and age. 我被灵活复杂的性别与年龄索引迷惑住了。‎ shortly ; adv. 立刻; 马上;复习:shortly after; immediately; right away; straight away;‎ significant ; adj. 重要的; 有意义的;复习:sinificance ;n. 意义; ‎ nevertheless ; adv/conj. 虽然如此; 然而;复习:yet but; however; on the other hand ;all the same;‎ drawback ; n. 缺点;障碍;复习:shortcoming; disadvantage;‎ applicant ; n. 申请人;复习:apply; application适用,应用;运用;申请,请求;申请表格。‎ up to date ; 现代的; 时新的;复习:out of date; 过时的;‎ personnel ; n. 人员;人事部;复习:person; personal;‎ accommodation ; n. 住宿; 住所;复习:accommodate ; v. 留宿;收容(病人),装载(乘客);照应,招待。‎ addition ; n. 增加;复习: in addition to ; = besides;apart from;‎ qulification ; n. 资格;资历;复习:qualify ;.v. 合格;符合;qualified ; adj. 合格的;‎ modest ; adj. 谦虚的; 质朴的;复习:moudesty; n. proud; pride;‎ hold back 退缩;踌躇;阻止;抑制,压住;比较:draw back; Hold on 1. 拉住,抓牢。 2. 继续;坚持下去。 3. (打电话时)不挂断;〔口语〕等一等,停住Hold out 1. 伸出;提出,主张; Hold up 1. 举起;展示;支持住;持久;忍住; ‎ Catch [claw, get, lay, seize, take] hold of 抓住,掌握 arithmetic ; n. 算术; 复习:athematics; caculation;‎ paperwork ; n. 文书工作;复习:file; 文件;档案;‎ punctual ; adj. 准时的;复习:on time; as punctual as the clock 时间准确(的)。 punctual to the minute 一分不差。‎ tournment ; n. 联赛;比赛;锦标赛;复习:match; competition;tour;‎ draft ; n./v. 草稿; 草案;草拟;复习:outline; summary;‎ send off 寄出;派遣;驱逐,撵走。 送别(出走、旅行等的人; 复习:send away 撵走;开除;解雇;;send for 派人去叫[请];遣人去拿;乞求 (send for a doctor 派人去请医生。 send for a book 派人去拿一本书); send up 弄上去;使上升;发射 ‎3.水与新陈代谢 ‎ (1)水分的吸收 ‎ ①吸水原理:吸胀作用、渗透作用 ‎ 吸胀作用靠亲水性物质吸水,如干种子、分生区细胞;与细胞死活无关;亲水性强弱规律:蛋白质>淀粉>纤维素,脂肪不具亲水性;渗透吸水要有半透膜,靠浓度差吸水。‎ ‎ ②吸水的部位和动力 ‎ 细胞的吸水动力本质上主要来自细胞内、外液的浓度差(即渗透压)。对植物体而言,吸水外因是蒸腾作用和根压。就吸水部位而言,植物主要靠根尖成熟区表皮细胞吸收,其次还有叶片等;单细胞动物靠细胞直接吸收,如草履虫;低等多细胞动物靠消化腔吸收,如水螅;人和高等动物靠消化道中的胃、小肠、大肠吸收,肾小管、集合管对原尿中水的重吸收等。‎ ‎ ③蒸腾作用、吸水与吸收矿质元素的关系 ‎ (1)蒸腾作用为水和矿质元素的吸收提供动力,与水和矿质元素的吸收无直接关系,但有利于水和矿质元素的吸收。‎ ‎ (2)水分的运输 ‎ 低等多细胞生物通过细胞间的渗透运输。高等多细胞植物可通过共质体(无数活细胞原生质体通过胞间连丝形成的一个连续整体)间的渗透运输,即通过胞间连丝运输,这种方式速率慢;也可通过质外体 运输,即通过非原生质的部分,包括细胞壁、细胞间隙、导管运输,这种方式速率快。高等动物则通过血液循环系统和淋巴循环系统运输水分。‎ ‎ (3)水分的利用与产生 ‎ ①新陈代谢利用水(消耗水)的生理过程及结构 ‎ a.大分子有机物的消化(水解)‎ ‎ 多糖的消化,即“淀粉一麦芽糖一葡萄糖”;部位:细胞质基质(细胞内消化)、消化道(细胞外消化)。 ‎ ‎ 蛋白质的消化,即“蛋白质一氨基酸”;部位:细胞质基质(细胞内消化)、消化道(细胞外消化)。‎ ‎ 脂肪的消化,即“脂肪一甘油、脂肪酸”;部位:细胞质基质(细胞内消化)、消化道(细胞外消化)。‎ ‎ b.肝脏和肌肉细胞中糖元的分解过程消耗水。‎ ‎ c.光合作用的光反应 部位:叶绿体囊状结构薄膜。‎ ‎ d.有氧呼吸的第二阶段部位:线粒体。‎ ‎ e.ATP的水解过程部位:细胞质基质、叶绿体基质、线粒体等。‎ ‎ f.ATP水解成ADP和Pi时消耗水。‎ ‎ ②细胞中产生水的结构及代谢 ‎ a.在叶绿体的基质中通过暗反应合成有机物的过程产生水。‎ ‎ b.在线粒体中通过有氧呼吸的第三阶段产生水。‎ ‎ c.核糖体上通过氨基酸的脱水缩合作用产生水。‎ ‎ d.高尔基体上通过台成纤维素产生水。‎ ‎ e.细胞核在DNA复制过程中产生水。‎ ‎ f.动物肝脏和肌肉中合成糖元时产生水。‎ ‎ g.ADP生成ATP时产生水。‎ ‎ (4)水的排出 ‎ ①植物:蒸腾作用(占95%~99%);叶片的吐水;随某些分泌物排出,如浆汁等。‎ ‎ ②动物:呼出的气体中的水蒸气;汗液中的水;尿液中的水;随某些分泌物排出,如泪液、消化液等。‎ ‎ (5)小结:水与光合作用、细胞呼吸 水既是光合作用和呼吸作用的原料,也是光合作用和呼吸作用的产物。光合作用和呼吸作用过程所需要的水和产生的水在植物的整个水分代谢过程中所占的比例是很小的,几乎可以忽略不计。但充足的水分对于维持细胞及其叶绿体的正常形态和光合作用、呼吸作用的正常进行是必需的,如果缺水就使细胞内的环境变得不利于光合作用的进行.叶片缺水萎蔫后气孔关闭,外界C0:不能进入叶片内部是缺水限制光合作用进行的一个主要因素。水分对呼吸作用的影响主要表现在:种子的含水量在一定范围内与呼吸作用强度呈正比例关系,原因是种子吸水后,种子内水解淀粉的酶活性迅速增高,淀粉被水解成葡萄糖,使呼吸作用的底物增加导致呼吸作用强度增加;充足的水分也是维持细胞和线粒体的正常形态和呼吸酶系统发挥催化效率的必要条件。叶片细胞在一定范围内失水会使呼吸作用增强,原因是细胞内的水分不足时,水解类酶的活性就会增强,将细胞内不溶性的糖转变成可溶性的糖,从而使呼吸作用的底物增加,呼吸作用强度增强。这种特性对植物来讲是对环境的一种很好的适应,细胞内可溶性物质的增加会使细胞内溶液的浓度增加,有利于保持细胞内的水分。‎ ‎ 4.人体内的水平衡及其调节 ‎ 人体内水平衡的调节是通过调节水的摄入量与排出量之间的平衡来实现的,肾脏中的肾小管和集合管对水分的重吸收能力是可以调节的。人体内感受水分状况的感受器是渗透压感受器,当渗透压感受器感受到血浆中的渗透压升高时,通过传人神经纤维的兴奋传到大脑皮层,通过产生渴觉来调节水的摄人量;传到下丘脑使下丘脑神经细胞分泌、并由垂体后叶释放的抗利尿激素(也称加压素)增加,从而促进肾小管和集合管对水分的重吸收,减少了尿的排出。当渗透压感受器感受到血浆中的渗透压下降时,下丘脑的神经细胞减少抗利尿激素的分泌,抑制垂体释放抗利尿激素,从而使肾小管和集合管对水的通透性降低,水的排出量增加。通过这种调节机制,人体的水分代谢保持了平衡。‎ ‎ 5.水与生物的分布 ‎ ‎ 水在陆地上的分布,决定了陆生生物的面貌。不论是在同一经度线的不同纬度线上,还是在同一纬度线的不同经度线上,水的分布郡是不均匀的。由于水资源的分布不均匀,导致生态系统类型的分布发生很大的变化。如我国从东到西为:森林一草原一荒漠一沙漠。在森林生态系统中,林下的阴生植物只能在阴湿的环境中生长,若上层的乔木被大量砍伐后,这些阴生植物就不能直接在阳光下生长,其原因是:在阳光直射下蒸腾作用过于旺盛,体内水分散失过多而导致死亡。阴生植物不能在阳生条件下生长的原因之一还是水的限制作用。在水域生态系统中,生活在淡水中的动、植物,不能生活在海洋中,原因是海水中盐浓度高、 渗透压高,这些动、植物不能从海水中吸收水分。海洋中的动、植物如让其生活在淡水中,水分就通过渗透作用大量进入体内导致代谢障碍,甚至引起死亡。所以高中生物教材上讲,在水域生态系统限制生物分布的因素不是水分而是盐度,就是这个道理。‎ ‎ 6.水的污染 水和空气、食品是人类生命和健康的三大要素。在不同种类的生物体中,水大约占体重60%~95%,水是人类的宝贵资源,是生命之源。水污染在我国相当普遍,而且十分严重。造成水污染的物质主要有有机物、重金属、农药、过量的N、P等植物必需的矿质元素和致病微生物等。当水中的上述有害物质超出水体的自净能力(物理净化、化学净化、生物净化)时,就发生了污染。而水中污染物主要来自未净化处理的工业废水、生活废水和医院废水等。不同污-染类型的净化过程不同。‎ 五、正确区分病毒、原核生物和真核生物 细胞类型 细胞大小 细胞核 细胞器 核膜 核仁 染色体 线粒体 质体 内质网 核糖体 高尔基体 中心体 原核细胞 较小 无 无 无 无 无 无 有 无 无 真核细胞 较大 有 有 有 有 有 有 有 有 有 可所看出,原核细胞仅有核糖体,无其它形式的细胞器。在原核细胞中,DNA分子不与蛋白质结合,成游离态,所以一般讲原核细胞没有染色体,也就没有染色体变异,当然也不会遵循遗传的三大基体规律。由原核细胞构成的生物称为原核生物,主要包括两大类:细菌和蓝藻。由真核细胞构成的生物称为真核生物,地球上绝大多数的生物属于真核生物,如酵母菌、霉菌等真菌、绿藻(如水绵)、褐藻(如海带)、红藻(如紫菜)‎ 等藻类以及全部高等植物和动物。蓝藻没有叶绿体但有光合色素,能够进行光合作用。原核细胞也没有线粒体,但很多种类也能进行有氧呼吸,因为其与有氧呼吸有关的酶分布在细胞膜上。‎ ‎ 细菌、真菌和病毒简介:‎ ‎ 1、细菌:从形态上看可以分为三类:球菌、杆菌和螺旋菌。所有细菌都是单细胞的个体。有的细菌相互连接成团或长链,但每个个体都是独立生活的。从结构上看,细菌由细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质组成,无成形细胞核,所以属于原核生物。有些细菌有鞭毛,可游动。以分裂生殖方式进行繁殖。从代谢方式上看,绝大部分属异养型,营腐生或寄生生活,如枯草杆菌、葡萄球菌、乳酸菌、痢疾杆菌、甲烷细菌等;极少数种类属自养型,如硝化细菌、硫细菌、铁细菌等。‎ ‎ 2、真菌:酵母菌、霉菌和蘑茹都属于真菌。酵母菌为单细胞生物,营腐生生活,是一种兼气性微生物,在有氧气时主要进行有氧呼吸,把葡萄糖分解为CO2和H2O,无氧时进行无氧呼吸,产生酒精和CO2,生殖方式在环境条件良好时通常为出芽生殖,发育到一定阶段时也可进行孢子生殖。霉菌的菌体是由许多菌丝组成的,每个菌丝就是一个细胞。生殖方式为孢子生殖。蘑菇是一类大型真菌,也由许多菌丝构成,细胞中不含叶绿素,营腐生生活,进行孢子生殖。‎ ‎3、病毒:比细菌还小得多,一般在电子显微镜下才能看见,是一类无细胞结构的、专营寄生生活的生物。由于无细胞结构,就根本谈不上是真核生物或原核生物了。其结构通常由蛋白质的外壳和核酸的芯子两部分组成,是一类原始的生物。病毒不能独立生活,必须生活在寄主细胞中,一旦离开寄主细胞就不再有任何生命活动。根据寄主不同分动物病毒、植物病毒和细菌病毒;根据核酸种类分DNA病毒和RNA病毒。‎ 考点重点难点疑点热点焦点二:细胞的增殖、分化、癌变和衰老 ‎ 一、对减数分裂和有性生殖细胞形成过程的理解 ‎1.正确区分染色单体、同源染色体、非同源染色体和四分体。同源染色体是形状、大小一般相同,一个来自父方,一个来自母方,且在减数第一次分裂过程中能两两配对(即联会)的一对染色体;而形状、大小不同,且在减数分裂时不联会的染色体叫非同源染色体。‎ 在细胞分裂间期,由于染色体的复制,每条染色体形成两条完全一样的子染色体,但它们在同一个着丝点上连着,这样连接在同一个着丝点上的每条子染色体叫姐妹染色单体。‎ 在减数第一次分裂时,由于同源染色体的联会,使得每对同源染色体中含有四条染色单体,这时的一对同源染色体就叫一个四分体。‎ ‎ 2.理解并掌握减数分裂中染色体和DNA数目的变化规律。在理解减数分裂过程的基础上,分析减数分裂过程中的染色体、染色单体和DNA的变化情况,为便于掌握可绘制成表格,并能将其转换为曲线形式。‎ ‎ 3.掌握有丝分裂和减数分裂的区别,仔细分析、比较有丝分裂和减数分裂的过程及其不同时期的特点,归纳它们的相同点和不同点。为了便于分析和识记也可绘制成表格,主要从染色体复制次数、细胞分裂次数等方面比较。另外,对减数第一次分裂和减数第二次分裂的过程和特点也需要分析比较。‎ ‎ 二、正确理解同源染色体 ‎ 同源染色体是形状、大小一般相同,一条来自父方,一条来自母方,且在减数第一次分裂过程中能两两相配对(即联会)的一对染色体。‎ 人体x、y这对性染色体,形状、大小差别大,但有同源部分,减数分裂过程中能联会,是一对同源染色体;水稻单倍体(n)经秋水仙素处理后,染色体加倍的水稻(2n)中形状、大小相同的一对染色体,在减数分裂中能联会,但不是一条来自父方,一条来自母方,也称同源染色体;所以,同源染色体从根本上说是减数分裂过程中能联会的一对染色体。‎ ‎ ‎ 另外,无核细胞:哺乳动物成熟红细胞、植物筛管细胞以及极核、雄蜂体细胞等都不含同源染色体。‎ ‎ 三、有丝分裂和减数分裂图像的鉴别 ‎ 鉴别某一细胞图像属于哪种细胞分裂,是本专题中经常考查的内容。这里以二倍体生物为例,说明一下“三看鉴别法”:第一,看细胞中染色体数目。若为奇数,一定是减数第二次分裂,且细胞中一定无同源染色体;若为偶数,继续往下鉴别。第二,看细胞中有无同源染色体。若无同源染色体,一定是减数第二次分裂;若有同源染色体,进行第三看。第三,看细胞中同源染色体的行为。若出现联会、四分体、着丝点位于赤道板两侧、同源染色体分离等现象,一定是减数第一次分裂;若无上述同源染色体的特殊行为,则为有丝分裂。另外,需要注意的是,如果是多倍体或是单倍体生物的细胞,则需仔细考虑再作判断。‎ ‎ 四、细胞的全能性 ‎ ‎ 细胞全能性是指生物体细胞都具有使后代细胞发育成完整个体的潜能。除哺乳类成熟的红细胞、植物导管细胞等外,具有完整细胞结构的细胞都具有全能性,因为细胞内含有该物种特有的全套遗传物质或者含有发育成一个完整个体的全部基因。细胞全能性的体现必须满足离体、无菌、所需各种营养物质、植物激素、适宜温度、PH等环境条件。没有离体在生物体内的细胞没有表现出全能性,而是分化成不同的组织和器官,这是基因在特定的时间和空间条件下选择性表达的结果。不同的细胞体现细胞全能性的难易程度不同,受精卵最容易,其次是生殖细胞、体细胞,且植物细胞比动物细胞容易,保持分裂能力分化程度低的细胞比高度分化的细胞容易。高度分化的动物细胞全能性受到限制,但是它的细胞核仍然保持全能性,能在一定条件下(如将其移植到卵细胞中)表现出来,有完整细胞结构的细胞具有全能性不等于就能体现全能性,体现全能性必须要发育成完整个体。‎ 考点重点难点疑点热点焦点三:生物的新陈代谢 一、影响光合作用速度的曲线分析及应用 因素 图像 关键点的含义 在生产上的应用 单因子影响 光照强度 A点光照强度为0,此时只进行呼吸作用,释放CO2的量,表明此时的呼吸强度。AB段表明随光照强度加强,光合作用逐渐加强,CO2的释放量逐渐减少,有一部分用于光合作用;到B点时,呼吸作用释放的CO2全部用于光合作用,即光合作用强度=呼吸作用强度,称B点为光补偿点(植物白天光照强度应在光补偿点以上,植物才能正常生长)。BC段表明随着光照强度不断加强,光合作用强度不断加强,到C点以上不再加强了。C点为光合作用的饱和点。‎ ‎(1)适当提高光照强度 ‎(2)延长光合作用时间(例:轮作)‎ ‎(3)对温室大棚用无色透明玻璃 ‎(4)若要降低光合作用则用有色玻璃。如用红色玻璃,则透红光吸收其他波长的光,光合能力较白光弱。但较其他单色光强。‎ 光合面积 OA段表明随叶面积的不断增大,光合作用实际量不断增大,A点为光合作用面积的饱和点,随叶面积的增大,光合作用不再增强,原因是有很多叶被遮挡在光补偿点以下。OB段干物质量随光合作用增强而增加,而由于A点以后光合作用量不再增加,而叶片随叶面积的不断增加OC段呼吸量不断增加,所以干物质积累量不断降低如BC段。植物的叶面积指数不能超过C点,若超过C点,植物将入不敷出,无法生活下去。‎ 适当间苗、修剪,合理施肥、浇水,避免陡长,封行过早,使中下层叶子所受的光照往往在光补偿点以下,白白消耗有机物,造成不必要的浪费。温室栽培植物时,可增加光合作用面积,合理密植是增加光合作用面积的一项重要措施。‎ 二氧化碳浓度 CO2是光合作用的原料,在一定范围内,CO2越多,光合作用速率越大,但到A点时,即CO2达到饱和时,就不再增加了 温室栽培植物时适当提高室内CO2的浓度,如释放一定量的干冰或多施有机肥,使根部吸收的CO2增多。大田生产“正其行,通其风”,即为提高CO2浓度、增加产量 温度 光合作用是在酶催化下进行的,温度直接影响酶的活性。一般植物在10℃~35℃下正常进行光合作用,其中AB段(10℃~35℃),随温度的升高而逐渐加强,B点(35℃)以上光合酶活性下降,光合作用开始下降,40℃~50℃光合作用几乎完全停止 ‎(1)适时播种 ‎(2)温室栽培植物时,白天适当提高温度,晚上适当降温 ‎(3)植物“午休”现象的原因之一 叶龄 OA段为幼叶,随幼叶的不断生长,叶面积不断增大,叶内叶绿体不断增多,叶绿素含量不断增加,光合作用速率不断增加。AB段为壮叶,叶片的面积、叶绿体和叶绿素都处于稳定状态,光合速率也基本稳定。BC段为老叶,随叶龄的增加,叶片内叶绿素被破坏,光合速率也随之下降 农作物、果树管理后期适当摘除老叶、残叶及茎叶蔬菜及时换新叶,都是根据其原理。又可降低其呼吸作用消耗有机物 矿质元素 矿质元素是光合作用的产物——葡萄糖进一步合成许多有机物时所必需的物质。如缺少N,就影响蛋白质(酶)的合成;缺少P就会影响ATP的合成;缺少Mg就会影响叶绿素的合成 合理施肥可促进叶片面积增大,提高酶的合成率,提高光合作用速率 图像 多因子影响 含义 P点时,限制光合速率的因素应为横坐标所表示的因子,随其因子的不断加强,光合速率不断提高。当到Q点时,横坐标所表示的因子,不再是影响光合速率的因子,要想提高光合速率,可采取适当提高图示的其他因子 应用 温室栽培时,在一定光照强度下,白天适当提高温度,增加光合酶的活性,提高光合速率,也可同时适当充加CO2,进一步提高光合速率。当温度适宜时,可适当增加光照强度和CO2浓度以提高光合作用速率。总之,可根据具体情况,通过增加光照强度,调节或增加CO2浓度来充分提高光合效率,以达到增产的目的 ‎ 二、影响植物呼吸速率的因素及相关曲线 ‎ 1.内部因素 ‎ (1)不同种类的植物呼吸速率不同,如旱生植物小于水生植物,阴生植物小于阳生植物。‎ ‎ (2)同一植物在不同的生长发育时期呼吸速率不同,如幼苗在开花期呼吸速率升高,成熟期呼吸速率下降。‎ ‎ (3)同一植物的不同器官呼吸速率不同,如生殖器官大于营养器官。‎ ‎ 2.环境因素 ‎ (1)温度 呼吸作用在最适温度(25℃~35℃)时最强;超过最适温度酶活性降低,甚至变性失活,呼吸受抑制;低于最适温度酶活性下降,呼吸受抑制。‎ ‎ (2)O2的浓度 O2浓度直接影响呼吸作用的性质。O2浓度为零时只进行无氧呼吸;浓度为10%以下时,既进行有氧呼吸又进行无氧呼吸;浓度为10%以上时,只进行有氧呼吸。‎ ‎ (3)CO2浓度 从化学平衡的角度分析:CO2浓度增加,呼吸速率下降。‎ ‎ 三、从光合作用和呼吸作用分析物质循环和能量流动 ‎ 1.从反应式上追踪元素的来龙去脉 ‎ ①光合作用总反应式: ‎ ‎ ②有氧呼吸反应式:‎ ‎ 2.从具体过程中寻找物质循环和能量流动 ‎ 四、新陈代谢知识在农业生产实践及生活中的应用 ‎ 1.水分代谢知识在农业生产实践及生活中的应用 ‎ (1)对农作物合理灌溉,既满足作物对水分的需要,同时也降低了土壤溶液浓度,促进水分的吸收。(2)盐碱地中植物更易缺水或不易存活;一次施肥过多,会造成“烧苗”现象。这些是因为土壤溶液浓度过高,甚至超过根细胞液浓度,这样,根就不易吸水或因失水而造成“烧苗”现象。(3)夏季中午叶的气孔关闭,是为了减少水分的过分蒸腾。(4)农民在移栽白菜时往往去掉一些大叶片,是因为去掉几片大叶片可以减少水分散失,以避免造成失水过多而死亡,从而提高成活率。(5)糖渍、盐渍食品(如盐渍新鲜鱼、肉)不变质的原因是在食品的外面形成很高浓度的溶液,从而抑制了微生物(如细菌)和生长、繁殖而较长时间地保存。(6)用浓度较高的糖或盐腌制食品,细胞大量失水死亡,细胞膜失去选择透过性,糖或Na+大量进入死细胞,使腌制食品具有甜味或咸昧。(7)医生注射用的生理盐水浓度为0.9%,是为了维持组织细胞正常的形态和功能。‎ ‎ 2.矿质代谢的知识在生产实践中的应用 ‎ (1)在农业生产实践中,中耕松土措施,可以增加土壤的透气性,提高根细胞的呼吸强度,从而促进根对矿质离子的吸收。(2)适当施肥,可以及时补充土壤溶液中缺乏的植物必需的矿质离子;无土栽培技术的推广运用,可以提高产量、减少污染。(3)无土栽培植物是指不用土壤而用营养液和其他设备栽培植物的方法。营养液是根据植物体生长发育所需矿质元素,按照一定的比例配制而成的培养液。无土栽培的最大特点是可以人工直接调节和控制根系的生活环境。‎ ‎ 3.光合作用知识在生产实践中的应用(见专题一)‎ ‎ 4.呼吸作用知识在生产实践及生活中的应用 ,‎ ‎ (1)作物栽培措施,都是为保证根的正常细胞呼吸。‎ ‎ (2)粮油种子的储藏,必须降低含水量,使种子处于风干状态,使细胞呼吸降至最低,以减少有机物消耗。如果种子含水量过高,呼吸加强,使储藏的种子堆中温度上升,反过来又进一步促进种子的呼吸,同时温暖潮湿的环境有利于霉菌等微生物,使种子变质。‎ ‎ (3)在果实和蔬菜的保鲜中,常通过控制细胞呼吸以降低它们的代谢强度,达到保鲜的目的。例如,某些果实和蔬菜可放在低温下或降低空气中的氧含量及增加二氧化碳的浓度来减弱细胞呼吸,使整个器官代谢水平降低,延缓老化。‎ ‎ (4)在农业生产中,为了使有机物向着人们需要的器官积累,常把下部变黄的、已无光合能力、仍然消耗养分的枝叶去掉,使光合作用的产物更多转运到有经济价值的器官中去。‎ ‎ (5)选用“创可贴”等敷料包扎伤口,既为伤口敷上了药物,又为伤口创造了疏松透气的环境、避免厌氧病原菌的繁殖,从而有利于伤口的痊愈。‎ ‎ (6)酵母菌是兼性厌氧微生物。酵母菌在通气、适宜的温度和pH等条件下,进行有氧呼吸并大量繁殖;在无氧条件下则进行酒精发酵。醋酸杆菌是一种好氧细菌,在氧气充足和具有酒精底物的条件下,醋酸杆菌大量繁殖并将酒精氧化分解成醋酸。‎ ‎ (7)水稻的根系适于在水中生长,这是因为水稻的茎和根中都有较大的空腔能够把从外界吸收来的氧气运送到根部各细胞,而且与旱生植物相比,水稻的根比较适应无氧呼吸。但是,水稻根细胞仍然需要进行有氧呼吸,所以稻田需要定期排水。如果稻田中的氧气不足,水稻根细胞就会进行酒精发酵,时间长了,酒精就会对根细胞产生毒害作用,使根系变黑、腐烂。‎ ‎ (8)较深的伤口里缺少氧气,破伤风芽孢杆菌适合在这种环境中生存、大量繁殖。所以伤口较深或被锈钉扎伤后,患者应及时请医生处理。‎ ‎ (9)有氧运动是指人体细胞充分获得氧的情况下所进行的体育锻炼。人体细胞通过有氧呼吸可以获得较多的能量。相反,百米冲刺和马拉松长跑等无氧运动,是因为运动剧烈而人体细胞处在相对缺氧条件下进行的高速运动。无氧运动中,肌细胞因氧不足,要靠无氧呼吸来获取能量,因为乳酸能够刺激肌细胞周围的神经末梢,所以人会有肌肉酸胀乏力的感觉。‎ ‎ 五、植物体的物质代谢、能量代谢与细胞器的联系图分析示例 ‎ 对照下图可分析下列问题:‎ ‎ (1)在叶绿体结构中磷酸含量主要集中在哪里?暗反应为电能转换成活跃的化学能过程主要提供哪些物质? (2)经测定,在白天植物不消耗O2‎ ‎,却消耗大量的CO2,这是否意味着植物体不进行呼吸作用?为什么? (3)夏季中午,植物不吸收也不释放CO2,此时光合作用速率有何特点? (4)在同一细胞中,线粒体产生的CO2。参与光合作用时,一般要穿过几层磷脂分子?若是相邻细胞呢? (5)水稻、油菜、大豆种子中淀粉、脂肪、蛋白质主要储存在什么结构中?绿色植物通过光合作用合成糖类,以及将糖类运输到种子中都需要哪种矿质元素的参与?‎ ‎ [分析](1)磷酸与ADP吸收能量在酶的催化下能形成ATP。在叶绿体结构中,在类囊体薄膜上,光能经过四种色素吸收和传递,少数特殊状态的叶绿素a将光能转换成电能,其中一部分电能可将ADP和Pi转化成ATP,而ADP和Pi是主要集中在叶绿体基质中的。所以,暗反应为电能转换成活跃的化学能过程主要提供的物质有ADP、Pi、NADP+等。 (2)植物体的呼吸作用是不停地进行的,但在白天,光合作用强度远大于呼吸作用强度,所以从总体上看,植物不消耗O2,还释放O2,并消耗大量的CO2。 (3)夏季中午,高温、光照强烈时,植物气孔关闭,减少水分的散失;或者在干旱条件下,气孔也关闭,这是一种保护性适应。对于C3植物来说,光合作用速率下降,有机物合成减少;而C4植物则能够利用叶片内细胞间隙中含量很低的CO2进行光合作用。 (4)在同一细胞中,线粒体产生的CO2经过自由扩散到叶绿体中,需要穿过线粒体和叶绿体的各两层膜,共四层膜,即八层磷脂分子;若是相邻的细胞,还要加上出自身细胞膜和进相邻细胞的细胞膜,即再加两层膜,四层磷脂分子,共十二层磷脂分子。 (5)水稻种子中淀粉等物质主要存在于胚乳中;油菜、大豆种子中脂肪和蛋白质主要储存在子叶中。绿色植物通过光合作用合成糖类,以及将糖类运输到种子中都需要钾的参与。‎ 六、“糖类”小专题知识归纳 ‎ 1.糖类的化学组成、种类和结构 ‎ (1)化学组成和种类 ‎ (2)葡萄糖、核糖、脱氧核糖的结构简式,可联系的内容有:组成糖类的化学元素,核糖、脱氧核糖、葡萄糖的化学式和结构简式,蔗糖、麦芽糖、乳糖、淀粉、纤维素、糖元的化学式,单糖、二糖、多糖的分布和功能。‎ ‎ 2.几种糖的性质 ‎ (1)‎ 葡萄糖的化学性质。①还原性,可联系的内容有:银镜反应,用班氏试剂进行尿糖的测定,用斐林试剂进行组织中还原性糖的测定;②能跟酸起酯化反应;③氧化反应,可联系的内容有:动、植物细胞进行有氧呼吸和无氧呼吸时的比较,厌氧发酵(酒精发酵、乳酸发酵),兼性厌氧型微生物——酵母菌。‎ ‎ (2)蔗糖和麦芽糖的化学性质。①蔗糖不具有还原性,而麦芽糖具有还原性,可联系的内容有:还原性糖(还有果糖)与非还原性糖的鉴定;②水解反应,蔗糖水解生成一分子葡萄糖和一分子果糖,而麦芽糖水解生成两分子葡萄糖,可联系的内容有:蔗糖不具有还原性,而它的水解产物具有还原性。‎ ‎ (3)淀粉的化学性质。①跟碘作用呈现蓝色,可联系的内容有:用碘液检验淀粉;②水解反应,可联系的内容有:食物中淀粉的化学性消化的过程,工业上用硫酸等无机酸作催化剂水解制葡萄糖。‎ ‎(4)纤维素的化学性质:水解反应; ‎ ‎3.糖类的功能:是生物体进行生命活动的主要能源物质。‎ ‎ 4.绿色植物体内糖类的代谢 ‎ 可联系的内容有:光合作用的概念、反应式、过程,叶片遮光实验,适当提高温室内CO2的浓度,有氧呼吸和无氧呼吸的概念、反应式、过程,中耕松土,种子的储藏,蔬菜的保鲜。‎ ‎ 5.人和动物体内糖类的代谢 ‎ 可联系的内容有:糖类的化学性消化过程及部位,葡萄糖被吸收的方式、途径,葡萄糖在细胞内的代谢,血糖的正常值,低血糖症、高血糖症和糖尿病血糖浓度的范围,高等动物和人体在剧烈运动时细胞呼吸的产物、能量,北京鸭等饲养动物的肥育过程,糖代谢与蛋白质代谢、脂肪代谢的关系。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎6.人体内血糖平衡的调节 ‎ 可联系的内容有:血糖的平衡及其意义,参与血糖平衡调节的主要激素及其作用,参与血糖平衡的神经——激素调节的具体过程,低血糖的病症、病因及其防治,糖尿病的诊断、病症、病因及其防治。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎7.生物学意义 ‎①糖类是构成生物体的重要成分,也是细胞的主要能源物质;②淀粉和糖元分别是植物和动物细胞中储藏能量的物质,纤维素是植物细胞壁的成分。‎ 考点重点难点疑点热点焦点四:生命活动的调节 ‎ 一、生长素极性运输的原因及影响生长素分布不均的因素和生态学意义 ‎ 1.极性运输的原因 ‎ 各细胞底部细胞膜上有携带生长素的载体蛋白,顶端细胞膜上没有这种蛋白质分子,生长素只能从细胞底部由载体蛋白带出再进入下面的细胞。故生长素只能从形态学的上端运输到形态学的下端,而不能从形态学的下端运输到形态学的上端(茎足由茎尖到基部,根也是由根尖到基部)。‎ ‎ 2.影响因素 ‎ 3.生长素分布不均引起植物向性运动的生态学意义 ‎ ‎ 植物茎的向光性和背地性生长使植物的茎、叶处于最适宜利用光能的位置,有利于接受充足的阳光而进行光合作用;根的向地性生长使根向土壤深处生长,这样既有利于植物的固定,又有利于从土壤中吸收水和无机盐。这是植物对外界环境的一种适应,是长期自然选择的结果。‎ ‎ 二、胚芽鞘的两个重要部位及向光弯曲暗含的三点含义 ‎ 1.两个重要部位 ‎ 尖端是指顶端1mm范围内。它既是感受单侧光的部位,也是产生生长素的部位。尖端以下数毫米是胚芽的生长部位,即向光弯曲部位。‎ ‎ 2.三点含义 ‎ (1)生长素在茎尖有横向运输的能力。如果没有生长素的横向运输,就没有向背光侧的运输。‎ ‎ (2)生长素有极性运输的能力。如果没有极性运输,发生弯曲的部位就不可能在茎尖下部,向光弯曲也无法解释。‎ ‎ (3)生长素作用机理以促进细胞的纵向伸长较快。‎ ‎ 四、突触传递的特点 ‎ 突触传递由于要通过化学递质的中介作用,因此具有不同于神经纤维传导的特点:‎ ‎ 1.单向传递。由于递质只能由突触前膜释放,然后作用于突触后膜,所以兴奋在突触中的传递只能向一个方向进行,就是从突触前神经元末梢传向突触后神经元,而不能逆向传递。也就是兴奋只能从一个神经元的轴突传向另一个神经元的树突或细胞体。由于突触的单向传递,使得整个神经系统的活动能够有规律地进行。‎ ‎ 2.突触延搁。兴奋在突触处的传递比在神经纤维上的传导慢。这是因为兴奋由突触前神经元末梢传向突触后神经元,需要经历递质的释放、扩散以及对突触后膜作用的过程,所以需要较长的时间(约0.5ms),这段时间就叫突触延搁。‎ ‎ 3.对某些药物敏感。突触后膜的受体对递质有高度的选择性,因此某些药物也可以特异性地作用于突触传递过程,阻断或者加强突触的传递。‎ 考点重点难点疑点热点焦点五:生物的生殖和发育 ‎ 一、配子的种类 ‎ 1.一个性原细胞进行减数分裂 ‎ 如果在四分体时期染色体不发生交换,则可产生4个两种类型的配子,且两两染色体的组成相同,而不同配子的染色体组成互补。需注意的是,对一个含n对同源染色体(或n对等位基因)的精原细胞而言,通过减数分裂产生的是4‎ 个两两相同的精细胞;而就一个含n对同源染色体(或n对等位基因)的卵原细胞来说,通过减数分裂,产生的是1个卵细胞和3个极体细胞。‎ ‎ 2.有多个性原细胞,设每个细胞中有n对同源染色体(或n对等位基因)进行减数分裂 ‎ 如果在四分体时期染色体不发生交义互换,则可产生2n种配子。‎ ‎ 二、雄蜂精子的产生 ‎ 蜜蜂由蜂王、雄蜂和工蜂组成,其中蜂王和工蜂是由受精的卵细胞发育而来的,雄蜂是由未受精卵发育而来的,蜂王和工蜂是二倍体(2n=32),雄蜂是单倍体(n=16),单倍体雄蜂是怎样产生精子的呢?雄蜂在产生精子的过程中,它的精母细胞进行的是一种特殊形式的减数分裂,在减数第一次分裂中,染色体数目并没有变化,只是细胞质分成大小不等的两部分,大的那部分含有完整的细胞核,小的那部分只是一团细胞质(一段时间后将退化消失);减数第二次分裂则是一次普通的有丝分裂,在含有细胞核的那团细胞质中,成对的染色单体相互分开,而细胞质则进行不均等的分裂,含细胞质多的那部分(内含16个染色体)进一步发育成精子,含细胞质少的那部分(也含16个染色体)则逐步退化。雄蜂的一个精母细胞,通过这种减数分裂,只产生一个精子,精母细胞和精子都是单倍体细胞,这种特殊的减数分裂称为“假减数分裂”。‎ ‎ 三、“种子”与高考 ‎ 1.种子的形成 种子的形成(以被子植物为例)与花蕊有直接关系。雌蕊由柱头、花柱和子房组成,子房内生有一至数枚胚珠。胚珠的外层是珠被,里面是胚囊,胚囊由胚囊母细胞(又叫大孢子母细胞)发育而成。胚囊母细胞经过减数分裂形成4个大孢子,其中3个退化,1个连续进行3次有丝分裂,形成8个细胞核的胚囊。开始时,这8个核分别位于胚囊两端,各4个。‎ 接着,每端各有1个移至胚囊中央,这就是极核(2个)。以后,靠近珠孔的3个细胞核发育成3个细胞,其中较大的1个是卵细胞,其余2个是助细胞.位于胚珠底部的3个细胞核发育成反足细胞。‎ 雄蕊由花药和花丝组成。花药上生有花粉囊,花粉囊里每个花粉母细胞(也叫小孢子母细胞)经过减数分裂形成4个花粉粒(小孢子),每个花粉粒从花药里散发出来,落到柱头上,受粘液的刺激,进行一次有丝分裂,形成1个较大的营养细胞和1‎ 个较小的生殖细胞,前者经多次分裂形成花粉管,花粉管穿过花柱、珠孔,直达胚囊,后者分裂一次形成2个精子。‎ 随后,花粉管的顶端破裂,管内的2个精子被释放出来,一个与卵细胞融合成受精卵,另一个与2个极核融合成受精极核。受精卵经过短暂的休眠后,逐渐发育成由子叶、胚芽、胚轴和胚根组成的胚——新植株的幼体,受精极核不经过休眠,直接发育成胚乳。在胚和胚乳发育的同时,珠被发育成种皮。这样,整个胚珠就发育成种子。‎ 与此同时,子房壁发育成果皮,整个子房就发育成果实。一个果实中种子的数量取决于完成双受精作用的胚珠的数量。‎ ‎ 2.种子的结构和成分 ‎ 种子的基本结构包括种皮、胚和胚乳三部分。多数成熟的双子叶植物种子(如蚕豆、花生)只有种皮和胚(胚里有两片子叶),无胚乳,其养料储藏在子叶里;多数成熟的单子叶植物种子(如水稻、玉米)由种皮、胚(胚里有一片子叶)和胚乳组成,其养料储藏在胚乳里。‎ ‎ 任何植物的种子都含有无机物(水、无机盐)和有机物(淀粉、蛋白质、脂肪以及纤维素和维生素),占种子鲜重最多的物质是水,干燥的种子里,有机物比无机物多。植物的种类不同,各种成分的含量也不同,就有机物来说,谷类植物(如小麦)的种子淀粉较多,豆类植物(如大豆)的种子蛋白质较多,油料植物(如油菜)的种子脂肪较多。种子里有机物和无机物都是胚的营养物质,供给胚发育成幼苗。因此,播种用的种子,应挑选粒大而饱满的。‎ ‎ 3.种子各部分的染色体数目和基因型 由于种子各部分的来源不同,所以各部分染色体数目和基因型不尽相同。种皮由珠被发育而来,其染色体和基因型与母本的体细胞完全相同。因为极核、卵细胞和精子的形成都经过了减数分裂.所以它们各自的染色体数都是体细胞(2N)的一半(N)。‎ 同一胚珠中的两个极核和卵细胞的基因型相同,且与形成它们的那一个大孢子细胞的基因型一样,参与受精的2‎ 个精子基因型一样,且与形成它们的那一个小孢子细胞(花粉粒)的基因型相同。由此可见,胚细胞的染色体数与体细胞相同(2N),胚的基因型(即子代基因型)取决于形成受精卵的精子和卵细胞的基因型;胚乳细胞的染色体数是体细胞的l.5倍(3N),胚乳的基因型取决于形成受精极核的精子和2个极核的基因型。‎ 例如:用纯黄粒(AA)玉米做母本,自粒(aa)玉米做父本,所结种子的种皮、胚和胚乳的染色体数和基因型分别是2N与AA、2N与Aa、3N与AAa。若用纯黄粒玉米做父本,白粒玉米做母本。则所结种子的种皮、胚和胚乳的基因型分别是aa、Aa、Aaa。‎ ‎ 现将果实各部分的发育来源、染色体数目及基因型(设植物细胞染色体数为2N)归纳如下:‎ ‎ 归纳:果皮、种皮是非受精的产物,其染色体、基因型只与母本有关;胚、胚乳是受精的产物,其染色体、基因型与父本、母本都有关。‎ ‎ 4.种子的萌发 成熟的种子能否萌发,取决于自身条件和外界条件。自身条件是指种子的结构完整(富含有机养分),胚有生物活力,如久存的种子发芽率(指萌发的种子占全部测试种子的百分数)低就是因为胚的生命活力降低了;外界条件是指足够的水分、充足的空气和适宜的温度。‎ 一般地说,凡有生物活性且经过休眠后成熟期的种子,只要所必需的外界条件具备,就开始萌发并逐渐长成幼苗。多数种子的萌发与有无光照无关,只有少数例外,如烟草、杜鹃种子只有在光下才能萌发,苋菜、菟丝子种子只有在黑暗时才能萌发。在种子萌发时,如果缺氧,会因无氧呼吸产生酒精而毒害细胞,造成烂芽烂根现象。‎ 在空气充足和温度适宜的条件下,干种子通过吸胀作用吸收水分,引起种皮软化,体积增大,子叶或胚乳里的营养物质在酶的催化下转变成水溶性物质,转运给胚根、胚轴和胚芽。‎ 此时,细胞呼吸特别旺盛,有机物的种类大增,含量(干重)减少。当种子萌发成幼苗后,植株便通过光合作用制造有机物,使干重逐渐增加,进入营养生长阶段。进而进入生殖生长阶段。在农业生产上,为了保证全苗,播种以前必须测定种子的发芽率。一般地说,发芽率在90%以上的种子才适于播 种。‎ ‎ ‎ 由此看来,在日常生活中,只要控制了种子萌发时所需外界条件中的任何一个,就可以长期保存粮食(种子),例如把粮仓建在通风干燥处、粮食入库前晒于消毒、向仓内充入N2或CO2把种子放在低温下保存等,通过这些措施可以降低细胞的呼吸强度,减少有机物的损耗,并有效地防止粮堆发热、发潮。‎ ‎ 5.关于种子萌发过程中的代谢活动 处于休眠期和风干的种子新陈代谢十分缓慢,经消毒、煮沸处理后,消毒液和高温能破坏种子中酶的活性,大大降低了其代谢活动,放热少。当种子萌发时,由于浸水和急剧吸水,导致种皮通透性增加而使得足够的氧气能进入种子内部,酶在水环境中便已具高度活性。‎ 种子在萌发初期主要进行无氧呼吸,随着氧气量的逐渐增加,便以有氧呼吸为主,而且呼吸速率越来越快,呼吸作用强度的加强为种子的萌发提供了更多的能量。在温度适宜的条件下,酶活性很强,尤其是水解酶类十分活跃。‎ 子叶最外层上皮细胞分泌的水解酶进入胚乳,使胚乳中的淀粉、蛋白质和脂质等难溶性的大分子物质水解成葡萄糖、氨基酸等可溶性的小分子物质。同时,在氧化酶、转氨酶类的作用下,种子内发生了更为复杂的生化反应,产生了种类繁多的代谢中间产物。‎ ‎ 6.关于种子萌发和幼苗形成的营养生长过程 种子的萌发是一个异养的过程,葡萄糖、氨基酸作为营养物质被运送到正在生长的幼胚中,并供其消耗利用。‎ 胚根和胚芽鞘首先突破种皮,种子便开始萌动。胚根主要靠细胞分裂增加数目而生长,在细胞分裂过程中,代谢水平要求很高,为保证物质的转化和利用,必须有充足的氧气来加强呼吸强度。胚根最终形成根,向地性生长,并起立苗和吸收作用。‎ 胚芽鞘是既成器官,在有水条件下能发育并进一步背地性生长形成茎和叶,主要靠细胞的体积不断增大而生长,与胚根相比,氧气供应不足时对胚芽生长影响不大。在胚轴生长的同时,随着下胚轴的不断伸长,棉花大豆等种子的子叶被推出土而,展开后在光照下转为绿色,进行光合作用且直到第一片真叶长出之后便萎缩、脱落。幼叶形成后,通过光合作用不断积累有机物,使其干重增加。‎ 所以说,从种子的萌发到幼苗的形成的营养生长过程是一个由异养到自养的过程。可归纳如下:‎ ‎ ‎ 种子形成时:由大型泡状细胞从周围吸收营养物质供胚体发育。种子萌发时:由胚乳或子叶提供营养物质。幼苗形成后:由叶的光合作用以及根吸收水和无机盐来提供营养。‎ ‎ 四、果实的生理活动 一些常见的水果在成熟过程中有复杂的生理活动,以苹果为例:在果实的形成过程中,大量的有机物从植株转运到果实,主要以不溶性物质(如淀粉)的形式贮存起来,当重量达到一定程度时便可以采摘,但果实口感较硬,甜度不高。而后,这些大量的贮存物质逐渐转化为可溶性物质,果实变软,甜度增加。‎ 考点重点难点疑点热点焦点六:遗传、变异和进化 ‎ 一、遗传学中几个重要概念 ‎ 1.DNA复制、转录、翻译 复制 转录 翻译 场所 细胞核 细胞核 细胞质 模板 DNA的两条链 DNA的一条链 mRNA 原料 ‎4种脱氧核苷酸 ‎4种核糖核苷酸 氨基酸 原则 A-T;G-C A-U;G-C A-U;G-C 结果 两个子代DNA分子 mRNA 蛋白质 信息传递 DNA→DNA DNA→mRNA mRNA→蛋白质 意义 前后代之间传递遗传信息 表达信息 表达遗传信息 ‎ (1)基因 ‎ ①具细胞结构生物和DNA病毒中的基因是指DNA分子上有遗传效应的片段,它包含了编码区、非编码区上所有脱氧核苷酸,是控制生物性状的结构和功能单位。RNA病毒中的基因是指RNA上控制生物性状的功能区段。‎ ‎ ②从某生物DNA分子上切割下一个完整基因导人到其他生物体细胞中仍可行使相应功能。‎ ‎ ③基因可人工合成,根据碱基互补配对原则合成的基因实际上是基因的编码区,一般无功能,经修饰改造才能表达。‎ ‎ (2)基因突变 ‎ 是指基因片段上碱基对发生增添、缺失或改变而导致生物性状发生变化的遗传学现象。‎ ‎ ①它是遗传物质在分子水平方面的改变。碱基对数目、种类改变非常小,若数目改变幅度过大,超过一个基因的范围则转化为染色体变异。‎ ‎ ②基因片段上碱基对的种类发生改变不一定会导致生物性状的改变,原因是突变部位可能在非编码区,即使突变部位在编码区上,也会因一种氨基酸有多个密码子(即密码子的简并性)而使突变后的基因控制合成的蛋白质与突变前相同。‎ ‎ ③基因片段上碱基数单个的添、减会出现移码现象,一定会导致生物性状的改变;若碱基对是以3的倍数添、减,则不会出现移码现象,只是局部碱基序列改变,合成的蛋白质上氨基酸的种类、排列顺序变化较小。‎ ‎ ④DNA复制过程中,碱基互补配对发生偏差或小幅度跳跃,重复复制都会导致基因突变。DNA复制时最容易发生差错导致突破,这也是细胞分裂间期最易发生基因突变的原因,是诱变育种的重要理论基础。‎ ‎ ⑤通过基因突变会产生新的基因和基因型。基因重组只能产生新的基因型而不能产生新的基因,要增加基因重组的内涵只有通过基因突变,所以基因突变是生物变异的根本来源。‎ ‎ ⑥基因突变过程中的碱基对数目、种类的改变不是人类能控制的,所以用人工诱变育种有很大盲目性。‎ ‎ (3)基因重组 ‎ ①能发生重组的基因是:I、非同源染色体上的非等位基因(自由组合);II、同源染色体上的非等位基因(交叉互换);III、不同物种的基因(基因工程导入)。‎ ‎ ②传统意义上的基因重组 ‎ a.传统意义上的基因重组只能发生在进行有性生殖的同种生物之间;‎ ‎ b.传统意义上的基因重组是在减数分裂过程中实现的,而不是在精子与卵细胞的结合过程中实现的;‎ ‎ c.减数分裂过程中实现的基因重组要在后代性状中体现出来必须通过精子与卵细胞结合产生新个体来实现,因此对通过基因重组使生物体性状发生变异这一现象来说,减数分裂形成不同类型配子是因,而受精作用产生不同性状的个体则是果。‎ ‎ ③基因重组分类 ‎ a.分子水平的基因重组(如通过对DNA的剪切、拼接而实施的基因工程)‎ ‎ 特点:可克服远缘杂交不亲和的障碍。‎ ‎ b.染色体水平的基因重组(减数分裂过程中非姐妹染色单体交叉互换,以及非同源染色体自由组合下的基因重组)‎ ‎ 特 点:难以突破远缘杂交不亲和的障碍。可产生新的基因型、表现型,但不能产生新的基因。‎ ‎ c.细胞水平的基因重组(如动物细胞融合技术以及植物体细胞杂交技术下的大规模的基因重组)‎ ‎ 特点:可克服远缘杂交不亲和的障碍。‎ ‎ 二、遗传方式及规律 ‎ 1.细胞核遗传与细胞质遗传比较 遗传物质的载体 遗传规律 正、反交结果 性状分离及分离比 核遗传 染色体 三大遗传定律 相同 有,有一定分离比 质遗传 叶绿体、线粒体 母系遗传 不同 有,无一定分离比 ‎ ‎ ‎ 2.分离定律、自由组合定律及解题技巧 ‎ (1)先“分”后“合”快速推知孟德尔实验F2基因型、表现型及相关比例。‎ ‎ RrYy X RrYy 基因型的计算:‎ ‎ Yy X Yy Rr X Ry ‎1/4 YY ‎1/2 Yy ‎1/4 yy ‎1/4 RR ‎1/16 YYRR ‎1/8 YyRR ‎1/16 yyRR ‎1/2 Rr ‎1/8 YYRr ‎1/4 YyRr ‎1/8 yyRr ‎1/4 rr ‎1/16 YYrr ‎1/8 Yyrr ‎1/16 yyrr ‎ RrYy X RrYy 表现型的计算:‎ ‎ Yy X Yy Rr X Ry ‎3/4 黄 ‎1/4 绿 ‎3/4 圆 ‎9/16 黄圆 ‎3/16 绿圆 ‎1/4 皱 ‎3/16 黄皱 ‎1/16 绿皱 ‎ (2)解题技巧 ‎ 上述推导方法适用于任何具有两对(或多对)性状的亲本杂交试题的解答。解题思路是先将每对相对性状运用分离定律进行单独分析,然后再把它们组合起来进行综合分析得出结果。‎ ‎ 3.伴性遗传及遗传病系谱分析 ‎ (1)伴性遗传方式及比较 遗传方式 遗传特点 伴Y遗传 父病子病女不病 伴X显性遗传 ‎①交叉遗传(父病女必病、子病母必病、母病子必病);②连续遗传;③男病率<女病率 伴X隐性遗传 ‎①交叉遗传(母病子必病、女病父必病、父正常女必正常);②隔代遗传;③男病率>女病率 ‎ (2)遗传病系谱分析 ‎ ①确定致病基因的显隐性 ‎ 方法:“无”中生“有”为隐性,“有”中生“无”为显性。‎ ‎ ②确定致病基因的位置 ‎ 方法:先假设为伴性遗传,再通过对遗传事实与伴性遗传特点的比较得出结论。如果遗传事实与遗传特点不吻合,则确定致病基因位于常染色体上;如果吻合,则致病基因可能位于性染色体上也可能位于常染色体上,再根据题干其他相关信息,作出正确判断。‎ ‎ ③运用遗传规律,对照遗传事实正确解答。‎ 三、育种(问题)的归纳与比较 名称 原理 方法 优点 缺点 应用 杂交 育种 基因 重组 杂交→自交→筛选出符合要求的表型,通过自交至不再发生性状分离为止。‎ 使分散在同一物种不同品种间的多个优良性状集中于同一个体上,即“集优”。‎ ‎(1)育种时间长;(2)局限于同种或亲缘关系较近的个体 用纯种高秆抗病与矮秆不抗病小麦培育矮秆抗病小麦 诱变 育种 基因 突变 ‎(1)物理:紫外线、射线、激光等;(2)化学:秋水仙素、硫酸二乙酯等。‎ 提高变异频率;加快育种进程;大幅度改良性状。‎ 有利变异少,工作量大,需大量的供试材料。‎ 高产青霉素菌株 单倍体 育种 染色体 变异 二倍体单倍体纯合体 大大缩短育种年限;子代均为纯合体。‎ 技术复杂 用纯种高秆抗病与矮秆不抗病小麦快速培育矮秆抗病小麦 多倍体 育种 染色体 变异 用一定浓度秋水仙素处理萌发的种子或幼苗 植株茎秆粗壮,果实、种子都比较大,营养物质含量提高。‎ 技术复杂;发育延迟,结实率低,一般只适合于植物 三倍体无籽西瓜、八倍体小黑麦 转基因 育种 异源DNA重组 提取目的基因→与运载体结合→导入受体细胞→目的基因的检测与表达→筛选出符合要求的新品种 目的性强;育种周期短;克服远缘杂交不亲和的障碍 技术复杂;生态安全问题多 转基因抗虫棉 细胞工程育种 植物细胞 杂交 植细胞的 全能性 去细胞壁→诱导融合→组织培养获得植株 克服远缘杂交不亲和的障碍;大大扩展了用于亲本杂交组合的范围 技术 复杂 可育性,如“白菜-甘蓝”的培育 动物体细胞克隆 细胞核的 全能性;‎ 细胞增殖 核移植、胚胎移植 克服远缘杂交不亲和的障碍;可用于繁育优良动物、濒危动物。‎ 技术 复杂 克隆羊“多莉”‎ 动物细胞 融合 细胞增殖 细胞融合、细胞培养 克服远缘杂交不亲和的障碍。‎ 技术 复杂 单克隆抗体的 制备 考点重点难点疑点热点焦点七:生态学 ‎ 一、影响植物分布的非生物因素 ‎ 1.温度——在不同海拔高度影响植物分布的主导因素。‎ ‎ (1)温度随海拔高度的增加而降低,海拔每增加100m,温度下降0.5~1℃,所以高山植物的垂直分布特点是:森林一灌木林一高山草甸一雪线。类似于从南到北不同纬度上的植被分布,如北方有苹果、桃、梨,而南方有柑桔等。‎ ‎ (2)水分充沛地区,如我国沿海岸线南南到北,植物群落的分布特点是:热带雨林一常绿阔叶林一落叶阔叶林一北方针叶林。‎ ‎ 2.水——在同一纬度上影响植物分布的主导因素。‎ ‎ 在亚洲大陆的中高纬度地区,降水量由东向西逐渐递减,所以在我国的北纬35°~45°之间的自然地带,从东到西的植物群落分布特点是:森林一草原一荒漠一沙漠。‎ ‎ 3.阳光——在不同经度、不同纬度影响植物垂直分布的主导因素。‎ ‎ (2)光质(即光的波长)——主要影响水生植物的垂直分布。‎ ‎ 一般情况下,大气中的可见光质是比较均匀的,对陆生植物的分布几乎无影响,但在水域生态系统中就不同了,特别是海洋生态系统,藻类植物由上到下的分布为:绿藻一褐藻一红藻。这不仅与光照强度有关,更与不同波长的光在海水中的透射程度有关。不同颜色的藻类在海洋不同深度的分布规律是:(浅)绿藻→褐藻→红藻(深)。‎ ‎ (3)光周期 ‎ 长日照植物:需要长于某一临界日长的日照时间才能开花的植物。‎ ‎ 中性植物:植物的开花结果与日照时间的长短没有明显的关系。‎ ‎ 短日照植物:需要短于某一临界日长的日照时间才能开花的植物。‎ ‎ ①春天开花的植物一般需长日照条件,秋天开花的则需短日照条件。‎ ‎ ②在低纬度地区只具备短日照条件,如在南北回归线间,一般只分布有短日照植物。‎ ‎ ③在中纬度地区春天具备长日照条件,秋天具备短日照条件,所以长日照植物和短日照植物均有分布。‎ ‎ ④在高纬度地区长日照条件和短日照条件均具备,但在短日照条件下,温度极低不适于植物生长,所以无短日照植物分布。‎ ‎ 另外,动物的分布往往因植物而定(因营养关系)。‎ ‎ 二、影响种群数量变化因素的分析 ‎ 1.种群密度的变化预测 ‎ 影响种群密度变化的因素有多种,它们的相互关系如图 ‎ ‎ 分析:‎ ‎ (1)出生率和死亡率,迁入率和迁出率是直接决定种群密度变化的因素。‎ ‎ (2)预测种群密度的变化趋势,首先依据的应该是年龄组成情况,其次是性别比例,由此推导预测出生率与死亡率的关系,从而确定种群密度的变化情况。如:‎ ‎ ①‎ ‎ ②相同的年龄组成情况下,如假设增长型的性别比例为 ‎ 预测一个国家的人口变化情况也基本如此。‎ ‎ 所以,年龄组成和性别比例是影响种群密度和种群数量的间接因素,是预测种群密度未来变化趋势的重要依据。‎ ‎ 2.种间关系与种群数量变化 ‎ 在一个有限的环境中,随着某一种群密度的增大,除种内斗争加剧以外,还会导致一系列种间关系的变化,如该种群的捕食者数量随之增加,被捕食者数量相对减少;传染病在密度大的种群中更容易传播,种群密度增大,使传染病的传播几率大大增加,等等。这一切均使该种群的出生率降低、死亡率升高,种群数量减少。这种调节机制也是反馈调节。‎ ‎ 3.非生物因素与种群数量变化 ‎ 阳光、温度、风、雨、雪等气候因素通过影响种群的出生率、死亡率而间接影响种群的数量,如温度适宜、阳光充足、雨水充沛则草木繁茂,草食动物食物充足(如野兔),种群数量增大。‎ ‎ 4.人为因素与种群数量变化 ‎ 现代社会,人类活动对自然界中种群数量变化的影响越来越大。一方面,随着种植业和养殖业的发展,受人工控制的种群数量在不断增加;另一方面,砍伐森林、围湖造田、过度放牧、猎捕动物及环境污染等人为因素,使许多野生动植物种群数量锐减,甚至灭绝。‎ ‎ 三、食物链、食物网相关知识及解题要点分析 ‎ 1.三种食物链 ‎ (1)捕食链:生物之间因捕食关系而形成的食物链。其第一营养级(开端)一定是生产者,第二营养级一定是植食性动物。例如:草→鼠→蛇→猫头鹰。高中生物通常意义上的食物链就是捕食链。‎ ‎ (2)寄生链:生物间因寄生关系形成的食物链。例如:鸟类→跳蚤→细菌→噬菌体。‎ ‎ (3)腐生链:某些生物专以动植物遗体为食物而形成的食物链。例如:植物残枝败叶→真菌→氧化细菌。‎ ‎ 2.捕食链中生态系统的成分、营养级的划分(举例如下):‎ 草 ‎→‎ 鼠 ‎→‎ 蛇 ‎→‎ 猫头鹰 成分:‎ 生产者 初级消费者 次级消费者 三级消费者 营养级:‎ 第一营养级 第二营养级 第三营养级 第四营养级 ‎ 特别注意:‎ ‎ (1)食物链(捕食链)由生产者和各级消费者组成,分解者不能参与食物链。‎ ‎ (2)食物链中的营养级是从食物链的起点(生产者)数起的,即生产者永远是第一营养级;消费者是从第二营养级(即植食性动物)开始的。‎ ‎ (3)在食物网中数食物链条数,一定是从生产者开始一直到具有食物关系的最高营养级为止,中间不能断开。‎ ‎ 3.食物网的形成原因及解题要点 ‎ ‎ 一种绿色植物可能是多种植食性动物的食物,而一种植食性动物既可吃多种植物,也可能成为多种肉食性动物的捕食对象,从而使各种食物链彼此交错,形成食物网。如图简化的草原食物网:‎ ‎ (1)此食物网有三条食物链,最高营养级均为鹰,鹰在此食物网中占有两个营养级(第一、笫四营养级)。‎ ‎ (2)鹰与鼠、蛇与鼠、鹰与蛇均为捕食关系,但鹰与蛇均以鼠为食,说明鹰与蛇还有竞争关系。‎ ‎ (3)假如鹰的食物有来自于兔,来来自于鼠,来自于蛇,那么,鹰若增重20g,最多消耗多少克植物?最少消耗多少克植物?‎ ‎ 因为已知条件是最高营养级增加重量,及鹰捕食兔、鼠、蛇的能量系数,最多消耗多少植物应按10%(最低能量传递率)来计算。“植物→兔→鹰”这条食物链中,最多消耗植物为:‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 同理,“植物→鼠→鹰”、“植物→鼠→蛇→鹰”两条食物链中,最多消耗植物分别为:‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 共计5600 g。‎ ‎ 同理,“最少消耗多少植物”应按20%(最高能量传递率)来计算:‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 四、害虫防治的常见方法 ‎ 1.生物农药防治法 ‎ (1)常见种类及利用成分 如夹竹桃中的强心苷,烟草中的烟碱,除虫菊中的除虫菊酯等。‎ ‎ (2)优点 多数生物农药对人、畜的毒性低,较安全;对环境无污染;原料来源广;杀虫作用的生物种类多,对作物不产生药害,害虫不产生抗药性。‎ ‎ (3)缺点 有效活性成分复杂,较难研制;控制病虫害的范围较窄;防治效果一般较为缓慢;易受到环境因素的制约和干扰;产品有效期短,质量稳定性差;原药植物种植有限,商品化生产受到一定的限制。‎ ‎ 2.化学农药防治法 ‎ (1)随着化学工业的发展,化学农药开始广泛地应用于害虫的防治工作,如DDT、六六六的发现及使用,对害虫的防治以及对人类社会和自然界都产生了重大而深远的影响。但其负面影响也越来越明显,20世纪70年代初,许多国家相继禁止生产DDT。‎ ‎ (2)优点 作用迅速,短期效果明显(尤其是新型杀虫剂)。‎ ‎ (3)缺点 使害虫的抗药性能力增强,杀虫效果逐年下降;能直接或间接杀死害虫的天敌,破坏生态平衡;污染环境。‎ ‎ 3.捕捉防治法 ‎ (1)这是人类最早使用的、最原始且目前在农村仍然使用的防治方法。如棉田中对棉铃虫的捕捉防治,蔬菜田中对菜青虫的捕捉防治,松树林中对松毛虫的捕捉防治。‎ ‎ (2)优点 无污染,见效快,效果好;妇孺老幼皆可进行,成本低,尤其是在劳动力剩余、低廉的地区,此法优点更明显。‎ ‎ (3)缺点 费时费力,对体型很小的害虫无法实施。‎ ‎ 4.天敌防治法 ‎ (1)天敌防治法是目前广泛使用的生物防治方法之一,如在松树林中放养灰喜鹊来防治松毛虫、在蝗害区饲养鸡、鸭来控制蝗虫的数量等。‎ ‎ (2)优点 效果好、持久;防治成本低廉;且有的还因天敌而获得良好的经济效益;对环境无污染。‎ ‎ (3)缺点 天敌的数量不确定。‎ ‎ 5.寄生虫防治法 ‎ (1)寄生虫防治法是目前广泛使用的生物防治方法之一,如利用施放白僵病病原体防治松毛虫等。‎ ‎ (2)优点 效果好;效果持久;防治成本低廉;对环境无污染。‎ ‎ (3)缺点 不同的害虫需确定相应的寄生虫,专一性强。‎ ‎ 6.竞争防治法 ‎ (1)竞争防治法口前在农业生产上应用相对较少。‎ ‎ (2)优点无污染;控制效果持久、明显。‎ ‎ (3)缺点竞争者往往和害虫的食性相近,对农作 物有一定的危害;对农作物无危害的竞争者不易寻找。‎ ‎ 7.激素防治法 ‎ (1)激素防治法是目前广泛使用的生物防治方法之一,如对菜青虫用蜕皮激素(或类似物)处理,促使其加速变成成虫,缩短危害作物的幼虫期,以达到防治害虫的目的。‎ ‎ (2)优点 见效快,效果明显;无污染。‎ ‎ (3)缺点 只是促使幼虫变成成虫,而并未杀死害虫,故治标不治本。‎ ‎ 8.黑光灯防治法 ‎ (1)黑光灯防治法利用了昆虫的趋光性,在农业生产上被广泛应用。‎ ‎ (2)优点 成本低;无污染;易操作。‎ ‎ (3)缺点 主要对鳞翅日害虫的成虫有防治作用。‎ ‎ 9.运用基因工程,培育抗虫植物防治法 ‎ (1)此防治法正逐步被大面积推广应用,如将苏云金芽孢杆菌的抗虫基因导人棉花中培育成抗虫棉。‎ ‎ (2)优点 防治效果好,不反弹;无污染;所培育的抗虫性状短时间就能稳定下来。‎ ‎ (3)缺点 首先是环境安全问题,如转基因生物是否会影响到生物的多样性?是否会改变与之相关的物种?其次是抗虫食物安全性的问题,如是否会对食用者造成损害?是否会造成肠道微生物的菌群失调等。为了防止害虫抗性的形成,一般在抗虫棉田周围需种植一定数量的普通棉。‎ ‎ 五、环保热点 ‎ 1.温室效应 ‎ 二氧化碳可以影响热量的辐射。在大气层中,二氧化碳吸收红外线并阻挡红外辐射的通过,就像温室的玻璃顶罩一样。大气中二氧化碳含量越多,热外流越受阻,从而地球温度也就升得越高,气候变暖,海平面上升,对人类社会的影响十分严重。要解决二氧化碳大量增加这一问题,一是要减少二氧化碳的排放,二是要提倡植树种草,增强对二氧化碳的吸收能力。‎ ‎ 2.酸雨 ‎ 大气中的二氧化硫随雨水降落到地面成为酸雨,一般称pH小于5.6的雨水为酸雨。酸雨对土壤、江河、湖泊、森林、农作物、建筑等都会造成严重的危害。‎ ‎ (1)成因:酸雨中的酸主要是二氧化硫转化而来的硫酸和一氧化氮转化的硝酸。污染源主要是化石燃料燃烧产生的烟尘和汽车尾气。我国通常是硫酸酸雨。‎ ‎ (2)危害:‎ ‎ ①酸雨可直接危害植物,造成森林受害和农作物减产;还能使土壤、水域酸化,建筑物腐蚀,金属腐蚀等。‎ ‎ ②酸雨对生物圈的稳态造成严重威胁,并且影响到人类社会的可持续发展。‎ ‎ 3.臭氧层破坏 ‎ 在地面空气中的臭氧是一种污染物,对生物有毒害作用。但位于地球上空25~40km的大气平流层中的臭氧则是地球的一个“保护伞”,它能阻止过量的紫外线到达地球表面。研究表明,平流层中臭氧减少1%,紫外线对地球表面的辐射量将增加2%,皮肤癌、白内障患者将增加,农作物产量将减少。臭氧的减少是人类活动造成的,人们在生产、生活过程中排放的氯氟烷烃如氟利昂等对臭氧有破坏作用。‎ ‎ 4.生物富集作用 ‎ 生物体从周围环境中吸收某些元素或不易分解的化合物,这些污染物在体内积累,使生物体内某些元素或化合物的浓度超过了环境中的浓度的现象,叫做生物富集作用。生物富集作用可以分为水生生物富集作朋和陆生牛物富集作用。‎ ‎ 水生生物富集作用:水生生物主要通过食物链富集污染物质。例如,有机氯农药在水中的溶解度虽然很低,但是经过“浮游植物→浮游动物→小鱼→肉食性鱼”这样一条食物链,可以成千万倍地富集起来。‎ ‎ 陆生生物富集作用:陆生生物体内富集的有毒污染物主要是金属和化学农药。陆生植物体内的重金属,主要是通过根系从土壤中吸收的。重金属进入动物体或人体后,除了随粪便排出一部分外,其余的则在动物或人体内富集起来并逐渐造成危害。例如,日本的“镉米”事件。‎ ‎ 5.水体富营养化 ‎ 富营养化是指水体中N、P等植物所必需的矿质元素含量过多,导致藻类植物等大量繁殖,并引起水质恶化和鱼群死亡的现象。引起水体富营养化的污染源有工业废水、生活污水和农田排水。当它们汇集到池塘、湖泊、海湾时就会使水体中N、P等植物所必需的矿质元素增多,致使藻类植物、浮游生物大量繁殖。由于繁殖、生长过程需要消耗大量氧气用以进行细胞呼吸,致使水中溶解氧的含量降低。而且当藻类植物和其他浮游生物死亡之后,其遗体首先被水中需氧微生 物分解,从而进一步降低溶解氧的含量,然后被厌氧微生物分解。同时产生H2S、CH4等有毒气体。因而造成鱼类和其他水生生物死亡,引起水华或赤潮现象。‎ ‎ 6.微波危害生物体的原理 ‎ 微波的波长范围是1mm~1m,频率范围是300~300000MHz ‎,它的能量不足以使物质产生电离,所以微波不会对生物体产生辐射的危害。但是,它能起到“加热”的作用。由于它的穿透力强,不仅可使物体表面温度升高,而且还能深入组织内部,更由于组织内部难于散热,所以内部的温度升得更快。‎ ‎ 7.白色污染 ‎ 大量的废旧农用薄膜、包装用塑料膜、塑料袋和一次性塑料餐具(以下统称为塑料包装物)在使用后被抛弃在环境中,难于分解,给景观和生态环境带来很大破坏。由于废旧塑料包装物大多呈白色,因此造成的环境污染被称为“白色污染”。‎ ‎ 六、对环境污染危害的认识和基本防治策略 ‎ 对环境污染的危害,可以从它对以下几个方面的影响来认识:一是对生物多样性的破坏,生物多样性是生态系统、生物圈稳定的必要条件,是生态系统自动调节能力的基础;二是对人体健康的危害;三是对社会、经济可持续发展的影响,社会效益、经济效益的稳定和发展,必须以生态环境的稳定为基础。‎ ‎ 环境污染防治的基本策略是监测一一干预——评价。第一步,通过对环境污染和人群健康的监测,掌握情况;第二步,针对问题制订对策,进行干预处理;第三步,对干预的效果进行评价,再对发现的问题采取相应的措施。‎ ‎ 防治环境污染的基本措施:(1)控制污染源(包括合理安排工业布局、改进工艺等);(2)物理、化学、生物净化处理;(3)废物回收利用;(4)加大法治力度;(5)加强环境道德教育。‎ 考点重点难点疑点热点焦点八:生物工程 ‎ 一、基因工程知识小结 ‎ 1.基因工程的内容包括①基因操作的工具:限制性内切酶、DNA连接酶、运载体;②基因操作的基本步骤:提取目的基因、目的基因与运载体结合、将目的基因导入受体细胞、目的基因的检测与表达。‎ ‎ (1)限制性内切酶 生物体内有一类酶,它们能将外来的DNA切断,即能够限制异源DNA的侵入并使之失去活力,但对自己的DNA却无损害作用,这样可以保护细胞原有的遗传信息。由于这种切割作用是在DNA分子内部进行的,故名限制性内切酶(简称限制酶)。限制性内切酶是基因工程中最常用的切割工具。科学家已从原核生物中分离出了许多种限制酶,其中一类可以识别特定的核苷酸序列,只在一定DNA序列上进行切割,而且在切割部位,一条链正向渎的碱基顺序,与另一条链反向读的顺序完全一致,它们之间正好能互补配对,这样的切口叫做黏性末端,这类限制酶最常被使用。‎ ‎ (2)运载体 ‎ 在基因工程操作中使用运载体的目的有两个:一足用它作为运载工具,将目的基因转移到宿主细胞中去;二是利用它在宿主细胞内对目的基因进行大量的复制(称为克隆)。现在所用的运载体主要有两类:一类是细菌的质粒,它是一种相对分子质量较小、独立于细菌DNA之外的环状DNA,有的细菌中有一个,有的细菌中有多个,质粒能通过细菌间的接合由一个细菌向另一个细菌转移,可以独立复制,也可以整合到细菌DNA中,随细菌DNA的复制而复制;另一类载体是噬菌体或某些病毒等。现在人们还在不断地寻找新的运载体,如叶绿体或线粒体DNA等也有可能成为运载体。‎ ‎ 作为运载体必须具备三个条件:①在宿主细胞中能保存下来并能大量复制;②有多个限制酶切点,而且每种酶的切点最好只有一个,如大肠杆菌pHR322就有多种限制酶的单一识别位点,可适用于多种限制酶切割的DNA插入;③有一定的标记基因,便于筛选,如大肠杆菌的pBR322质粒携带四环素抗性基因,就可以作为筛选的标记基因。‎ ‎ (3)基因工程操作的基本步骤 ‎ ①制备目的基因 即人们依据工程设计中所需要的DNA片段,采用超速离心法、噬菌体摄取法、分子杂交法、反转录法等方法获取。见下表:‎ 过程 优点 缺点 直接分离法 ‎(鸟枪法)‎ 供体细胞中的DNADNA片段不同的受体细胞→扩增含目的基因细胞目的基因 操作简便 工作量大,有盲目性,目的基因含有不表达的内含子。‎ 人工合成基因 反转录法 mRNA单链DNA双链DNA 专一性强、目的基因中不含内含子 操作过程复杂,mRNA存在时间短,技术要求高。‎ 据已知的氨基酸序列合成 据推测出的核苷酸序列,通过化学方法合成 专一性强,目的基因中不含了含子,可合成自然界不存在的基因 目前,未知核苷酸序列的基因不能合成 ‎ ②体外重组DNA 外源DNA很难直接进入受体细胞,即使进入也会受到细胞内限制性内切酶的作用而分解。因而需要选择目的基因的载体(一般用细菌质粒和温和噬菌体),使目的基因与载体DNA结合起来形成杂合子。‎ ‎ ③进行基转转移 将重组DNA杂合子向选定的生物受体细胞中转移,让重组DNA杂合子在受体细胞中自主复制并得以表达。‎ ‎ ④筛选 把转化的和没有转化的受体细胞区分开。在转化的受体细胞中,外源DNA所携带的遗传信息得到了表达,受体细胞就有了新的性状,达到了基因工程的预期目的。‎ ‎ 2.基因工程技术的应用 ‎ (1)转基因生物 通过转基因技术把某种生物的基因或人工合成的基因转移到另一生物体内,从而培育出对人类有利的生物新品种。如我国科学家1989年将人的生长激素基因导入鲤鱼的受精卵中,培育成了转基因鲤鱼;1995年我国科学家将某种细菌的抗虫基因导入棉花,培育出了抗虫棉;1999年我国上海诞生了转基因牛,其牛奶中含有大量人体蛋白,可以治病。‎ ‎ (2)转基因药物 自从美国1977年第一次用改造的大肠杆菌生产出有活性的人的生长激素释放抑制素以来,基因工程技术已经成功地应用于生物治疗药物的研制。现已研制成功的基因工程药物有几十种,如已上市的人的生长激素、胰岛素、干扰索、尿激酶原、超氧化物歧化酶等。‎ ‎ (3)基因治疗将外源基因通过基因转移技术,将其插入病人适当的受体细胞中,使外源基因制造的产物能治疗某种疾病。1990年美同国立卫生研究院的一个研究小组对一个四岁的患腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)缺乏症的女孩进行基因治疗。他们将正常ADA基因利用反转录病毒载体导入女孩淋巴细胞内,体外培养后回输入她体内,实验获得圆满成功。这是人类历史上第一个成功的基因治疗临床实验。1991年我国首例基因治疗血友病B获得成功。‎ ‎ (4)人类基因组计划 人类基因组计划是通过国际间科学家联合探测人类染色体组所含DNA分子中携带的全部遗传信息,即基因中碱基对序列,搞清它们在染色体上的位置,破译人类全部遗传密码,这为研究人类进化、种族血缘、寿命衰老、疾病诊断和治疗等展现了一个广阔的前景。‎ ‎ 1990年10月国际人类基因组计划启动。1999年9月中国获准加入该计划,是继美、英、日、德、法之后第六个参与国,负责测定人类基因组全部序列的1%,也就是3号染色体上的3000万个碱基对。2000年4月中国率先完成了1%人类基因组的工作框架图。该计划提前5年,于2000年6月26日公布了人类基因组工作草图。2001年2月12日六国科学家联合公布了更加准确、清晰、完整的人类基因图谱。基因测序表明,人类基因组约有32亿个碱基对.大约有3万到4‎ 万个基因。‎ ‎ (5)基因芯片 又叫生物芯片、DNA芯片,是将生物活性物质如DNA、蛋白质等以微阵列的方式有序地排布在同相载体上,在人工限定的条件下进行生化反应,用仪器读取生物信息的器件。‎ ‎ 生物芯片作为一种准确、快捷的生物检测手段,在生产和生活中有着广泛的应用,它像计算机芯片一样,将成为21世纪新技术革命的催化剂。它的应用可以体现在生物样品的制备、基因扩增、基因表达分析、药物筛选、环保科学等方面。在生物分类、作物品系鉴定、品种培育、地学研究、考古等方面,生物芯片也同样大有用处。‎ ‎ 3.基因工程是把“双刃剑”‎ ‎ 基因工程技术的应用在给人们带来福音的同时,暗藏着对人类生存的巨大威胁。如基因工程可以制造超级细菌、超级杂草等;战争狂人、恐怖主义者可制造出难以制服的病原体、生物毒剂即生物武器,进行讹诈和大规模毁灭人类的生物战争;转基因动植物的出现引发物种入侵,有可能破坏原有的生态平衡,对原有物种产生威胁;还有转基因食品安全问题;人类基因组计划的研究还引发新的伦理、社会、哲学方面的思考等。‎ 考点重点难点疑点热点焦点九:动植物细胞工程 ‎ 1.细胞培养技术一条件:无菌操作 ‎ (1)植物组织培养 ‎ ①愈伤组织特点:排列疏松无规则、高度液泡化、无定形的未分化的薄壁细胞。‎ ‎ ②组织培养优点:取材少、耗时短、繁殖率高、便于自动化管理。‎ ‎ ③组织培养用途:快速繁殖名贵的花卉和果树;培育无病毒植物(采用根尖、茎尖组织)。‎ ‎ ④植物细胞培养的原理/理论基础:细胞的全能性,属于无性繁殖,现已推广应用。‎ ‎ (2)动物细胞培养 ‎ ①培养液的成分:葡萄糖、氨基酸、无机盐、维生素(作生长因子)、动物血清,类似于内环境成分。‎ ‎ ②动物细胞生长特点:贴壁生长直至贴满即停止分裂,大部分死亡、少部分生存。‎ ‎ ③细胞培养用途:生产蛋白制品(如疫苗、干扰素、单抗等);检测毒物毒性;研究病理和药理。‎ ‎ ④动物细胞培养的原理/理论基础:细胞增殖现已推广应用。‎ ‎ (3)动、植物细胞培养的对比 项目 理论基础/原理 培养基 结果 用途 区别 植物组织培养 细胞的全能性 固体或半固体培养基(水、无机盐、有机营养、生长素、细胞分裂素、琼脂、适宜光照)‎ 子代植侏 ‎①快速繁殖名贵花卉、果树;②培育无病毒植株(采用根尖、茎尖组织)‎ 动物细胞培养 细胞增殖 液本培养基/培养液(营养、维生素、动物血清)‎ 细胞株或细胞系 ‎①生产蛋白制品(疫苗、干扰素、单抗);②检测毒物毒性;③研究病理和药理。‎ 联系 都需要人工条件下的无菌操作 ‎ 2.细胞拆合技术—细胞核移植技术/动物克隆技术 ‎ (1)细胞拆合的原理/理论基础:细胞核的全能性,属于无性繁殖,现已推广应用。‎ ‎ (2)两种重要技术:细胞核移植、胚胎移植。‎ ‎ (3)受体细胞用去核卵细胞的原因:‎ ‎ ①体积较大,便于操作;②为细胞核的全能性表达提供环境。‎ ‎ (4)克隆动物D很像A,有点像B,不像C;同一个动物能否像A、B、C三只动物?答:能。‎ ‎ (5)用途:快速繁殖良种、特异、濒危的动物;改良动物品种。‎ ‎ (6)局限性:克隆动物的细胞核基因型未变,因此只能繁殖单一性别的动物。‎ ‎ 3.细胞融合技术 植物细胞杂交(番茄马铃薯植株)‎ 动物细胞融合(单克隆抗体)‎ 过程 第1步 原生质体的制备(酶解法)‎ 正常小鼠的处理(注射灭活抗原)‎ 第2步 原生质体的融合(物化法)‎ 动物细胞融合(物化生法)‎ 第3步 杂种细胞的筛选和培养 杂交瘤细胞的筛选和培养 第4步 杂种植株鉴定 提纯单克隆抗体(特异性强、灵敏度高)‎ 原理/理论基础 细胞膜的流动性、植物细胞的全能性 细胞膜的流动性、细胞增殖 融合前 处理 酶解法除去细胞壁:纤维素酶、果胶酶 注射特定抗原法免疫处理正常小鼠 促融因子 物理法:电激、离心、振动 化学法:聚乙二醇、CaCl2等 物化法:与植物相同 生物法:灭活的仙台病毒 意义和 用途 ‎(1)克服有性远缘杂交不亲和性 ‎(2)克服有性杂交的母系遗传,获得细胞质基因的杂合子,是研究细胞质遗传的有力手段 有助于疾病的诊断、治疗、预防 ‎ 4.胚胎(分割)移植技术——试管动物的繁育 ‎ ‎ ‎ (1)用于解决动物和人的不育问题;‎ ‎ (2)提高良种家畜的繁殖力;‎ ‎ (3)繁殖试管动物原理:细胞的全能性,属于有性生殖。‎ ‎ 5.总结 ‎ (1)细胞工程的理论基础和繁殖方法的比较 类别 项目 植物细胞工程 动物细胞工程 细胞培养 体细胞杂交 细胞核移动 胚胎(分割)移植 细胞培养 细胞融合 繁殖方式 无性繁殖 有性繁殖 原理/理论基础 细胞的全能性 细胞增殖 细胞膜的流动性 ‎ (2)植物部分育种方式的比较 项目 自然种子 人工种子 植物体细胞杂交 转基因植物 繁殖方式 有性繁殖 无性繁殖 原理/理论基础 细胞的全能性 考点重点难点疑点热点焦点十:实验、实习和研究性课题 ‎ 一、实验题解题思路 ‎ 1.审准实验目的和原理。明确验证“生物学事实”是什么,或“生物学事实”的哪一方面;实验所依据的生物学原理是什么。如“探索酶的活性与温度的关系”的实验原理为:淀粉遇碘变蓝,淀粉酶可催化淀粉水解为麦芽糖,麦芽糖遇碘不变蓝。‎ ‎ 2.找自变量和因变量,以及影响本实验的相关变量,然后构思实验变量的控制方法和实验结果的获得手段。如验证“CO2是光合作用合成有机物的必需原料”,首先应明确该实验的条件是CO2,结果是光合作用(合成有机物),影响结果的条件变化应该是CO2的有、无两种情况,那么对照的设计就应该为空白对照。影响实验结果的相关变量有温度、pH、实验用植物的,生长状况、饥饿处理的环境、吸收CO2的氢氧化钠的量及浓度等因素,这些相关变量中的任何一种因素的不恰当处理都会影响实验结果的准确性和真实性。因此实验中必须严格控制相关变量,做到平衡和消除相关变量对实验结果的影响。常常采用对照的方法,即在相关变量相同的条件下,观察实验变量(实验条件)的不同情况对反应变量(实验结果)的影响。‎ ‎ 3.实验对象。实验所用的生物学材料,如光合作用的叶片,验证质壁分离所用的成熟植物细胞。‎ ‎ 4.实验条件。完成这一项实验所必需的理化条件及生物学处理方法.如光照、温度、pH、酶、缓冲剂、离心等。‎ ‎ 5.设计文验方法和步骤。这一环节要遵循科学性原则、可操作性原则、对照设计原则、单一变量原则,使实验有可信度和说服力。‎ ‎ 6.记录分析实验方法和步骤。分析应有的实验结果,对意料之外的结果乃至失败的情况作出恰当的分析和推论。‎ ‎ 7.注意事项及补救措施。实验中若要使用有毒物质,应怎么使用?加热酒精应采用水浴法隔水加热。一旦燃烧怎么办?这些注意事项都应该在实验前有所准备,这些方面常常需要相关学科实验能力的渗透。‎ ‎ 二、生物学实验的设计思路 ‎ 面对高考实验题,考生觉得最棘手的是全程实验设计,即提供材料信息、药品、用具、实验原理等,要求设计实验思路,写出实验步骤,验证或预测实验结果。这类实验不是教材实验的简单再现,它来源于教材又与教材有别,体现了“源于教材,高于教材”的命题思路。‎ ‎ 对这类实验题一般应从以下几方面人手:(1)了解题目要求;(2)明确实验目的;(3)分析实验原理;(4)确定实验思路;(5)设计实验步骤;(6)预测结果和分析。生物的生命活动往往是错综复杂的,影响某一个生命活动的产生和变化的因素常常也很多。为了弄清楚变化的原因和规律,当研究多个因素之间的关系时,往往先控制其他几个因素不变,集中研究其中一个因素变化所产生的影响,这种方法叫控制变量法。这是一种在研究问题时常用的科学实验方法。其中对照实验最为典型。在对这类实验题提出设计思路时,最为关键的是要抓住3个变量,即实验变量、相关变量、反应变量。在具体设计过程中,实验变量怎么操纵?相关变量怎么控制?反应变量怎么检测?把握住了这3个变量,那么所设计的实验就不会违背科学性原则、对照原则、单因子变量原则。‎ ‎ 例如,蝌蚪在发育过程中,前后肢的伸出,头部形态的改变,鳃的消失,尾部的消失,体形的变化等,都受甲状腺激素的影响。请根据实验材料设计实验,验证甲状腺激素能促进蝌蚪的生长发育。‎ ‎ 实验材料与用具:15只同时孵化的同种蝌蚪(体长均为15mm),3个相同的玻璃缸,培养皿,小网,坐标纸(1mm×1mm)‎ ‎,饲料,甲状腺激素,甲状腺抑制剂,清水。‎ ‎ [解析]本题要求考生设计实验步骤和预测实验结果。实验目的是验证甲状腺激素能促进蝌蚪的生长发育;实验原理是甲状腺激素能促进蝌蚪的生长发育,甲状腺抑制剂能抑制蝌蚪的生长发育,使蝌蚪的生长发育延迟。清水不影响蝌蚪的正常生长发育。‎ ‎ [实验思路]建立对照实验,实验变量是甲状腺激素、甲状腺抑制剂、清水。相关变量是同种蝌蚪15只(每组5条),适宜的相同的水质、饲料、温度等,投药的天数。每天的药量均相同,白天的观察时间、次数均一致。反应变量是蝌蚪的体长、前肢、后肢和尾的变化情况。‎ ‎ [实验步骤]‎ ‎ (1)将3个相同的玻璃缸分别编为1、2、3号;‎ ‎ (2)将15只同时孵化的同种蝌蚪(体长均为15mm)随机分为3组(每组5条),分别放人3个玻璃缸中,在适宜的相同的水质、饲料、温度等条件下饲养;‎ ‎ (3)1号玻璃缸中加入甲状腺激素5mg,2号缸中加入甲状腺抑制剂5mg,3号缸中不加任何药物;‎ ‎ (4)向1号和2号玻璃缸中连续投药7d,每天一次,药量相同;‎ ‎ (5)实验期间,每天按时观察一次,观察时用小网将蝌蚪捞出,放在培养皿中,再将培养皿放在坐标纸上,观察并测量蝌蚪的体长。观察前肢、后肢和尾的变化,并记录。‎ ‎ [预测实验结果]‎ ‎ 1号玻璃缸中的蝌蚪前后肢、头部形态改变,尾部变化,体形变化等较快;‎ ‎ 2号玻璃缸中的蝌蚪身体各部位无明显变化;‎ ‎ 3号玻璃缸中的蝌蚪变化情况介于1号玻璃缸与2号玻璃缸中的蝌蚪之间。‎ ‎ [实验结论]甲状腺激素能促进蝌蚪的生长发育。‎ ‎ 三、探究性生物学实验的设计方法 ‎ 纵观近几年高考生物学实验,由于探究性实验更能全面考查同学们的知识储备与科学素养,因而受高考命题者青睐。‎ ‎ 探究性生物学实验应当要求同学们在明确实验要求、目的的前提下,遵循实验设计“操作方便、程序合理、药品节约、依据现象推测结论”的原则进行设计,一般可分为以下几个环节:‎ ‎ 1.理论假设的提出 根据题目要求,确定实验的条件即实验变量x ‎,实验中要注意控制“变量”。一般只确定一个变量,即唯一一个对实验结果可能产生影响的变量。在此基础上提m理论假设,它常常可以描述为:“当条件x存在时,事件P(实验现象)可能发生;当条件x改变时,若事件P发生,能得出何结论;当事件P不发生,能得出何结论。”‎ ‎ 2.设计探究性假设 分五个实验步骤进行:①实验准备,包括必要的实验器材及实验药品的准备;②满足条件x,设计一个实验,观察事件P能否发生;③条件x改变,设计一个实验,观察事件P能否发生,发生的程度如何?④设计对照实验。对照实验是实验设计时必须遵循的原则,对照的常用方法有以下几种:空白对照:不给对照组任何处理因素;条件对照:虽然给对照组施以部分实验因素,但不是所要研究的实验因素;自身对照:对照和实验都在同一研究对象上进行;相互对照:不单独设立对照组,而是几个实验组相互对照;⑤梳理,实验是否遵循“单因子变量”、“平行重复”原则。‎ ‎ 3.观察、记录和结论 仔细观察并准确记录实验现象,并根据实验现象作出相应的结论,一般规律是:‎ ‎ (1)若条件x存在,事件P能发生,条件x改变,事件P不能发生(或发生程度改变),结论是“________________________”。‎ ‎ (2)若条件x存在,事件P能发生,条件x改变,事件P能发生(或发生程度改变),结论是“‎ ‎“________________________”。‎ ‎ (3)若条件x存在,事件P不能发生,条件x改变,事件P能发生(或发生程度改变),结论是“_________________________”。‎ ‎ 4.探究性生物学实验的几类题型分析 ‎ 高考生物探究实验的基本题型大致有5种:分析——结论、设计——预测、问题一一假设、评价——修正和模仿——新。这5种基本题型的命题立意,遵循科学探究思想,重视考查同学们参与科学探究活动的能力,充分贯彻高中生物学新课程改革的精神,有助于推动新一轮课程改革和高考命题改革的进程。近年来主要以分析一一结论、设计——预测的题型为主,有的考题每个题目义包含1~2种组题类型,其中以实验没计或分析结论为主干,而问题——假设、评价——修正等其他编制试题的形式则较少。‎ ‎ [分析——结论型]‎ ‎ ‎ 该题型的特点是试题给出实验的目的、方法和过程,侧重于考查同学们对实验过程的观察与理解、对实验现象的解释和分析以及对实验结论的归纳与总结能力。‎ ‎ [设计——预测型]‎ ‎ 该题型的特点是试题列出生物科学的结论、事实,要求考生选用适当的实验材料,依据科学的实验原则,设计合理的实验步骤,验证生物科学的结论、事实,对实验可能的结果作出预测,并对预测的结果进行解释和分析,推理出实验的结论,侧重于对考生推理能力的考查。‎ ‎ [问题——假设型]‎ ‎ 该题型的特点是试题陈述生产和生活中的一些生物学问题,要求考生提出合理的假设,选用恰当的方法验证或解释提出的假设,并根据提出的假设作出合理的预测。此类题型重在考查同学们提出问题、解决问题的探究能力,是近年来实验考查的主力题型。从命题技术上看,这类题型是开放性的好题,但由于受到高考阅卷的限制,目前此类试题只能以选择或填空的形式出现,因而选材受到极大的影响。‎ ‎ [评价——修正型]‎ ‎ 该题型的特点是试题给出实验的目的,列出一些实验设计的基本思路,考生通过对试题给出的实验思路进行分析,评价能否达到实验的目的,考查了同学们.的科学思维的能力和判断推理能力;同时要求考生结合自己的评价,对错误的实验设计加以修正,提出恰当合理的实验思路,是一类较为简单的题型。‎ ‎ [模仿一一创新型]‎ ‎ 该题型的特点是试题先进行原型示范和具体指导,考牛从考试的过程中获得能力的提升,考查考生尝试、模仿已有实验的操作,作进一步创新设计,这类题型增强了实验技能性目标的考查,体现终生学习的理念。基于课文实验的创新为备考的重点。‎
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