上海英语高考十选九讲义

上海英语高考十选九讲义

十选九讲义 学生姓名： 辅导老师： ‎ 1、 1、 从2008年起，词汇的考查放在了语篇中，着重强调语法和词汇知识在特定情景中的应用。试卷10道词汇题以10选9的方式分别考察了动词，形容词，名词，形容词，副词还包括现在分词和过去分词的形式。把词汇的考查放在了语言环境中，不是单纯的考查词汇，文章题干均清晰明了，并提供了足够的上下文支撑供考生答题。同时，词汇题的难度分布也较为合理，确保了各个层次的考生都能得分。因此，情景理解和语言运用的味道比较浓厚，注重考查理解能力和逻辑推理能力的试题较多。 ‎ 题型特征 ‎1、选词填空的特点 ‎1) 文章不会太长(300词左右)；一般来说第一句是文章主题句并且不设空；一般每隔15－30个词会有一个空；空与空之间有完整意群。文章中会挖出九个空，但是给出了十个单词，让学生选择填空使文章完整，这就是新题型轮廓。‎ ‎2) 方框中词汇难度不高，文章难度要略低于阅读理解难度。实际上是将词汇的使用和完形阅读紧密结合的一道题目。‎ ‎2、选词填空的考点 ‎1) 词汇方面以实词为主也就是指名词、动词、形容词、副词。‎ ‎2) 语法方面考察词性之间关系和句子结构分析能力。‎ ‎3) 逻辑方面考察上下文联系 ‎3、解题点拨：‎ ‎1) 最关键的是要改变孤立的记忆单词的不良学法，做到词不离句，句不离篇，做到词汇的情景使用。‎ ‎2) 不要孤立的看文章，一定注意句子的上下文衔接和本句的语法结构，因为选一个就少一个，一发而动全身。‎ ‎3) 要专门记忆些高难词汇，也就是拼写很长词汇，比如：uninterrupted, alternative之类。‎ ‎4) 要想到这些词汇是不是有些固定用法。‎ 解题步骤 第一步：详读选项，词分类 选项中的10个词是考查的关键，考生应该详细的理解这10个单词。熟悉的单词标明词性和词义，不熟悉的单词或者不认识的单词只需标明词性，然后根据名词、动词、形容词、副词四大类按规律排列在试卷上。这样做考生就可以不再是10选1了，只要根据上下文的逻辑关系或者语法结构，有时候可以是3选1甚至2选1，缩小了选择的范围，降低了试题的难度。‎ 注意：‎ ‎1. 动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。非谓语动词包括：动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。过去分词有两种可能性(形容词和动词的过去分词), 无法确定时标问号。‎ ‎2. 不认识的词要看后缀。构词法中, 前缀区分意思, 后缀区分词性。所以看词尾往往能大致分出词性。词性无法确定的, 暂时搁置。‎ ‎3. 做出相应的标记。在英文中有的单词不只有一个词性，比如大家常见的visit、access、approach、challenge、 change等就即有名词词性又有动词词性。 这时两个都要标出来。‎ ‎4．以-ing或-ed 结尾的词既可能是动词，也可能是由现在分词或过去分词转变而成的形容词。‎ 例如：sleeping “She is sleeping。”中就是动词。而在“sleeping beauty”中就是形容词。建议同学们在供选择的词旁将两种词性都标注上，答题时以动词为首选进行判断。‎ 第二步：略读全文，定中心 考生拿到题目以后，由于考查考生对篇章的理解，应该略读整篇文章，确定文章的中心或主要说明的问题。文章大概在220词--250词左右，用1分钟左右的时间略读即可。要抓住文章首句，迅速找到文章的主题词或主题。和完型填空一样，一般文章第一句不设空格，以便让考生知道本文的相关主题词或主题。在此，建议大家使用略读的方法，以快速掌握文章大意。‎ 第三步：瞻前顾后，灵活选 词性分类之后，回到原文中，根据原文中空格的前后单词或者前后语句确定所要填的词性，然后从分类好的单词中选择出词性、意思、语法都符合要求的最佳选项。首先，根据语法知识确认可以被填入此空的词性，然后按第一步中标注出的词性进行筛选，最后将备选词逐个代入空中细读句意，考虑上下问逻辑关系做出选择。‎ 第四步：复核检查，定结果 篇章词汇理解题目类似于完型填空，这需要考生不仅要迅速的确定答案，还要在确定答案之后迅速的复查。检查上下文是否通顺、上下文的逻辑结构是否正确、文章的意思是否出现偏差等等，复查无误后即可确定为最后答案。‎ 解题技巧 ‎（一）判断词性的技巧 前面提到的“瞻前顾后”就是需要考生根据空格的前后来决定所填词的词性以及应填的正确选项，我们可以根据一些简单的语法知识确定答案。应该说语法知识是解词汇理解题的基础。‎ ‎1. 确定空格为名词 ‎ (1) a /an/the n. , adj. n. , vt. n. ,‎ ‎ 即空格处前面为冠词、形容词或者及物动词的，空格处应填入名词；‎ ‎ (2) n. v., 即空格处后面是动词的，空格处应填入该动词的主语(名词)；‎ ‎ (3) prep. n., 即空格处前面是介词的，空格处充当介词宾语，用填入一个名词或动名词。‎ ‎2. 确定空格为动词 ‎ (1) n./pron. vt. n./pron., 即空格前面已有名词/代词作主语，后面又有名词/代词作为动词的宾语，空格处应为及物动词；‎ ‎ (2) n./pron. vi. , 即空格处前面是名词/代词，后面没有宾语，空格处应填不及物动词；‎ ‎ (3) n./pron. vi. adv./prep., 即空格处前面是名词/代词，空格处后面是副词/介词，空格处应填入不及物动词，与副词/介词构成固定搭配；‎ ‎ (4) n./pron. link v./be. adj., 即空格处前面是名词/代词，后面是形容词，空格处应填入系动词或be动词；‎ ‎ (5) to v. , 即空格处前有不定式标志to，空格处应填入动词原形；另一种情况to是介词，后面应填入动名词。‎ ‎3. 确定空格为形容词 ‎ (1) adj. n. 或n. adj. , 即空格处前面或者后面为名词的，空格处应填入形容词；‎ ‎ (2)adv. adj. , 即空格处前面是副词的，空格处应填入形容词；‎ ‎ (3) link/be v. adj.,即空格处前面是系动词或be动词的，空格处应填入形容词作表语。‎ ‎4. 确定空格为副词 ‎ (1) adv. v. 或v. adv. , 即空格处前面或者后面为动词的，空格处应填入副词；‎ ‎ (2) adv. adj., 即空格处后面是形容词的，空格处应填入副词。‎ ‎（二）利用逻辑关系词确定答案 在篇章词汇理解题目中，文章的逻辑关系对于考生把握整篇文章是很重要的，文章的逻辑关系通过一些逻辑关系词体现的，考生可以通过逻辑关系词来确定出一些答案。‎ 常见的逻辑关系词如下：‎ ‎ (1) 并列关系：and , or, as well as 等 ‎ (2) 对比关系：but , however , on the contrary , rather than 等 ‎ (3) 比较关系：as…as , like , similar 等 ‎ (4) 因果关系：because , for , since , as a result of , therefore , thus 等 ‎ (5) 举例关系：for example , for instance , such as ， and so on 等 ‎ (6) 递进关系：and , what’s more , moreover , in addition 等 ‎（三）比较填词 将词性分类后，如何确定哪个选项是正确答案呢？这就需要考生进行选项间的比较，比较同词性的词汇哪一个是最佳答案。这里提示考生可以通过词义判断(即通过同词性词汇的中文意思是否符合文章的整体意思，由此判断是不是最合适的选项)和逻辑判断(即根据文章的逻辑顺序和逻辑结构，确定同词性的词汇中的哪个是最佳答案)两种方法确定答案。这里还要提示考生，填入一个词就划掉一个，为下面的选词缩小范围。‎ 实例分析：‎ ‎ 2009年上海市高考真题 A. contents B. taking C. carefully D. plastic E. packaging ‎ F. declined G. freely H. typical I.‎ contracts J. registered If the package looks pretty, people will buy just about anything. So says an advertising executive in New York, and he has proved his point by selling boxes of rubbish for the price of an expensive bottle of wine. ‎ Justin Gignac,26, has sold almost 900 41 presented plastic boxes of rubbish from the street of Big Apple at between ＄50 and ＄100 each. Buyers from 19 countries have paid for the souvenirs（纪念品）. The idea has been so successful that he is thinking of promoting it around the world. ‎ It all began when Mr Gignac was at a summer workshop, “We had a discussion about the importance of 42 ,”he recalls.” Someone said packaging was unimportant. I disagreed. The only way to prove it was by selling something nobody would ever want.” ‎ He searches the streets of Manhattan and typical 43 include broken glass, subway tickets, Starbucks cups and used 44 forks. “Special editions” are offered at a high price. He charged ＄100 for rubbish from the opening day of the New York Yankees’ stadium. ‎ Mr Gignac denies 45 his customers for fools: “They know what they’re getting. They appreciate the fact that they’re taking something nobody would want and finding beauty in it.” ‎ Some 46 customers include people who used to live in the city and want a down-to-earth souvenir. He claims he has even sold to art collectors. ‎ Realizing that the concept appears to be a real money-maker, Mr Gignac has ‎47 a company and is employing his girlfriend as vice president. He 48 to discuss his profit margins: “It’s actually quite a lot of effort putting them together-but yes, garbage is free.” Mr Gignac is considering more varieties of souvenirs. He maintains that he has signed 49 with people interested in similar projects from as far as Berlin and London. ‎ 解析：41、C 本题考查根据句意选择合适的副词。本句意为“Justin Gignac, 26岁，已经卖出了近900个精心包装的塑料盒子，里面装的是从大苹果（纽约）的大街上捡来的废物，每盒售价在50到100美元”，句中的presented plastic修饰名词boxes,空格处应该选择副词修饰起形容词作用的过去分词presented。副词carefully在此意为“‎ 仔细地、精心地”，符合句意，所以C选项为正确答案。‎ ‎42、E 本题考查根据上下文选择合适的名词。本段句意为“我们讨论了有关包装的重要性……有些人认为包装不重要，我不同意这种观点”空格前的介词可断定此处应填名词，所以E选项为正确答案。‎ ‎43、A 本题考查根据句意选择合适的名词。本句意为“他在曼哈顿的街上仔细搜寻，寻找的典型物品（内容）包括破损的杯子……”, 根据句意和空格前的形容词和空格后的动词，可以断定此处应填入名词，所以A选项为正确答案。‎ ‎44、D 本题考查根据句意选择合适的形容词。本句为43题所在句的后半部分，仍是说明典型物品包括哪些具体内容，意为“……和使用过的塑料叉子”，根据句意和空格前的形容词及空格后的名词，可以断定此处应填入形容词，所以D选项为正确答案。‎ ‎45、B 本题考查根据句意选择合适的动名词。本句意为“Gignac先生否认将他的顾客当做傻瓜”，根据句意和空格前的动词和空格后的名词，可以断定此处应填入动名词taking作为动词deny的宾语，同时又和介词for构成词组，所以B选项为正确答案。‎ ‎…….‎ ‎46、H 本题考查根据题意选择合适的形容词。本句意为“一些典型的客户包括……”，根据句意和空格前的限定词和空格后的名词，可以断定此处应填入形容词，所以H选项为正确答案。‎ ‎47、J 本题考查根据题意选择合适的动词。本句意为“发现这个理念确实可以赚大钱后，Gignac先生已经注册了一家公司……”，根据句意和空格前的助动词和空格后的名词，可以断定此处应填入动词的过去分词形式，与前面的助动词一起构成谓语，所以J选项为正确答案。‎ ‎48、F 本题考查根据句意选择合适的动词。本句意为“他婉言拒绝讨论他的利润空间”，根据句意和空格前的代词和空格后的不定式符号，可以断定此处应填入谓语动词，所以F选项为正确答案。‎ ‎49、I 本题考查根据句意选择合适的名词。本句意为“他承认他已经于那些对类似项目感兴趣的人签订了合同，他们远在柏林和伦敦”，根据句意和空格前的动词和空格后的介词结构，可以断定此处应填入名词，所以I为正确答案。‎ 备考方案 通过上面的解题技巧初探，可以归纳出下面的复习备考要点：‎ 一、掌握正确的单词记忆方法 ‎　　学习单词一定要弄清楚其具体含义和使用语境。记忆词汇的正确方法是在语境中记忆单词，通过阅读文章来记单词是最佳方法。阅读文章记忆单词时，要注意观察单词在具体语境下的具体含义以及能否用考试大纲里的其它词来替换该词。此外，还应该学习某一单词常和什么词搭配使用。‎ 二、复习巩固基本语法 ‎　　大家虽然已经掌握了基本语法，但是在实际运用时不一定都能运用自如。遇到这种情况，就需要大家把相关语法基础知识好好复习一下，特别是有关词性及句子结构的内容好好地复习巩固一下。‎ 三、做适量的练习 在复习备考的过程中，无论使用什么方法和技巧，都需要大家亲自去实践和运用。只有经过大量的练习，才能对这种题型有一定的认识，才能真正找到感觉。‎ 巩固练习 A Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. ‎ A. equally B. recycle C. portion D. dissolve E. threaten F. countless G. capable H. convenient I.‎ approximately J.comforts The pollution of the earth’s soil and water has become an issue of great concern. Until recently, most of that concern has focused on the land 41 of the planet, where pollution directly affects people in their daily lives. Now, however, we have begun to realize that marine (海洋的) pollution is 42 important. According to S.A. Patin, marine pollution is the condition that results when people introduce into the seas substances harmful to life, health, resources, activities, or 43 . ‎ Marine pollution is far from new. For over a million years, people have thought of the sea as a 44 place to throw their garbage. And it is true that the sea has a great capacity for absorbing organic wastes. Some of these wastes are eaten directly by the larger fishes. Others quickly 45 into a kind of organic soup that provides food to 46 species of single-celled plant and animal life. ‎ As civilizations grew, more different pollutants were dumped into the seas. Still, this pollution did not really threaten the marine environment. The seas seemed 47 of coping with anything that people could throw at them. This situation changed, however, when suddenly factories began dumping enormous quantities of materials into the seas. Especially in some coastal areas near large cities, ocean pollution began to 48 marine life. For the first time, the oceans began to fail in their ability to 49 humanity’s waste. ‎ B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. ‎ A. hands B. qualities ‎ C. down D. curiosity E. pretty F. looks G. ashamed ‎ H. applied ‎ I.‎‎ ruined ‎ J. information When I succeeded in becoming a part-time employee of Nokia China last summer, many friends asked me how I survived the interview. ‎ ‎ I once asked myself the same questions. Many of my peers also __41__ for the job, including some very competitive and intelligent students from famous universities. ‎ ‎ But why did the interviewer pick me instead of them? ‎ ‎ Finally, __42 __ pushed me to ask the interviewers after we became colleagues. The answer was that I appeared confident but humble, responsible and communicative. They evaluated people not just on their academic certificates, but on the base of their __43__ and abilities. I happened to be the right person. ‎ ‎ To be frank, I once felt __44__ of being a student from an unknown college, and I think this may apply to some of you. I thought my future was ruined. It was only at the time of my successful interview that I finally understood the famous saying --- “You decide where you go.” ‎ ‎ A wide range of skills is important these days. I used to work for Master Kong. My job was to cook instant noodles for customers. I had regarded it as a piece of cake, but I failed constantly. I had to cook the noodles for the right amount of time to make them taste good. Moreover, the noodles could only remain in a plastic cup of five minutes, or the taste would be __45__. ‎ ‎ This experience taught me never to look __46__ on anything, and always remain humble. ‎ ‎ I also worked as a volunteer for a beach volleyball event. My job was to help foreign visitors experience the beach. I thought it would be very easy because my oral English was __47__ good. But when I went to talk with a group of foreign guests, I suddenly realized that I did not know a single beach volleyball term. I was embarrassed. ‎ ‎ After this, I read brochures in both Chinese and English every day to learn the terms for facilities and related words. This allowed me to deliver accurate __48__ to foreigners, and I was happy to work responsibly. ‎ ‎ After these experience, I’m more confident and I strongly believe that my fate is in my __49__. It has certainly helped me make a giant step closer to my dream of graduating with prospects for the future. I hope my advice will benefit you as well. ‎ C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.‎ A. appeal B. impact C. vegetarian D. consumes E. farmers F. increasingly G. balance H. results I.‎ laughingly J. serious In the book Time to Eat the Dog: The Real Guide to Sustainable（可持续性） Living, New Zealand-based architects Robert and Brenda Vale say keeping a medium-sized dog has the same ecological 41 as driving ‎10,000 km a year in a 4.6 liter limousine. Calculating that modern house pet 42 through about ‎164 kg of meat and ‎95 kg of cereals a year, the Vales estimated the ecological footprint of cats and dogs, based on the amount of land needed to grow pet food. ‎ ‎“There are no recipes in the book,” Robert Vale said, 43 , in a telephone interview. “We’re not actually saying it is time to eat the dog. We’re just saying that we need to think about and know the ecological impact of some of the things we do and that we take for granted.” With pets’ diets under the control of owners, how can their unsustainable appetites be cut down? Changing their diets into 44 ones, the Vales say. ‎ Instead they recommend keeping “greener”, smaller, and more sustainable pets, such as goldfish, chickens or rabbits. The book’s playful title, and 45 suggestion that pet animals may be usefully “recycled”, by being eaten by their owners or turned into pet food when they die, may not 46 to animal fans. Annoying as the idea may be, the question 47 from the planet’s growing population and limited resources, Robert Vale said. “Resources issues are 48 becoming things that are going to require us to make choices which are as difficult as eating your dog. It’s not just about changing your light bulbs or taking a cloth bag to the supermarket,” he said. ‎ ‎“It’s about much more challenging and difficult issues,” he added. “Once you see cats and dogs fit in your overall 49 of things —— you might decide to have the cat but also to have the two cars and the three bathrooms and be a meat eater yourself.” ‎