高考语法虚拟语气

高考语法虚拟语气

第三章 虚拟语气 ‎ 虚拟语气（the subjunctive mood），又称假设语气，是谓语动词的一种形式，表示说话人叙述的内容与事实相反，在现实中并不存在，或实现的可能性很小。‎ ‎ 一、动词的语气 ‎ 语气用来区别讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中的语气(mood)有三种，分别是陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。‎ ‎ 1.陈述语气 ‎ 陈述语气一般用来叙述事实或就事实提出询问，主要用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。‎ ‎ Where there is a will, there's a way. 有志者事竟成。‎ ‎ Can you help me carry the box upstairs 你能帮我把箱子搬到楼上吗？‎ ‎ How I missed the life in the countryside! 我多么想念乡村的生活啊！‎ ‎ 2.祈使语气 ‎ 祈使语气表示说话人向对方提出请求或下达命令。‎ ‎ Come this way, please! 请这边走。‎ ‎ Don't make any noise, will you 别吵，行吗？‎ ‎ Do be careful when crossing the street. 过马路时一定要小心。‎ ‎ 3.虚拟语气 ‎ 虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。‎ ‎ If I were a bird, I could fly in the air. 如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。‎ ‎ I wish it were spring all the year round. 但愿四季如春。‎ ‎ May good luck be yours! 祝你好运！‎ ‎ 二、条件句中的虚拟语气 ‎ 英语中条件从句有两类，一类是真实条件句，另一类是非真实条件句。如果假设的情况可能发生，是真实条件句；如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。‎ ‎ A．真实条件句 ‎ 真实条件句表示的假设是可能发生或实现的，主句和从句的谓语动词都要用陈述语气。‎ ‎ If he doesn't come at 8, we won't wait for him. 如果他八点不来，我们就不等他了。‎ ‎ If a flood happened in the past, there was usually a great loss of life and property. 过去发生洪水的话，常有很大的生命和财产损失。‎ ‎ We shall go there unless it rains tomorrow. 如果明天不下雨，我们将去那里。‎ ‎ I'll let you use my bike on condition that you keep it clean. 如果你能保持车子干净，我就让你用我的自行车。 ‎ ‎ B．非真实条件句 ‎ 在含有非真实条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语动词都要用虚拟语气，其构成有三种形式：‎ ‎ 与现在事实相反 if条件句的谓语：were did ‎ 主句的谓：would (couldshouldmight) + do ‎ 与过去事实相反 if条件句的谓语：had done ‎ ‎ 主句的谓：would(couldshouldmight) + have done ‎ 与将来事实相反 if条件句的谓语：didwere ‎ ‎ 主句的谓：should do would (couldshouldmight) + do were to do ‎ 1． 表示与现在事实相反的条件 ‎ 条件从句用动词的过去式（be动词用were），主句用should（第一人称）或would（全部人称）+动词原形。可用情态动词could, might代替should, would表示情态。‎ ‎ If it were Sunday tomorrow, I would go and see my friends. 明天要是星期天的话，我就去看望我的朋友。‎ ‎ If I were you, I should go and try. 我要是你，我就去试试。‎ ‎ If wishes were horses, beggars might ride.‎ ‎ 如果幻想能成为马匹，叫花子都有了坐骑 ‎  would go if they treated me like a slave. 要是他们把我当奴隶对待，我就走。‎ ‎ 2．表示与过去事实相反的条件 ‎ 条件从句用动词的过去完成时，主句用should（第一人称）或would（全部人称）+have done，也可用could, might代替should, would。‎ ‎ If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have telephoned you. 如果昨天我知道你的电话号码，我就给你打电话了。‎ ‎ If it had not rained this morning, I should have gone shopping. 今天早上要是没下雨，我就去买东西了。‎ ‎ The flood might have caused great damages to the people if we had not built so many reservoirs. 倘若我们没有修建这么多的水库，洪水就会使人民遭受巨大的损失。‎ ‎ 3． 表示在将来不太可能实现的条件 ‎ 表示在将来不太可能实现的条件从句有三种形式：‎ ‎ ① weredid ‎ 条件从句用动词的过去式（be动词用were），主句用should（第一人称）或would（全部人称）+动词原形。也可用could, might代替should, would。‎ ‎ If he were here tomorrow, I would speak to him. 明天如果他在这里的话，我就和他谈谈。‎ ‎ If you dropped the glass, it would break. 你要是把杯子掉下来，会打碎的。‎ ‎ If she had time, she could help me. 她要是有时间，就会帮我了。‎ ‎ ② should do ‎ 条件从句中不管什么人称都用should do，可表示有偶然实现的可能性。‎ ‎ If it should rain, the crops could be saved. 假如下雨，庄稼可能就有救了。‎ ‎ We would trust him if he should be honest. 如果他真是诚实的，那我们就相信他。 ‎ ‎ ③ were to do ‎ 条件从句用were + to do。这种形式比较正式，常出现在书面语中，其假设成份很大，实现的可能性很小。‎ ‎ If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way. 要是我做这项工作，我就会以不同的方式去做。‎ ‎ If the headmaster were to come, what would we say to him 假如校长来了，我们对他说什么呢？‎ ‎ 对比：‎ ‎ 将来不太可能实现的三种非真实条件句中的虚拟语气对比 ‎ If it snowed tomorrow, I would stay at home. 如果明天下雪的话，我就留在家里。‎ ‎ （常用形式）‎ ‎ If it should snow tomorrow, I would stay at home. 如果明天下雪的话，我就留在家里。‎ ‎ （可能性较小）‎ ‎ If it were to snow tomorrow, I would stay at home. 如果明天要下雪的话，我就留在家里。（可能性最小）‎ ‎ C．省略if的条件句 ‎ 在书面语中，非真实条件句中有were, had, should时，可以省略if，而把were, had, should放在主语前，用倒装结构。‎ ‎ Were it necessary, I might go without delay. 如果需要的话，我可以立即去。（= If it were necessary......）‎ ‎ Had you taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam. 你要是听了我的建议，就不会考试不及格了。（= If you had taken my advice......）‎ ‎ Should I have time, I would call on her. 要是有时间，我就去看她。（= If I should have time......）‎ ‎ D．错综条件句 ‎ 虚拟条件句中的主句和从句涉及的动作发生的时间不一致，这时主句和从句的谓语形式应按照各自动作发生的实际时间来表达。‎ ‎ If you hadn't watched TV yesterday, you wouldn't be so sleepy now. 如果你昨天不看电视，你现在也就不会这么困了。（从句yesterday说明过去，主句now说明现在）‎ ‎ If they had left home early this morning, they would arrive in half an hour. 如果他们今天一早就离开家的话，再过半小时他们就该到了。（从句说明过去，主句说明将来。）‎ ‎ If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in the future. 如果你此刻犹豫不决，你将来会吃苦头的。（从句说明现在，主句说明将来） ‎ ‎ 注意：‎ ‎ 在很多情况下，我们也可以用was来代替当主语是第一人称或第三人称单数时的were。‎ ‎ If were here tomorrow... ‎ ‎ 也可以说成：If he was here tomorrow...‎ ‎ I wish I were a bird.‎ ‎ 也可以说成：I sish I was a bird.‎ ‎ 但倒装句型中的were不可被was来替换。‎ ‎ Were I in your position,I would not do it.如果我处在你的位置，我是不会干这件事的。‎ ‎ E．含蓄条件句 ‎ 非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况：‎ ‎ 1．条件暗含在短语中 ‎ He would not get such a result without your help. 没有你的帮助，他就不会有今天的成果。(条件暗含在介词短语without your help中)‎ ‎ But for you, I could not be recovered so soon. 要不是有你，我就不会恢复得这么快。(条件暗含在But for you中)‎ ‎ This same thing, happening in the past, would lead to a disaster.　同样的事，如发生在过去，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in the past中)‎ ‎ He must have been there, or he never could know the place so well.　他一定是去过那儿，否则他绝不会对那个地方如此熟悉。(暗含条件是连词or)‎ ‎ 2．条件可根据上下文推理出 ‎ It would do you no good. 这可能会对你没好处。(条件可能是if you should give up the job 如果你放弃这项工作的话)‎ ‎ They could have won.　他们本来是会赢的。(条件可能是if they had been patient 如果他们有耐心的话)‎ ‎ Such mistakes could have been avoided. 这种错误完全能避免。（条件可能是if you had been more careful 如果你更加小心一点的话）‎ ‎ Why didn't you tell me about it I should have helped you. 为什么你不告诉我？我会帮助你的。（条件可能是if you had told me about it 如果你当时告诉我的话）‎ ‎ --- Did you go to see him yesterday 你昨天去看他了吗？‎ ‎ --- I would have, but someone dropped over to my house for a visit. 原想去的，但有人到我家来玩了。（条件是if no one had dropped over to my house for a visit 如果没人到我家来玩的话）‎ ‎ 3．条件用其他形式来表示 ‎ She was ill, otherwise she would have been present at the meeting. 她病了，否则的话就会出席会议了。（条件通过连词otherwise/or表示出来 If she had not been ill...）‎ ‎ I told him to go there himself, but perhaps I should have gone together with him. 我让他自己去那里，但也许我应该和他一道去。（连词but暗示条件）‎ ‎ Suppose you were in my shoes, what would you do 假若你站在我的立场上，你会怎么办？（用suppose/supposing/providing等词表示if）‎ ‎ To talk with her, you would know she could not hear well. 如果你同她交谈，你就会知道她的听力不好。（动词不定式带有假设的意思，相当于 If you should talk with her...）‎ ‎ Left to himself, he could not have finished the work. 要是放任他的话，他是不可能完成工作的。（动词的-ed形式表示条件 If he had been left to himself...）‎ ‎ 提示： ‎ ‎ 在很多情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。‎ ‎ You wouldn't know.　你不会知道。‎ ‎ I would like to go with you.　我愿意和你一起去。‎ ‎ 三、虚拟语气在各种从句中的用法 ‎ 虚拟语气除主要用于非真实条件句外，还可用在部分主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句之中。‎ ‎ A．名词性从句中的虚拟语气 ‎ 主句中的动词、名词、形容词如表示要求、建议、命令或愿望等含义，与其相关的名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。‎ ‎ 1．主语从句中的虚拟语气 ‎ 主语从句通常用于“It is + 形容词名词动词的-ed形式 + that ...”结构。主语从句中是否用虚拟语气取决于所用的形容词或动词的-ed形式，其谓语动词常用 “should + 动词原形”（美国英语常省略should，只用动词原形）。‎ ‎ ①表示建议或命令 ‎ It is important that we (should) work out a study plan. 重要的是我们要制订出一个学习计划。‎ ‎ It will be better that we (should) meet some other time. 最好我们在另一个时间见面。‎ ‎ It is suggested that each student (should) sing a song in English. 有人建议每个学生都要唱一首英文歌曲。‎ ‎ It is demanded that he should leave at once. 要求他立刻离开。‎ ‎ ②表示惊讶 ‎ It is strange that he should have failed to see his own shortcomings. 真奇怪他竟看不到自己的缺点。‎ ‎ It is a pity/shame that I should be at school instead of lying here in hospital. 真可惜，我应当在学校而不是躺在医院里。‎ ‎ It is natural that you should forget it first. 你起先记不住是很自然的。 ‎ ‎ ‎ 必背：‎ ‎ 常见的要接含有虚拟语气主语从句的词 ‎ 形容词：important, necessary, urgent, essential, vital, natural, strange, proper等 ‎ 动词的-ed形式：arranged, suggested, ordered, required, desired, demanded, proposed等 ‎ It is necessary that the program (should) be loaded into the computer. 有必要把程序输入电脑。‎ ‎ It is strange that he should have learned so much in such a short time. 很奇怪他竟然在如此短的时间内学了那么多的东西。‎ ‎ It is desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight. 希望一切在今晚前准备就绪。‎ ‎ 2．宾语从句 ‎ 虚拟语气常用在表示要求、建议、命令或愿望的动词后的宾语从句中。‎ ‎ 常见的宾语从句中需用“should+动词原形”的动词有：‎ ‎ 一个坚持：insist ‎ 两个命令：order, command ‎ 三个建议：suggest, advise, propose ‎ 四个要求：demand, require, ask, desire ‎ ①在suggest（建议）, order(命令), propose(建议), insist（坚持要做）, command (命令)，request（要求），advise（建议）等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用 should + 动词原形 （美国英语常省略should）。‎ ‎ The examination instructor asked that the students (should) not use a calculator. 考官要求学生不要使用计算器。‎ ‎ The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 percent. 工人们要求增加百分之十的工资。‎ ‎ They requested that he (should) sing a song. 他们要求他唱一首歌。‎ ‎ 比较：‎ ‎ 动词suggest和insist后面的宾语从句，应根据不同情况选用陈述语气或虚拟语气。‎ ‎ suggest作“建议”解时，用虚拟语气，作“使想起、暗示”解时，用陈述语气。‎ ‎ His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默暗示他赞同我的决定。（暗示）‎ ‎ He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.他建议我坚持自己的决定。（建议）‎ ‎ insist作“坚决要求”解时，用虚拟语气，作“坚持认为”解时，用陈述语气。‎ ‎ He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people's health. 他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。（强调）‎ ‎ He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day.他坚持每天都要做早操。（要求）‎ ‎ ②在动词wish后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气，表示不可能实现的愿望。‎ ‎ 一般过去时were/did 表示目前不可能实现的愿望 ‎ I wish I were a bird. 但愿我是一只小鸟。‎ ‎ I wish I knew the answer.我要是知道答案就好了。‎ ‎ 过去完成时 had done 表示过去不可能实现的愿望 ‎ I wish she had taken my advice.那时她要是接受我的建议就好了。‎ ‎ I wish that I had seen her yesterday.真希望我昨天见过她。‎ ‎ 过去将来时 would/could do表示将来没有把握或不可能实现的愿望 ‎ I wish you would stay an hour longer. 我希望你再呆一个小时。‎ ‎ I wish it could stop raining.但愿雨能停。‎ ‎ 提示：‎ ‎ 由于wish和hope的汉语意思差不多，在使用上往往容易出错。wish一般表示“希望”、“但愿”，表示不可能实现的愿望，后接从句时要用虚拟语气；hope表示“希望”，指可以实现的希望，后接从句时用陈述语气。‎ ‎ The students hope that their football team will win the game. 学生们希望他们的足球队获胜。 （可能实现）‎ ‎ I wish I could see him now. 我希望现在就能看到他。（不可能实现）‎ ‎ 3．表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气 ‎ 在表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要用“should + 动词原形”结构。‎ ‎ My advice is that you (should) practise speaking English as often as possible.我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。‎ ‎ The demand is that the composition (should) be written on one side only. 按照要求作文必须单面誊写。‎ ‎ It is my desire that all the members of the family (should) gather once a year. 我的愿望是所有家庭成员一年团圆一次。‎ ‎ The suggestion that education (should) be reformed is reasonable. 教育要改革的建议是合理的。‎ ‎ 必背：‎ ‎ 表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词常见的有 ‎ advice 建议 ‎ demand 要求 ‎ desire 愿望 ‎ decision 决定 ‎ idea 意见 ‎ motion 提议 ‎ order 命令 ‎ proposal 提议 ‎ requirement 要求 ‎ request 请求 ‎ regulation 规章 ‎ suggestion 建议 ‎ B．状语从句中的虚拟语气 ‎ ①方式状语从句 ‎ 由as if 或as though引导的状语从句可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的情况，也可以用虚拟语气表示与事实不符或与事实相反的情况。‎ ‎ a. 表示与现在事实不相符，用一般过去时 ‎ The teacher treats the pupil as if he were her own child. 这位老师对待这位学生就像自己的亲生孩子一样。（这位学生并不是她的亲生孩子）‎ ‎ b. 表示与过去事实不相符，用过去完成时 ‎ I felt as though we had known each other for years. 我感觉我们好像认识多年了。（其实并没有认识多年）‎ ‎ c. 表示与将来事实不相符，用would/might/could ‎ It looks as if it might rain. 天看上去好像要下雨。（不大可能下雨）‎ ‎ 对比：‎ ‎ He looks as if he is young. 看样子他好像很年轻。（他就是年轻）‎ ‎ He looks as if he were young. 看样子他好像很年轻。（实际上他不年轻）‎ ‎ ②目的状语从句 ‎ a. 由in case, lest, for fear that引导的目的状语从句，动词用“should + 动词原形”结构，表示忧虑或目的。‎ ‎ Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I (should) forget. 请你明天再提醒我这件事，以免我忘记。‎ ‎ She emphasized it again and again, lest he (should) forget. 她一再强调这一点免得他忘记。‎ ‎ We had a meeting and talked the matter over face to face for fear that there ‎ should be any misunderstanding.‎ ‎ 我们开了一个会，面对面谈了这件事，以免发生任何误会.‎ ‎ b. 在in order that和so that引导的目的状语从句中，往往用can(could)或may(might)。‎ ‎ I shall write down your telephone number so that I may not forget. 我要把你的电话号码记下来，以免忘记。‎ ‎ They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time. 为了能提前完成工作，他们比往常更加努力。‎ ‎ We will tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself. 我把真实情况告诉你，使你能自己作出判断。‎ ‎ ③让步状语从句 ‎ 让步状语从句指事实时，从句谓语动词用陈述语气。若从句内容表示现在和将来的假设情况，从句谓语动词用虚拟语气。‎ ‎ Though he (should) fail, there would still be hope. 即使他失败了，仍有一线希望。‎ ‎ I should say the same thing even if he were here. 即使他在这里，我还是要这么说。‎ ‎ Whether he (should) succeed or fail, we shall have to do our part.‎ ‎ 不管他成功还是失败，我们还是要做好自己的事。‎ ‎ However hard it might rain rains, we shall go there together. 不管雨下得多么大，今晚我们还是要去那里。‎ ‎ No matter what his social position (might) be, a man is equal in the eye of the law. 一个人不论其社会地位如何，在法律面前都是平等的。‎ ‎ C．定语从句中的虚拟语气 ‎ 在It is (high) time (that) ...结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，表示“到某人该做某事的时间了”。‎ ‎ It is time that the children went to bed. 到孩子们睡觉的时间了。‎ ‎ It is high time that we began the meeting. 正是我们开会的时间了。‎ ‎ 四、其他句型中的虚拟语气 ‎ A． If only...... ‎ ‎ If only位于句首引起的感叹句用虚拟语气，动词用一般过去时表示目前的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去的愿望，用would或could表示将来。‎ ‎ If only he knew the answer. 他要是知道答案就好了。（用过去时表示现在）‎ ‎ If only I could speak several foreign languages！我要是能讲几种外语就好了！（用would/could表示将来）‎ ‎ If only you had told me the truth before. 要是你以前告诉我真相就好了。（用过去完成时表示过去）‎ ‎ 注意：if only和wish的用法相同，表示的意愿也基本相同。‎ ‎ If only it would rain. 但愿天能下点儿雨！= How I wish it would rain.‎ ‎ If only I had known her earlier! 要是我早点儿认识她就好了！= I wish I had known her earlier.‎ ‎ B．would rather ‎ would rather, would prefer, would sooner 等后接从句，表示“宁愿”，动词用过去时表示当时和将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况。‎ ‎ I would rather you left today. 我宁可你今天走。‎ ‎ I would prefer he didn't stay here too long. 我倒希望他不要在这儿呆得太久。‎ ‎ I would rather I hadn't seen that film yesterday. 我宁愿昨天没有看那场电影。‎ ‎ 提示：‎ ‎ would rather 主要有两种用法。‎ ‎ 1．后接不带to的不定式 ‎ I'd rather play tennis than swim. 我宁愿打网球，也不愿游泳。‎ ‎ I'd rather not go to the movies. 我宁愿不去看电影。‎ ‎ Which would you rather have, tea or coffee 你喜欢喝茶，还是咖啡 ‎ 2．后接不用连词的that从句 ‎ I'd rather you went home now. 我希望你现在就回家。‎ ‎ I would rather my daughter attended a public school. 我希望我的女儿能上公立学校。‎ ‎ C．表示愿望的感叹句 ‎ 在表示祝愿的感叹句中，用动词原形，表示愿望。‎ ‎ Long live the People's Republic of China! 中华人民共和国万岁！‎ ‎ May you be happy! 祝您快乐！‎ ‎ God bless you! 上帝保佑你！‎ ‎ Success attend you! 祝你成功！‎ ‎ The Lord save us! 愿主救我们！‎ ‎ D．情态动词用于虚拟语气 ‎ 部分情态动词的过去形式（could, might, should, would），可以用于非真实条件句以及其他结构中表示虚拟语气。‎ ‎ 1．表示想像或猜测 ‎ If I could speak French, I would teach you. 如果我会说法语，我就能教你。（我不会，所以不能教你）‎ ‎ If you phoned him right now, you might get the matter settled. 如果你现在给他打电话，你就可以把问题解决了。‎ ‎ There could be something wrong with the tape recorder. 这台录音机可能出毛病了。‎ ‎ He might have said so. 他可能这样说过。‎ ‎ Could he have done such a foolish thing 他会做这样的傻事吗？‎ ‎ 2．表示委婉或客气 ‎ 虚拟语气（could, would, might + 动词原形）可使说话者的口气变得委婉客气。 ‎ ‎ You could answer this email for me. 你可以替我回这个电子邮件。‎ ‎ Could you leave me your telephone number and address 你能将电话号码和地址留给我吗？‎ ‎ Would you mind opening the window 劳驾把窗子打开，好吗？‎ ‎ You might as well put off the discussion till next week. 你们不妨把讨论推迟到下个星期。‎ ‎ 比较：‎ ‎ would like to do ‎ ‎ 愿意，想要 ‎ would like to have done ‎ ‎ 本来想 ‎ I would like (to have) a word with you.我想和你谈一谈。(现在想)‎ ‎ I would like to have talked with you.我原本想和你谈一谈的。（没有谈成）‎ ‎ 3．表示惋惜或责备 ‎ Given more time, we could have done better. 如果给我们更多时间，我们能够干得更好些。（我们并没有得到更多的时间）‎ ‎ You could have got up a little earlier！ 你完全可以早点儿起来！（实际上没有早起）‎ ‎ It was cold yesterday. I should have worn a heavy coat. 昨天很冷，我该穿件厚外套的。（但我没穿）‎ ‎ This wall shouldn't have been pained blue. 这墙不应该漆成蓝色。（但已漆了）‎ ‎ 提示：‎ ‎ 当代英语一个显著的变化就是虚拟语气的使用越来越少，许多该用虚拟语气的地方都用陈述语气代替。‎ ‎ He suggested that I went to the hospital at once. 他建议我们立刻去医院。（原应用should go）‎ ‎ We shall write down the address lest we forget. 我们要把地址记下来，以免忘记。（原应用should forget）‎ ‎ Imagine you are an astronaut. 设想你是个宇航员。（原应用were）‎