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高考英语七选五 专题
2017高考七选五专题 七选五段落前后往往有同义词、近义词、近义表达语甚至相同词汇的重复使用,这是我们解题的一个很好的判断线索。其实就其本质而言,上文讲的代词和下文将涉及的近义词和同一范畴词都是特殊的同义/近义词。 七选五中,词汇线索是一个十分重要的解题方法,所以,浏览文章过程中圈出关键词十分重要。 【解题步骤】 一、通读全文,理解大意 快速浏览全文,寻找主题句,掌握文章结构及主要内容。“开门见山”与“结尾总结”是最常见的写作方式,因此,在阅读过程中,要特别注意文章的首尾两段,这样可以快速掌握文章的主题。另外,不少文章都有标题或小标题,通过标题我们也可以大致确定文章的主题。 二、浏览选项,初选答案 在浏览完全文,对全文的大意有所了解后,我们应该顺次浏览一下所有的选项。在浏览的过程中,要特别注意选项中出现的与原文相同或者相似的词语,如果遇到这种情况,可以试着把选项代入原文,看看是否符合上下文逻辑。 三、详细阅读,确定答案 文章正文部分通常分为若干小段落。详细阅读,明确各段的主旨,并找出各个小段落的关键词,为解题做好铺垫。然后再明确各选项的含义,抓住其关键词语。 一般来说,文章的行文需要通过一定的衔接手段来实现。文章的衔接手段有:重复使用某一词语或其近义词,用总称指代具体事物或用具体事物指代整体,使用代词避免重复,使用语篇标记语连接句子等。有时候我们在读文章时即使没有发现明显的衔接手段,也能感觉到字里行间千丝万缕的逻辑关联。因此我们在解题过程中,要特别注意以下几点: 1.词汇复现。复现是保证文章前后衔接而经常使用的一种写作手段。作者在文章中会对同一个概念重复描述,从而使得同样的意思在文章不同的地方重复出现。词汇复现通常有同义词复现、近义词复现、反义词复现等。 2.代词。在详读文章和选项的过程中,一定要注意句子中出现的人称代词或者指示代词,特别是选项中以及空格附近句子中出现的代词。根据代词的单复数和其在句子中所作的成分,我们可以找出代词指代的名词或者句子,从而帮助我们解题。 3.语篇标记语。语篇标记语是指语篇中各种逻辑连接关系并对语篇连贯起指示作用的词语。语篇标记语可以是表示时间顺序的first,then,next等;表达作者组织语篇方式的for example,in other words,in short等。语篇标记语不仅能表达相邻句子之间的关系,还能表明某一特定语篇的总体走向。因此,对语篇标记语了解得越多,就越可以更好地理解文章的结构和要表达的内容。 4.空前空后。一篇文章的句与句之间必然有一定的逻辑关联,如果我们把其中一句抽掉,必然会影响其逻辑意义的顺畅发展。比如说空前空后的两句讨论的不是同一个主题,那么空格处所在的句子一般会起转折、改变话题等作用。 【解题步骤1】 1. 先读文章的开始部分,明确文章的基本话题,然后仔细阅读五个空各自的前后句寻找并画出关键词。 【巧学妙记】 (一名(名词)袋(代词)鼠(数次)很特殊(特殊疑问词),连(连词)蹦(动词)带跳很彪(标点/标题)悍。) 2.要对文章中出现的衔接手段保持敏感度。衔接手段分为三种:词汇衔接、逻辑衔接、结构衔接。可按这几个原则判断原文的空与选项是否匹配。 3.一旦确定一个选项,就要在该选项上做出标记(例如可以删掉),以避免干扰和分散注意力。 4.将选项代入到文章中重读,依据行文逻辑,再次确定选项。 段首段尾专题 【专题探究】 1、问题在段首 假如问题出现在段首,它通常是段落主题句。认真阅读后文内容,根据段落一致性原则,查找同义词或其他相关的词,推断出主题句。另外着重阅读后文第一、二句,锁定线索词,然后在选项中查找相关特征词。通常正确答案的最后一句与空白后的第一句在意思上是紧密衔接的,因此这两句间会有某种衔接手段,尤其当选项是几句话时。 __4__ As part of a healthy diet, eat more fruits and vegetables each day. Vitamins (维生素) C and E help protect eyesight and promote eye health. A.Eat your greens. 【解析】这是一道小标题的试题,位于整个段落的最前面,这样的选项,往往是对下面整个段落内容的概括和总结,反映整个段落的主旨和大意。这种试题往往需要从下面的整段中搜索核心词汇,找出做题的线索。空白处后文的内容是:作为健康饮食的一部分,每天要吃更多的水果和蔬菜。维生素C和E帮助保护视力,促进眼睛健康。 这里根据下文的核心词汇fruits and vegetables,Vitamins可知,A项“Eat your greens.(吃点绿色蔬菜)”能够概括本段大意。故选A项。 【答案】A 2、问题在段尾 所选答案应引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联,此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有关联。认真阅读下一段开头几句,看是否与选项紧密相连。分析与前文是转折还是对比关系。此时要注意在选项中查找表示转折、对比的关联词,同时注意选项中所讲内容是否与前文在同一主题上形成对立、对比关系。如果第一段的段尾设题,要认真阅读,看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题,如 果在段尾提出主题,会用一些信号词如转折词引出来,正确答案中应有这样的特征词。段尾通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的信号词,如:therefore,as a result,thus,hence,in short,to sum up,to conclude,in a word等词语,选项中也可发现前文的同义词句。 Making good choices about your own health requires reasonable evaluation. A key first step in bettering your evaluation ability is to look carefully at your sources of health information. Reasonable evaluation includes knowing where and how to find relevant information, how to separate fact from opinion, how to recognize poor reasoning, and how to analyze information and the reliability of sources.__1__ G.The following suggestions can help you sort through the health information you receive from common sources. 【解析】这个选项是一个段落的结尾句,这种选项通常起着总结上文,提示下文的功能。根据文章第二段、第三段、第四段的首句可以看出作者提供了一些建议,因此本空引出了下文的多个建议,故选择G项。 【答案】G In 1900, fewer than 40% of Americans lived in urban areas. Today, over 82% of Americans live in cities. Only about 2% live on farms.__3__ B.The rest live in small towns. 【解析】现在有超过82%的美国人住在城市里,大约有2%的人住在农场与B项其余的住在小城镇里信息一致。 【答案】B 行文逻辑【专题探究】 逻辑关系的衔接 过渡性句子可以从细节逻辑上判断可分为: A, 并列关系:First(ly),Second(ly),...;First, then/next,...;In the first place, in the second place...;for one thing,for another thing ,...;then /next ,finally/last 等。 B, 递进关系:too ,also, besides, further ,furthermore ,moreover ,what’s more , in addition ,as well , to make matters worse ,not ...but... ,not only ...but also等。 C, 解释例证关系:for example ,for instance ,in fact/as a matter of fact ,actually ,in other words /that is to say 等 D, 因果关系: so /therefore ,thus ,consequently(结果) ,as a result (of), so/ such ...that ...,so that ...等 E, 转折对比关系:but, however , yet ,while /though ,or /otherwise ,on the contrary ,instead, nevertheless(然而), still ,yet, on the contrary ,in contrast / comparison 等 F, 概况归纳关系:in short , in brief , in summary ,generally speaking ,in general , to conclude ,in conclusion, in a word ,on the whole , to sum up 等。 1.从行文逻辑上判断——例证关系 前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性,思维过程基本是归纳(从例子到观点)和推理(从观点到例子)。 ·Protect against UV rays (紫外线).Long-term stay in the sun creates risk to your eyes.No matter what the season is,it’s extremely important to wear sunglasses.__2__ C.They can properly protect your eyes. 【解析】空白处前面的句子“No matter what the season is,it’s extremely important to wear sunglasses.”意为“无论是什么季节,戴太阳镜是极其重要的”,属于总结概括句。戴太阳镜预防紫外线。选项C意为“它们可以适当地保护你的眼睛”,本句是对上句观点的举例说明,能很好地顺接语境。故选C。 2.从行文逻辑上判断——转折关系 转折关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有however(然而),nevertheless(然而,不过),still(还,仍然),though(可是,不过,然而),yet(然而),on the contrary(正相反),in contrast(与此相反,相比之下),in comparison(比较起来,与……比较),by comparison(相比之下)等连接词,则表明前后两句话是逻辑上的逆转,空格处很有可能表示转折。 Don’t forget to forgive yourself.__5__ But it can rob you of your self-confidence if you don’t do it. E.For some people, forgiving themselves is the biggest challenge. 【解析】E项中的信息forgiving themselves与本段的主题“不要忘记原谅你自己”意义一致,并且选项E与后面的句子之间用but连接,有转折的语气,因此构成了一种意义上的对比关系,尤其是but这个词,更加突出了对比的意义,因此选项E符合这里的意义和结构。 3.从行文逻辑上判断——因果关系 做题时最重要的是要在读懂空格前后的句子的基础上,依据彼此的关系来确认答案。有时,前后的句子之间出现as a result(结果),thus/therefore(因此),so(such)...that(如此……以至于)等标志性词语,表明前后句有着原因和结果之间的关系,说明前因后果或者前果后因等情况。 Large cities were impossible until agriculture became industrialized.Even in advanced agricultural societies, it took about ninety-five people on farms to feed five people in cities.__4__ A.That kept cities very small. 【解析】空格的上一句话提到了,即使在先进的农业社会,也需要大约95个农民养活5个城市人,这只有一个结果,就是使得城市很小,与A项信息呼应。 4.从行文逻辑上判断——递进关系 递进关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有also(也,而且),further(进一步地,而且),furthermore(而且,此外),likewise(同样地,也),similarly(相同地,类似地),moreover(而且,此外),in addition(另外,加之),what’s more(更重要的是),not only...but also(不但……而且)等连接词或词组,则表明前后两句是逻辑上的递进关系,空格处很有可能是个递进的句子。 Over the past two centuries, the Industrial Revolution has broken this balance between the city and the country.__5__ Today, instead of needing ninety-five farmers to feed five city people, one American farmer is able to feed more than a hundred non-farmers. F.Modernization drew people to the cities and made farmers more productive. 【解析】空格前面的一句话提到,在过去的两个世纪里,工业革命打破了城乡之间的平衡。后一句话提到,现在的情况不需要95个农民养活5个城市人了,在美国一个农民就能养活一百多个非农民,与F项信息,即:“现代化把人们吸引到城市里来,并使得农民更加多产”一致。 5.从行文逻辑上判断——并列关系 如果空格前后两句话之间有first(首先,第一),second(第二),third(第三);firstly(第一,首先),secondly(第二),其次),thirdly(第三);first(第一),next(其次),then(那么,然后);in the first place(第一,首先),in the second place(第二,其次);for one thing(首先,一则),for another(其次);to begin with(首先,第一),to conclude(最后)等连接词或词组,则表明前后两句是逻辑上的并列关系,空格处很有可能是个并列的句子。 One is the establishment (制定) of broad basic policies with respect to production; sales; the purchase of equipment, materials and supplies; and accounting.__4__ The third relates to the establishment of standards of work in all departments. E.The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments. 【解析】根据上文所提到的one和下文所提到的the third可知,这里是按照顺序排列,此处应该是第二条,与E项The second aspect...相呼应 【例题】Maybe you're feeling down because of the financial crisis. Maybe you're feeling overwhelmed (难以承受的) by holiday tasks. Or maybe you're just having an unpleasant day. If so, you can make yourself happier—right now. 1.Boost your energy. Stand up and pace while you talk on the phone or, even better, take a tenminute walk outside. __1__ The activity and sunlight are good for your focus, your mood, and the retention of information. Plus, because of “emotional infection”, if you act energeticly, you'll help the people around you feel energetic, too. 2.__2__ Take ten minutes to think about all the things in your life that are going right, about all the things that other people do to help you, about all the things that you're thankful for. In the disorder of everyday life, it's very easy to focus on the negative and to lose sight of what really matters. 3.Reach out to friends. __3__ Having warm, close bonds with other people is the KEY to happiness, so take time to stay in touch. Somewhat surprisingly, socializing boosts the moods not only of extroverts (外向者), but also of introverts (内向者). 4.Create a calmer environment. Clear some physical and mental space around yourself by sorting papers, pitching junk, cleaning a closet, answering a few emails, filing, or even just making your piles neater. A large stack of little tasks can feel overwhelming, but often just a few minutes of work can make a sizeable decrease. __4__ For example: never postpone any task that can be completed in less than one minute. 5.Rid yourself of a troublesome task. Answer a difficult email, do a mission you've been putting off, or call to make that dentist's appointment and finish the regular check which has been missed for several times.__5__ A.Count your blessings. B.Think about your future. C.Go to the doctor's for some advice. D.Try to get in the habit of using the “one minute rule”. E.Make a lunch date or send an email to a friend you haven't seen in a while. F.Research shows that when people move faster, their metabolism (新陈代谢) speeds up. G.Crossing a boring chore off your todo list will give you a big rush of energy and relief. 【分析】本文提出五点建议,能够使你在紧张的压力之下快乐起来。 1.【解析】[根据上文的“Stand up and pace while you talk on the phone or, even better, take a tenminute walk outside.”(打电话时站起来走动走动,能到户外散步十分钟则更好。)可知选F项(研究表明,当人快速活动时,新陈代谢会加快)。] 【答案】F 2【解析】[该段说的是不要忘了感恩发生在自己身上的幸运的事情,由此可知A项(常怀感恩)为本段的主题句。] 【答案】.A 3.【解析】[本段的标题是“Reach out to friends.”故E项(如果有段日子没见某个朋友,不妨约个饭局或发封电子邮件)与标题相符。] 【答案】E 4.【解析】[根据上文提到“A large stack of little tasks can feel overwhelming, but often just a few minutes of work can make a sizeable decrease.”可知,很多繁琐的事情加在一起会让人没了头绪,喘不过气。但是,常常只需几分钟,就可能解决掉很大一部分。故选D项(要努力养成利用“一分钟规则”的习惯)。空后的“in less one minute”也是提示。] 【答案】D 5【解析】[上文提到的“Answer a difficult email, do a mission you've been putting off, or call to make that dentist's appointment and finish the regular check which has been missed for several times.”都是说处理掉令人头疼的事情。故选G项(解决掉很多烦心事中的一件会让你突然浑身是劲,心情轻松)。] 【答案】.G 【探究】[长难句分析]'Take ten minutes to think about all the things in your life that are going right, about all the things that other people do to help you, about all the things that you're thankful for.花十分钟想想生活中所有顺当的事,想想别人对你的所有帮助,想想所有让你心怀感恩的事情。 句式分析:这是一个祈使句,三个about与think构成固定短语,每个about...结构之后都包含一个that引导的定语从句。查看更多