高考英语语法要点专题复习3

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高考英语语法要点专题复习3

‎2013届高三英语语法要点精讲(配最新高考+模拟)‎ 专题03 介词及介词短语 ‎【考纲解读】‎ 介词主要考查近义词的用法区别、介词的特定含义、介词和连词易混淆的项目、介词的固定用法等,在2011年和2012年全国各地高考试题中,都涉及到介词的考查,不仅在单项填空中进行考查,在短文改错题中,对于介词的有无、介词与其他词的固定搭配的考查尤为频繁。笔者认为因为介词的用法非常普遍,它关系到句子的上下衔接,所以以后的高考题介词仍然是一个考查热点。‎ 高考研究介词是英语中比较活跃的词,中学阶段所学的介词有40多个。它与名词、形容词、副词和动词等构成搭配时用法灵活,意义丰富。搭配比较活跃的介词主要有in,out,up,down,on,off,to,from,for,over,with等。预测今后高考介词的考查将以介词的固定短语和介词辨析为主。在学习介词时,应重点掌握介词的基本用法,同时注意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法。‎ ‎【知识要点】‎ ‎ 介词又叫前置词,是一种虚词。‎ ‎ 1.介词可按其构成分为:‎ ‎(1)简单介词,即一个介词,如about,at,in,of,since等。‎ ‎(2)复合介词,由两个介词组成,如as for,as to,out of等。 ‎(3)二重介词,由两个介词搭配而成,但没有复合介词那样固定,如from under,from behind,until after,except in等。 ‎(4)短语介词,由短语构成,如according to,because of,in spite of,on behalf of,with reference to等。 ‎(5)分词介词,由现在分词构成,如regarding,concerning,including等。‎ ‎2.介词还可按其词义分为下列常见的几种:‎ ‎(1)表地点(包括动向),如about,‎ above,across,after,along,among,around,at,before,behind,below,beneath,beside,between,beyond,by,down,from,in,into,near,off,on,over,through,throughout,to,towards,under,up,upon,with,within,without等。 ‎[注]有不少表地点的介词可表动向,除很明显的across,around,over,towards,near外,还有among,behind,beneath,between,on,to,under等。‎ ‎(2)表时间,如about,after,around,as,at,before,behind,between,by,during,for,from,in,into,of,on,over,past,since,through,throughout,till(until),to,towards,within等。 ‎(3)表除去,如besides,but,except等。 ‎(4)表比较,如as,like,above,over等。 ‎(5)表反对,如against,with等。 ‎(6)表原因、目的,如for,with,from等。 ‎(7)表结果,如to,with,without等。 ‎(8)表手段、方式,如by,in,with等。 ‎(9)表所属,如of,with等。 ‎(10)表条件,如on,without,considering等。 ‎(11)表让步,如despite,in spite of等。 ‎(12)表关于,如about,concerning,regarding,with regard to,as for,as to等。 ‎(13)表对于,如to,for,over,at,with等。 ‎(14)表根据,如on,according to等。 ‎(15)表其他,如for(赞成),without(没有)等。 ‎(一)介词的句法功能 介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份,表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。‎ ‎1、作定语:The book on the table is mine.‎ ‎2、作状语:We have breakfast at seven.(表时间);They were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.(表原因);They started the machine by pressing the button.(表方法)‎ ‎3、作表语:My dictionary 中学is in the bag.‎ ‎4、作宾语补足语:I found him in the office.‎ ‎(二)主要介词区别 ‎1、表示时间的at, in, on:at表示片刻的时间,如:at 8 o’clock ,常用词组有:at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year等。in表示一段的时间,如:in the morning, in the afternoon, in ‎ the evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future等。on总是跟日子有关,on Monday, on Christmas morning, on the following, on May Day, on a warm morning等。‎ ‎2、表示时间的since和from:since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程,常与现在完成时连用。from表示从时间的某一点开始,不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。如:I hope to do morning exercises from today./ We have not seen each other since 1995.‎ ‎3、表示时间的in和after:两者都表示“在(某个时间)之后,区别在于in表示“在(一段时间)之后”,而after则表示“在(某一具体时间点之后)”,in短语和将来时态连用,after短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。如:We’ll be back in three days./ After seven the rain began to fall./ What shall we do after graduation? ‎ 注意:after有时也可以表示在一段时间之后(常用在过去时里)。如:After two months he returned.‎ ‎4、表示地理位置的in, on, to:in表示在某范围内,on指与什么毗邻,to指在某环境范围之外。如:Changchun is in the northeast of China./ Mongolia is on the north of China./ Japan is to the east of China.‎ ‎5、表示“在……上”的on和in:on只表示在某物的表面上,而用in表示占去某物一部分。 如:There is a book on the piece of paper./ There is an interesting article in the newspaper./ He dug a hole in the ‎ wall.‎ ‎6、表示“穿过……”的through和across:through表示从内部通过,与in 有关;across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过,与on有关。如: Water flows through the pipe./ The old man walked across the street. ‎ ‎7、in the corner, on the corner, at the corner:in the corner 表示在角落里,in指角的内面;on the corner表示“在角上”,on指的不是内面,也不是外面,而含内外兼有之意;at the corner指“在拐角处”,at指的是拐角外附近的外面。如:The lamp stands in the corner of the room./ I met with him at the street corner./ He sat on the corner of the table.‎ ‎8、in the end, at the end of, by the end of:in the end作“最后”、“终于”解,可单独使用,后不接介词of;at the end of 表示“在……末梢”,“到……尽头”,既可指时间,也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用;by the end of 作“在……结束时”,“到……末为止”解,只能指时间。不可单独使用。如:In the end they reached a place of safety./ At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden./ They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week./ by the end of last month he had finished the novel.‎ ‎9、表示“关于”的about 和on:‎ 两者都有“关于”的意思,不过前者为一般用词,而后者为较正式的“论述”。如:He came to tell me about something important./ He wrote a book on science.‎ ‎10、between, among:一般说来,between表示两者之间,among用于三者或三者以上的中间。如:You are to sit between your father and me./ He is always happy among his classmates.‎ 注意:但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,如果强调的是两两相互间接关系,适用于between。如:Agreements were made between the different countries. 在谈到一些事物或一组事物,而把它们视为分居两边时用between。如:The little valley lies between high mountains.。在谈事物间的差别时,总是用between。如:They don’t know the difference between wheat, oats and barley.‎ ‎11、besides, except, but, except for:besides指“除了……还有,再加上”。如:All went out besides me.;except指“除了,减去什么”,不能放在句首。如:All went out except me.;but 与except意思近似,表示“除了……外”经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。如:I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.;except for表示“如无……就,只是”表明理由细节。如:His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.。‎ ‎12、表示“用”的in和with:‎ 表示工具的“用”,用with,而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等的“用”,用in。如:He is writing a letter with a pen./ He wrote the letter in pencil./ We measured it in pounds./ Read the text in a loud voice./ Tell me the story in English.‎ ‎13、in charge of和in the charge of:两者都表示“由谁负责、照顾、管理”。区别在于:in charge of后接被照管的人或物,而in the charge of后面则跟照管的人。如:Who is in charge of the project?/ The project is in the charge of an engineer.。‎ ‎14、as, like:as作“作为”、“以……地位或身份”解。如:Let me speak to you as a father.(事实是父亲);like作“象……一样”解。如:Let me speak to you like a father.(事实上不是父亲)。‎ ‎15、in front of 和in the front of:in front of = before,是“在……前面”的意思(不在某物内); in the front of则是“在……前部”的意思(在某物内)。如:There is a desk in front of the blackboard./ The boy sat in the front of the car.。‎ ‎16、in, into:into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置。如:We walked into the park.;in通常表示位置。如:We walked in the park;in和drop, fall, put, throw, break等终止性动词连用时,也可以表示动向。如:I have put the coin in (into) my pocket.我把硬币放进衣袋。‎ 复习时需注意的要点 ‎1、介词一般放在名词之前,但它后面的介词宾语是疑问代词、疑问副词或者关系代词时,这些词提到了前面而只剩下介词在后了。‎ ‎2、 介词和动词、形容词、名词等常常构成固定搭配,也就是说,在这些词的后面常常要求用一定的介词。这一点在学习时要特别注意。如:‎ a.动词+介词:laugh at, wait for b.形容词、过去分词+介词:be good at, be proud of c名词+介词:pay a visit to , the key to ‎3、 表示选择关系的连词,连接的双方只取其一。常用连词有or, either...or, otherwise 例如:‎ a) You can go to Beijing either today or tomorrow.‎ b) You must get up early or you won’t catch the early bus.‎ ‎4、 表示转折关系,连接的双方构成对比,意义上有转折。常用连词有but, however, while, only 例如:‎ a) His brother is fond of football while he likes basketball.‎ b) You can watch TV, but you must finish your homework first.‎ ‎5、 表示联合关系,联合的双方是对等的,意义上趋向一致。常用连词有:and, both...and, neither...nor, not only...but also, as well as To study English well, we need both diligence and careful.‎ That horse is not only the youngest among the five, but also runs the fastest.‎ ‎6、 表示因果关系,连接的双方,互为因果,或者前因后果,或者前果后因。常用的连词有:for, so 例如:‎ It must have rained, for the ground is wet.‎ ‎【考点诠释】‎ 考点1 常见介词的活用 by,with,against,over,on,in,at,besides,for等是常考的介词。掌握这些介词的用法和意义、准确把握句子语境是解题的关键。下面是近年高考考查最多的几个介词,应重点掌握:‎ ‎1.over可表位置,意为“在……上方,越过;遮住,盖住”,也可表时间,意为“在……期间,(多年)以来”等,它还有“在……(问题)上,对(某事)”等引申意义。如:‎ ‎①Y0u can’t wear a blue jacket over that shirt—it’II look ‎ terrible.你不能在那件衬衣外面再穿上蓝色的夹克——太难看了。‎ ‎②We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea.我们一边喝茶一边愉快地交谈。‎ ‎③We heard it over the radio.我们从广播中听到了它。‎ ‎2.by的主要意思有“在……旁,靠近;乘(车、船等);不迟于;到……为止;被,由;根据,按照(关系);通过……方式”等,还可以用来表示增加或减少的程度。by构成的常见短语有:‎ by and by不久,迟早 by and large大体上 by oneself单独 by the way顺便说说 by far……得多,最…… by chance碰巧 by accident偶然地 by means of借助 by no means绝不,一点也不 by mistake错误地 ‎①The water in the river rose by two meters.河水上涨了两米。‎ ‎②He is an Englishman by birth.他在血统上是英国人。‎ ‎3.with可以用来表示“带有,拥有;随着;就……来说;用,以;和,与;对于,关于”等意思。with还可用来表示原因。如:‎ ‎①He turned red with anger.他气得脸变红了。‎ ‎②The problem with looking into space from the earth is that there is a lot of dust in the earth’s air.从地球上观察太空存在一个问题,就是地球的大气中有大量的尘埃。‎ ‎4.beyond这个词同学们平时接触的机会不是太多,但它却是一个考查热点。beyond表示“(时间)过了,比……晚,迟于;(位置)在……那边,超出……之外;(范围)超过,为……所 不及,超出……的范围”等意思。如:‎ ‎①They arrived beyond nine o’clock.他们过了9:00才到。‎ ‎②The book is beyond me.这本书我看不懂。‎ ‎③Tom is far beyond his elder brother in maths.汤姆的数学比他哥哥的好多了。‎ 考点2 介词的固定搭配-‎ 高考主要考查学生对固定短语的掌握程度、对短语意义的了解以及介词在这些固定搭配中的应用。‎ ‎1.名词词组:on the contrary相反;in turn依次;in one’s opinion根据某人的看法;off time准时;out of reach够不着 ‎2.动词词组:remind sb of sth提醒某人某事;rob sb of sth抢劫某人的……;restdt from由……引起;call at访问(某地)‎ ‎3.形容词词组:be curious about对……好奇;be proud of因……而自豪;be popular with受到……的欢迎 ‎4.介词短语:apart from除……Pb;in addition to除……之外(还);because of因为;instead of代替;in fear of为……提心吊胆;for fear of以免;in case of防备;thanks to由于;in the middle of在……中间;according to根据;in front of在……前面;in return for作为对……的回报;in charge of负责;as a result of作为……的结果;in exchange for与……交换等 典例: Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients ______ name, not case number.‎ A of B as C by D with ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查介词辨析。句意:如今有些医院是以姓名来查阅患者的,而不是凭病例编号(去查询的)。by name按姓名.‎ 考点3核心介词用法归纳与辨析 ‎1.表示时间的介词in的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内,如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in,如:in the 1990s,in January,in(the)winter in和during表一段时间内两词可互用。如:in the night,during the night,in the war,during the war。但略有区别:当接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用during,接“活动”的动名词及短语时用in。如:during the discussion/in discussing the problem during her stay in Hubei/in playing basketball/during the course of/in digging the tunnel ‎ ‎2.在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕,常用on。‎ ‎3.表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。‎ 有些时间名词前有one,each,any,every,some,all,next,last,that修饰时,不接介词。如:‎ that day,next Sunday some day,one day ‎4.till、until、to的用法。‎ ‎(1)till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中,与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。如:‎ He waited for me till twelve o’clock.‎ He didn’t get up till (until) ‎10 a.m.(不可用to)‎ 但注意:在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。如:‎ Not until ‎9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back to school.‎ ‎(2)to表“终结”时常和from连用,但要注意不与from连用时的意义。如:‎ from July to September,from six to (till) eight(从……到……为止),但from morning till night(从早到晚),不能用to。‎ ‎5.表示方式、手段、工具的介词 ‎(1)by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天,但to the pound按磅算,to the ton按吨计。‎ ‎(2)表泛指的方式、手段:by post,by telephone(radio),但on the phone/on the radio/on TV(电讯器材),by electricity,by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescope ‎(3)交通工具类。另外:by means of 用……方法,by way of 经由,取道于,用……方法;with the help(permission)of sb./with sb.’s help(permission)“在……帮助下”。‎ ‎(4)表方式、手段的其他用法。‎ He beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具、机器)‎ One smells with his nose.(with+人体器官,但by hand“手工,用手”)‎ He stood up with pride.(with+情绪、情感、态度的名词)‎ 注意:使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如in English(ink,pencil)。另外如:‎ in high(good,low)spirits,in anger,in joy,in comfort,in sorrow,in safety,in danger,in need,in debt,in love,in fun,in pain,in tears,in surprise, in good(poor)health,in good order,in flower,in a way,in a low voice,in silence,in(with)satisfaction,in a hurry,in(with)words,live/feed on food,kneel on one’s knee,take(catch)sb.by surprise(出其不意)‎ ‎6.表示“除……之外”的几组常用介词比较。‎ ‎(1)besides “除……以外,(还有)”。作副词时意思是“而且,更何况”。如:‎ It was too late to see a film,and besides,I was tired.‎ ‎(2)except“除去,除……之外(不再有)”。如:‎ We all went except John.‎ 在否定句中,两词可以换用,如:‎ He has no other hats except/besides this one.‎ ‎(3)except ‎ for“除了……(对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明)”后接名词、代词或what从句,此时与except that+句子意思相同。如:‎ He was very clever except for carelessness.‎ ‎(4)except that...“除了……一点以外”。如:‎ He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.‎ ‎(5)but和except在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用,但应注意以下三点:前面有不定人词、疑问代词在意义上对称时,多用but。All but one are here.Nobody but I likes making model ships.后接不定式短语为排除对象时,多用but。He has nothing to do but wait.(前有do,后省to);but与一些固定结构连用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事,can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不……,but for...如不是……‎ ‎7.介词的省略:‎ 介词for表示时间的省略要求。‎ ‎(1)以all开头的名词短语,for要省略。如:‎ I stayed with her all the morning.‎ ‎(2)否定句中,表示时间的短语前的for不能省略。如:‎ I haven’t seen you for thirty years.‎ ‎(3)时间状语在主句之前,for不能省略。如:‎ For the whole morning,the old man kept reading.‎ ‎8.某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。‎ ‎(1)要求接to的名词有:key,answer,visit,entrance,apology,introduction,road等。‎ ‎(2)要求接in 的名词有:interest,satisfaction,expert等。‎ He is expert in teaching small children.‎ 介词的用法很繁杂,要在平时注意积累。‎ ‎【试题放送】‎ ‎【2012湖北卷】25. The furniture, with its modern style and bright colors, suits modern houses and their gardens, but looks _______ in the garden of a traditional home ‎ A. out of question B. out of order C. out of sight D. out of place ‎【答案】D ‎【考点】考查介词短语辨析。难度中等。‎ ‎【解析】句意为:这套家具款式新潮,色泽明丽,与新式房屋和花园配套,但看起来与传统的房子和花园不相称。D项意为“与……不相称”,符合句意。A项意为“毫无疑问”,B项意为“次序颠倒”,C项意为“看不见”,都与句意不符。‎ ‎【2012江苏卷】29. — Thank God you're safe!‎ ‎—I stepped back, just to avoid the racing car.‎ A. in time B. in case C. in need D. in vain ‎【考点】介词短语 ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】in time意为“及时”,in case意为“万一,假使”;in need意为“需要”;in vain意为“徒劳,无济于事”‎ ‎。句意为:——谢天谢地,你是安全的!——我走回去,正好避免赛车。符合题意。‎ ‎【2012安徽卷】25. You can chang your job, you can move house,but friendship is meant to be life. ‎ ‎ A. of B. on C. to D. For ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】选择D是正确的,mean在此表示“预定,指定”。The gift is meant for you. 这份礼物是给你的。 He was meant for [to be ]an electrician. 本来是准备把他培养成电工的。‎ ‎【2012辽宁卷】27. The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place the main road at the far end of the lake. ‎ ‎ A. to B. for C. off D. out ‎【考点】介词辨析 ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】off 意思是“离开...,隔着...”,表示与……隔着一定的距离。‎ ‎【2012四川卷】14. This training program can give you a lift at work, ____ increase your income by 40%.‎ A. as well as B. so long as C. so much as D. as soon as ‎14.【答案与解析】 A 本题考查介词as构成的短语用法区别。A意为“除…之外(还有);和”;B意为“只要”;C意为“与…一样多”(不用于肯定句);D意为“一…就”。此题句意为:这个培训计划除了可以提高你的收入40%之外,还能够让你在工作方面得到提升。根据句意选A。‎ ‎【2012陕西卷】11.An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are ______________ it.‎ ‎ A . against B. for C .to D. with ‎【答案】A ‎ ‎【考点】考查介词。‎ ‎【解析】所填介词与系动词be构成固定句型,意思是:反对,选A。be for支持,赞成;be to到达;be with和……在一起,都与句意不符。‎ ‎【2012届江苏省苏、锡、常、镇四市高三调研测试(一)】25. _____________ our foreign policy, we now have multiple threats, very few of which involve the traditional battles of the past.‎ A. In honour of B. In terms of C. In the form of D. In defence of ‎【答案】B ‎ ‎【解析】考查介词短语的用法。此处In honour of用来纪念。。。; In terms of就。。。而言;谈到。。。;In the form of以。。。的形式;In defence of以保护。。。;此处为“就我们的外交政策而言。”‎ ‎【2012届吉林省吉林市高三第二次模拟】28. We must read not only between the lines, but sometimes ________ the lines so that we can fully understand the writer. ‎ A. within B. among C. besides D. beyond ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】查介词。此处beyond the lines意为“言外之意”。‎ ‎【2012届山东省菏泽重点高中高三下学期4月模拟】27. Some students often listen to music ___ ___ classes to refresh themselves.‎ A. between B. among C. over D. during ‎ ‎【答案】A ‎ ‎【解析】考查介词的用法。此处between意为“位于/处在/介于……之间”,表示两者或每两者之间的关系。between classes表示“课间”。among意为“在(多数)之中,在……中间”,表示三者或三者以上的人或物之间的关系,指“混合或掺杂在多数可分离的人或物之间”。over 意为“越过……”。during 意为“在……的期间,在……的时候”。‎ ‎【2012届广西桂林市、崇左市、百色市、防城港市高考联合调研】33.—You are so excellent.‎ ‎—I don’t understand what you mean saying that.‎ ‎ A.by B.for C.of D.in ‎【答案】A ‎ ‎【解析】考查介词的用法。解题关键:句型what do you mean by 。。。句意:我不明白你那么说的意思。‎ ‎【2012届浙江杭州重点高中原创模拟】13. ___________ the consequences of the chemical leaks, the specialists haven’t given final conclusion before they obtain accurate statistics.‎ A. With regard to B. As a result of C. In spite of D. In addition to ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查介词短语辨析。with regard to 意为“关于”;as a result of 意为“由于…的结果”;in spite of 意为“尽管”; in addition to 意为“除…之外”。 句意为:关于化学泄露所产生的后果,专家在拿到准确的数据之前,还没有给出最后结论。故选A。‎ ‎【2012届北京海淀区高三一模】29. --- I’m going to have lunch. Do you mind talking about your plan ____ lunch?‎ ‎---All right. I’ll wait here in the office.‎ A. after B. before C. over D. until ‎【答案】A ‎ ‎【解析】考查介词题。在看到第一句话的时候本以为考查的是over在……同时的知识点,难度较高。例如:Could you please have a talk with me over a cup of coffee?你能和我喝杯咖啡说说话吗?表示在喝咖啡的同时说话。但是看到第二句话立刻晕倒,另一个人说在这里等,那明显是午饭后再谈,所以答案为A选项after。只要不胡乱添加中文意思,就不会误选B选项和D选项。‎ ‎【2012届江西省上饶市第一次高考模拟】26.The director will by no means turn the actress away all she is considered the most qualified for the role.‎ ‎ A.because of B.regardless of C.in spite of D.despite of ‎ ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查介词短语的含义。句意:导演绝不会拒绝那个演员,因为她被认为是这个角色最合格的演员。‎
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