高考英语完形填空解题技巧和方法

高考英语完形填空解题技巧和方法

高考英语专题复习 ‎--完形填空解题技巧指导 格式塔心理学:‎ 当看见不完整的事物时，人们根据脑子里对事物的完整概念，会在思想上把它补全。‎ 即：补全心理 一.《高中英语课程标准和考试说明》对高考完形填空的规定：‎ 完形填空是高考试题中的一个重要部分。完形填空共20题，考试时间为20分钟左右，分值为30分，占总分的20％。在两篇题材熟悉、难度适中的短文(约350词)内留有20个空格，每个空格为一题，每题有四个选择项，要求考生在全面理解内容的基础上选择一个最佳答案，使短文的意思和结构恢复完整。‎ 完形填空部分的目的是测试学生综合运用语言的能力（测试能力要求大体接近大学非英语专业二年级水平。）‎ 完型填空考查综合运用语言的能力：‎ ‎1）词语辨析能力 ‎2）语法结构分析能力 ‎3）语篇理解能力 ‎4）逻辑推理能力 ‎5）文化背景透析能力 ‎6）生活常识综合运用能力… ‎ 二：完型填空试题主要特点：‎ ‎1. 通常从一篇300-350词左右，文章中设空20个，首句不挖空； ‎ ‎2. 内容完整, 逻辑性强, 语言结构严谨。生词少, 难度适中。 ‎ ‎3. 干扰项设计严密.一般情况下，四个选项的词性相同或属于同等或对等范畴，干扰项填入后在语法上一般不存在错误，对考生有很大的迷惑作用； ‎ ‎4.突出语篇(语境)，强调应用，注重交际； ‎ ‎5. 考察重点多为实词: 名词 / 代词 /动词 / 形 容词 / 副词等；单词为主、短语为辅。 ‎ ‎6. 关注语境背景知识, 侧重上下关联, 暗示判断能力。 ‎ ‎7.大多富有积极的教育意义，给人以人生的启迪或是充满了生活情趣；‎ 记叙文 对于叙事，描述类文章。短文的首句，往往点明故事发生的人物(who),时间（when），地点(where)，和事件(what)等背景情况。例：‎ ‎ It was a busy morning，about 8:30,when an elderly gentleman in his 80s came to the hospital .‎ ‎ …… ‎ 议论文 ‎1、议论文的设题往往多以上下文为基础，利用承前信息或滞后信息，使读者有所依托。‎ ‎2、议论文中表达作者态度或看法的词较多，所以，试题中对形容词和副词的考查往往也较多。问题跳跃性较大。我们做题时，既要看事实，又要感悟作者的态度与情感。 ‎ 对于论述文，首句表明了论述的主题。起到揭示主题的作用。例如： ‎ ‎ A man who knows how to write a personal letter has a very powerful tool. A letter can be enjoyed, read and 21 . ‎ 说明文 说明文直白性较强，脉络清晰。‎ ‎2、说明文的层次清晰，整体性强，所以，递进性词汇和名词的设题往往出现得较多。只要把握这些关键，做完形填空便会得心应手，游刃有余。‎ 完形填空总体要求 完形填空全面考查学生的语言知识、阅读理解能力和总体语言水平。‎ ‎ 解题过程是对语篇中的缺失信息进行猜测、推断、验证的过程，需要我们立足语篇环境，树立全局观念，瞻前顾后，连贯思维，从语境角度来选择答案。‎ 高考完形填空考什么？‎ 1. 词汇题 ‎2. 语法结构 ‎3. 篇章结构(语境) ‎ 为什么我们在这一题型上总是失分较多?‎ 1. 没有严格遵循答题步骤:很多考生一拿到完形填空题就急于选择答案，不认真分析通篇文章，单纯求快，忽略语篇理解，只看局部的词义辨析、搭配和语法结构。表面上解题速度挺快，但是这种见树不见林的做法只会影响解题的质量和效率。‎ 切记:一定要用2-3分钟时间先进行缺词阅读,弄清文章大意和基本脉络后再着手逐个填空. ‎ 2. 不注意积累答题技巧: ‎ a.忽略文章首句的提示作用； ‎ b.忽略文章中上下文之间的照应关系; ‎ c.遇到长句不注意分析句子结构,在语义模糊时抱碰运气的心理随意作出选择. ‎ ‎3.时间安排不当:在几个选项上过分纠缠，追求完美，导致许多本可以做出的题来不及做。 ‎ 切记:正确的做法是由易到难，先做会做的，再考虑较难的。‎ 强烈推荐：如尚有几题题目不确定可将某题的可能的两项填入空格, 然后快速地整句整段地默读, 选择某一项习惯或短语或动宾搭配读起来较流畅的.‎ 四. 解题方法：‎ 总的原则: 先完意，后完形。‎ 十六字方针：上下通气 ，瞻前顾后，左顾右盼，前后照应 。 ‎ 三步曲： 读——填——读 五. 完形填空具体解题步骤 通览------选填-----复核 ‎ ‎1 通览----速读全文，把握大意 ‎ 跳格快速阅读一下全文，通过通览全文、领会大意，概略地了解文章的体裁、背景、内容等等。 ‎ ‎2 选填----紧扣文意，瞻前顾后 ‎ 先易后难，逐层深入。紧扣全文内容，联系上下文和语境，展开逻辑推理，注意从上下文中寻找线索，注意词汇的意义、搭配，惯用法，语法，常识等多个角度进行综合考，选项入格。‎ ‎3 复核----全面检查，确保语意连贯，用词准确 复读全文验证答案。带着答案把全文再通读一遍 ，注意看所选答案填入空白处后能否做到文章意思通顺、前后连贯、逻辑严谨、结构完整、首尾呼应。‎ 完形填空之解题技巧-----Basic skills of cloze ‎ 细读文章的第一句话 高考完形填空选文的第一句话通常是完整的。该句往往就是主题句（Topic Sentence），这就为我们理解文章的内在联系提供了一个“窗口”，它的句意往往为全文提供中心信息，能直接概括全文大意、揭示主题。‎ ‎ 充分重视首句的标示作用，利用它为解题找到一个突破口，据此展开思维，争取开局胜利。‎ 一：词汇题 1. 上下文和前后句的提示（复现、同/近义词、反义词）‎ ‎1.( 2010北京卷)Mrs. Neidl would ask me for my 37 . She wanted to know how I thought …… She believed I had opinions, so I began to …….‎ ‎37. A.opinion B.impression ‎ ‎ C.information D.intention ‎ 语境-原词重现 ‎2. (2010陕西卷） I had some 28 in my pocker, but I would not give them to him, thinking to myself he would 29（ only） use the money to feed his addiction to drugs or alcohol. ‎ ‎28. A. chocolates B. coins ‎ ‎ C. tins D. drugs 语境-同义词、近义词复现 ‎3. Many old people don’t have good ____. They can’t watch TV, but they can listen to music or news over the radio .‎ A hearing B health C eyesight D time ‎4. Some parts of the water are very shallow. But in some places it is very, very______.‎ ‎ A. deep B.high ‎ ‎ C. cold D. dangerous ‎5. Chinese government challenged local shools to conduct experiments in-educationreform. And then Renda Fuzhong Xisan School in Beijing stepped up to the_______. ‎ A. charges B. exchange ‎ C. challenge D. experience 语境-原词重现(词性变化)‎ ‎6. … and then both ended up from the same high school. Just three weeks before_____, Bill asked Mark if they could talk.(2003北京）‎ A graduation B movement C separation D vacation ‎7．The amount of usable water has always been of great interest in the world. Holding springs and streams sometimes means control, particularly in the 22 ‎ areas like the desert. ‎ ‎22．A．dry B．distant C．deserted D．wild ‎ ‎8．The correct water supply forecast is based more on the water from the 34 than from the below. ‎ ‎34．A．clouds B．sky C．air D．above ‎ ‎9．In 1964 Shirley graduated from Gallaudet and looked for _44_.She wanted to be independent and work full time.‎ ‎　 44.A.information　B.help　C.a job　 D.an assistant ‎10. The stone men face 41,rather than out to sea, and their ‎ eyes are focused upon the sky. ‎ ‎41. A. forward B. outward C. onward D. inward ‎11.The art experts who work at the gallery say they ‎ used modern chemistry technology to 45 the paint on the picture. These checks found traces(痕迹) of paint deep in the picture dating from about 1814.‎ ‎45. A. try B. remove C. wash D. check 词汇题 ‎2.词语的习惯用法和固定搭配 ‎ ‎1. （2010全国I) …The nurse had him take a 36 in the waiting area, 37(telling) him it would be at least 40 minutes 38(before) someone would be able to see him .‎ ‎ 36 A. breath B. test ‎ ‎ C. seat D. break ‎ 语境-固定搭配 ‎2.The city(Washington) was named___George Washington, the first president of the United States.‎ ‎ A. by B. for C. as D. after ‎3. It was 4 o’clock when the front doorbell rang. Mrs Clarke was ____tea at the time.‎ A. ‎ cooking B. making C. burning D. serving ‎4. Mark____ down and helped the boy pick up these articles.(2003 北京 春 50小题）‎ ‎ A.fell B. sat C.lay D. knelt ‎5. … , but they are _____ damage to our houses and shops of historical interest,’’ Said John Norris,one of the protesters.（NMET1999第30题)‎ A .doing B. raising ‎ C. putting D. producing ‎ ‎6.He’d　 36　 his life brewing beer for local breweries only to make a living,　 37　 had his father and grand－father before him. ‎ ‎36．A. cost 　B. spent 　C. take 　D. paid　‎ ‎37．A. like 　B. as if　　 C. so　　 D. nor ‎7. On April 12, 1888, Alfred’s brother Ludwig died of heart attack. A major French newspaper ___ his brother for him and… ‎ A. found B. misunderstood C. mistook D. judged 能与“A for B”搭配的在四个选项中只有选项C, mistake A for B意为“误以为A是B，把A错当成B”。注意：mistake-mistook-mistaken 词汇题 ‎3.根据词汇的意义及用法辨析词义 ‎1.(2010江苏卷) My father 36 me to her with these words:“I would like you to meet the fellow who is …… ‎ ‎36.A.rushed B.sent C.carried D.introduced 　‎ 语境-词义辨析 ‎2.(2010全国I）The happiest people don’t 53(necessarily ) have the best of everything；they just 54 the best of everything they have . ‎ ‎ 54 A. learn B make C.favor D.try 语境-词义辨析 ‎3. The boy was ___ ① ____ the water and his canoe was _②___ away.‎ ‎ ① A. on B. within ‎ ‎ C. in D. under ② A. running B. floating ‎ C. flowing D. pulling ‎ ‎4. With her slow and clumsy reactions, she would surely ____ her team.‎ A. hold on B. hold out ‎ C. hold over D. hold up 语境+词语辨析 ‎5.The trainer decided it was useless trying to finish. He called to Trudy to　 45　 .‎ ‎45．A. keep up B. slow down C. give up D. take up ‎6.The forest began to disappear, which 53 all the animals dying out. ‎ ‎53. A. resulted in B. resulted from C. created D. lay in ‎7. Nobel arranged in his will to give the largest part of his money to establish the Nobel Prizes, which would be awarded to people who made great _______ to the causes of peace, literature, and the sciences. ‎ ‎ A. additions B. sacrifices ‎ ‎ C. changes D. contributions ‎ make additions to 给……增加 ‎ make sacrifices for 为……做出牺牲 ‎ make changes to对……作修改 ‎ make contributions to 对……作贡献 ‎8. So I tried hard with my writing and went to college . My first novel 45 while I was at college.‎ ‎ 45. A. came on B. came in ‎ ‎ C. came out D. came back come on 加油，得了吧；开始 come out 出来; 盛开; 出版; 显出 come in 进来 come back 回来 词汇题 ‎4.根据生活常识及文化背景知识进行选择 ‎1. I made my sandwich that afternoon while waiting for Cassie. 39 the butter-cream gave me an idea. ‎ ‎ A. Spreading B. Boiling C. Baking D. Holding 生活常识 ‎2. (2010福建)Born in America , I spoke English not Chinese， the language of my ancestors . When I was three . my parents flashed cards with Chinese 36 at my face , but I pused them ‎ ‎37 (aside ) , …… ‎ ‎36. A. custorn B. games C .characters D. language 常识、背景知识 ‎3. I turned the key in the lock and _____the door open.‎ A. knocked B. forced C. pushed D. tried 语境-常识 ‎4.(2008浙江)I don’t remember my father ever getting into a swimming pool. But he did love the water. Any kind of ride seemed to give him pleasure. And he loved to fish……‎ A. boat B. bus C. train D. bike ‎5. …,you __①__the international dateline.By agreement, this is the point where a new day__②__.‎ ‎ ① A. see B. cross C. are D. are stopped by ‎②A.is coming B. is discovered C.is invented D. begins the international dateline是‘‘国际日期变更线’’，是人们所规定的，看不见，摸不着，但是可以越过。它是新的一天开始的地方。答案分别为B 和D 其实，以上方法并非独立使用，交互使用的情况较多。根据文章运用多方法，对选项逐项分析，排除干扰项，从而确定最佳答案。对稍难的或拿不准的个别题，我们可采用排除法。 ‎ 二：逻辑手段 ‎ ‎1.逻辑手段 顺序关系 并列关系 因果关系 让步关系 转折关系 解释关系 ‎1.（2010江苏卷) Then she looked at my father and replied,“You are 40(wrong). ‎ ‎ This is not the worst boy at all, 41 the smartest one who hasn’t yet found an outlet（释放的途径）for his enthusiasm.” ‎ ‎ 41. A.but B.so C.and D.or ‎ 语境-转折关系、搭配 ‎2.（2010湖南卷) Bean is a white dog, quite handsome and very 38 . ‎ ‎ 38. A. smart B.sweet C.slow D.shy ‎ 语境-同类并列关系 ‎3.（2010安徽卷) First of all, a pen should fit comfortably in your hand, ...‎ ‎ Then the writing point of the pen…… 52 ,the pen should make a thick, dark line.‎ ‎ 52. A. Meanwhile B. Generally ‎ C. Afterwards D. Finally 语境-顺序关系 ‎4. A transistor radio is sometimes very small.It is very easy to carry…___,radio broadcasts are better for blind people.‎ ‎ A. Besides B. However ‎ C. Yet D. Sometimes ‎5. At first nothing happened,____suddenly a large rat rushed out of the…‎ ‎ A.and B. or C. so D.then ‎ ‎6. My main responsibility(职责） were clearing tables and washing dishes,____sometimes I helped cook.（2003 北京 第40题）‎ ‎ A. or B. so ‎ C. but D. even ‎7. ____ father and I often argue with each other, we are good friends.‎ ‎ A. If B. Although ‎ ‎ C. When D. As if 语境-让步关系 ‎8. If we make a noise on the bus they look _____ and uncomfortable .‎ ‎ A. untouched B. worried ‎ ‎ C, moved D. excited Hellen was an old teacher with a warm smile and _____eyes.‎ ‎ A. bursting B. freezing ‎ ‎ C. friendly D. lively 语境-并列关系 二：逻辑手段 ‎ ‎2：语法结构分析 ‎ ‎①When we talked, I discovered（发现） some differences in school life between the US and China. For example, each class lasts fifty minutes in the US. It is a little ____ than that in China. We usually have forty minutes in each class. ‎ A. shorter B. longer C. earlier D. later ‎②（辽宁） 42 is known to us all, there is not 43 (enough) water in all places for every-one to use as much as he likes. ‎ ‎42. A. That B. It ‎ ‎ C. What D. As ‎③ When Ed first phoned and ___we play, I laughed quietly, figuring on an easy victory.(NMET2003 , 37题）‎ ‎ A.declared B. mentioned ‎ C.persuaded D. suggested ‎④（2010天津卷） “ As a policeman, I saw 27 there was violence, drugs were always behind it. They have a damaging 28(impact) on the kids. ”‎ ‎ 27. A. where B. unless ‎ ‎ C. as D. whether ‎ ‎⑤The instructor then ___ that we find ways to make apologize to people.‎ A. expected B. suggested ‎ C. told D. said we find = we should find ‎ ‎⑥Of course, he did not understand a thing, but he nodded his head as he_____‎ A. did B. had C. understood D. could 这儿did 代替understood,不选understood避免重复。属语法考点.‎ ‎⑦(2007辽宁)What made him sad was ___his piano teacher in Beijing didn’t like him.‎ A. whether B. why ‎ C. when D. that ‎ 完型填空中语法结构方面测试较少 1）虚拟语气； 2）定语从句（连接词，限定与非限定定语从句的区别，定语从句与其它主从复合句的区别）； 3）状语从句； 4）非谓语动词；5）主谓搭配一致 ； 6）并列句；7）省略句；8）倒装句及复杂句子 …注意上下文的逻辑关系和语篇内容，这样才能确保答案的正确。‎ 三：语篇理解 作者观点、态度 ‎１．Life is very　 55　 , so don’t rush to make decisions. Life doesn’t let you plan.‎ ‎55．A. hard 　　B. busy 　　　C. short　　　 D. long ‎２．Dr. Shirley Jeanne Allen has traveled many roads and ‎ followed many rainbows searching for her dream. With courage and _55_, she never gave up. ‎ ‎55.A.determination　B. intelligence C. strength D. pride ‎３．This is because the most important character of creative people is a very strong 40 to ‎ find a way out of trouble.‎ ‎40．A．desire B．inspire C．influence D．attitude 小结：完型填空考查内容 语篇信息（语境理解）‎ 词汇手段：原词复现，同义.近义复现，反义词，习惯用法 ‎ 语法手段：指代，句型，语法项目 逻辑手段：顺序关系，并列关系，因果关系，让步关系，转折关系，解释关系 作者观点、态度 解题过程中应做到 注意上下文语境 ‎ 了解常识背景 ‎ 掌握习惯搭配 ‎ 运用词义辨析 ‎ 运用语法分析 ‎ 运用逻辑分析 ‎ 运用排除法 ‎ 英语完形填空解题步骤 1. 通读全文，统揽全局。首句主题 2. 逐句分析，确定选项。比较选项 3. 通盘理解，上下一致。作者思想 4. 复读全文，核对答案。第一感觉 做题三忌：‎ v 急于求成，未通读全文便忙于答题， 不了解文意。 ‎ v 只抠字眼，语法，不顾文意，抓不住关键。‎ v 断章取义，不管前后照应，前后矛盾。‎ v 不善于逻辑推理，容易受思维定势的干扰,忽视特定语境中知识的应用。‎ 如何提高能力技巧 一、提高阅读能力（速度、理解）‎ 二、打好语法基础 ‎ 三、扩充词汇量（词汇是完型之根，动 ‎ 词、名词为主）‎ 四、增长生活常识，培养广泛的兴趣爱好 五、坚持每天做两篇，以提高实战能力 总结--解题方法： ‎ 总的原则： ‎ ‎ “先完意，后完形”。 ‎ 八字方针： ‎ ‎ 上下求索，瞻前顾后。‎ 三步曲： ‎ ‎ 读——填——读