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成都中考英语语法
新目标英语语法专项复习课件 语法互动(一) 名词 语法互动(二) 代词 语法互动(三) 冠词 语法互动(四) 数词 语法互动(五) 介词和介词短语 语法互动(六) 形容词和副词 语法互动(七) 连词 语法互动(八) 系动词和情态动词 语法互动(九) 动词词组及词义辨析 第二篇 语法专题突破 语法互动(十) 时态和语态 语法互动(十一) 非谓语动词 语法互动(十二) 主谓一致 语法互动(十三) 简单句 (陈述句、疑问句、反意疑问句、感叹句、祈使句、倒装句) 语法互动(十四) 复合句 (宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句) 第二篇 语法专题突破 第二篇 语法专题突破 语法互动(一) ┃ 名词 语法互动(一) ┃ 名词 考点一 不可数名词 中考考点 1.正确识别可数名词和不可数名词。 2.掌握可数名词复数形式的构成。 3.掌握名词所有格和名词作定语的用法。 1.分类 不可数名词分为__________(表示无法分为个体的物质,如rice, water, milk等)和__________(表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念,如work, time, health等)。常考的不可数名词还有:advice, happiness, news, trouble, weather, traffic, information, homework, progress, experience(经验)等。 物质名词 抽象名词 语法互动(一) ┃ 名词 2.基本用法 不可数名词一般没有复数形式,在句中作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。不可数名词前面不能用不定冠词a/an修饰,但可用定冠词the修饰。 3.既可数又不可数的名词 有些名词既能用作可数名词,又能用作不可数名词,但意义不同。如: chicken鸡(可数); 鸡肉(不可数) room — 房间(可数); 空间(不可数) fish — 鱼(可数); 鱼肉(不可数) glass — 玻璃杯(可数); 玻璃(不可数) paper — 试卷,报纸(可数); 纸张(不可数) 语法互动(一) ┃ 名词 4.不可数名词量的表达 不可数名词的数量要借助一个量词来表达,其结构为:数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如: 一块面包 . 两杯茶 . 三杯橘汁 . 考点二 可数名词 1.规则名词复数形式的构成 情况 构成方法 例词 一般情况 加 - s book→books map→maps a piece of bread two cups of tea three glasses of orange 语法互动(一) ┃ 名词 一般情况 加 - s bag→bags year→years 以 s, x, sh, ch 等结尾的词 加 - es bus→buses box→boxes wish→wishes beach→beaches 以辅音字母+ y 结尾的词 变 y 为 i, 再加 - es city→cities story→stories family→families party→parties 语法互动(一) ┃ 名词 以元音字母+ y 结尾的词 直接加 - s boy→boys day→days key→keys monkey→monkeys 以辅音字母+ o 结尾的词 无生命的加 - s ,有生命的加 - es photo→photos piano→pianos kilo → kilos tomato→tomatoes potato→potatoes hero→heroes 以元音字母+ o 结尾的词 直接加 - s zoo→zoos radio→radios 语法互动(一) ┃ 名词 以元音字母+ o 结尾的词 直接加 - s kangaroo→kangaroos 以 f 或 fe 结尾的词 大多数变 f 或 fe 为 ve ,再加 - s knife→knives leaf→leaves shelf→shelves thief→thieves 2.不规则名词复数形式的构成 不规则变化的名词的复数形式有三种情况: (1)改变单数名词中的元音字母。如: foot→feet;tooth→teeth; man→men; woman→women; policeman→policemen; policewoman→policewomen; 语法互动(一) ┃ 名词 Englishman→Englishmen(但: German→Germans)。 (2)词尾加-(r)en。如:child→__________; ox→oxen (3)单、复数相同。如:sheep→sheep; deer→deer; fish→fish; Chinese→__________; Japanese→__________。 3.名词作定语 一颗苹果树 an apple tree ( apple 相当于 adj ) 许多苹果树 但是,如果man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时,两部分都用复数。如: woman teacher→women teachers女教师; man doctor→men doctors男医生。 4.英语中有些名词总以复数形式出现。如: trousers, pants, clothes, glasses(眼镜)等。 children Chinese Japanese many apple trees 语法互动(一) ┃ 名词 5.集体名词的数。如: family, class, team 等,它们以单数形式出现,但实为复数。如果强调某个集合的整体则应视为单数。如: My family watching TV.我的家人正在看电视。 My family a happy one.我家是一个幸福的家庭。 有些集体名词通常只用作复数,如:people(人们), police(警察)等,如果要表达单数形式则要使用其他名词。如: ①一个人 a person(√) a people (×) ②一名警察 a policeman/policewoman(√) a police(×) are is 语法互动(一) ┃ 名词 1.构成 (1)有生命的名词所有格的构成方法: ①一般情况下在名词后加's。如: 迈克的汽车 ______________________ 我妈妈的生日 ____________________ ②以s结尾的复数名词只加'。 如: 教师节 ____________________ 三个小时的步行 ____________________ ③不以s结尾的复数名词,直接在词尾加's 。如: 妇女节 ____________________ 儿童节 ____________________ 考点三 名词所有格 Mike's car my mother's birthday Teachers' Day hours' walk Women's Day Children's Day 语法互动(一) ┃ 名词 (2)无生命的名词的所有格一般由 “ of+名词 ” 构成。如: 我们教室的一张照片 ____________________ 一张中国地图 ____________________ [注意] 表示时间、距离、集体、国家、团体等无生命的名词,也可用's构成所有格。如: 今天的报纸 ____________________ 世界人口 ____________________ 2.特殊用法 (1)表示共同拥有的人或物时,只需在最后一个人的名字后加's;表示各自所有时,则需在每个名词后加's。如: 莉莉和露西共有的房间 a picture of our classroom a map of China today's newspaper the world's population 语法互动(一) ┃ 名词 ________________________________ 莉莉和露西各自的房间 _ _______________________ ________ (2)表示 “ 家 ” 、 “ 店铺 ” 等处所。如: 在李雷家 at Li Lei's 在医生的诊所____________________ 在药店 at the chemist's (3)双重所有格表示整体中的一部分,结构为 “ of+名词所有格 ” 或 “ of+名词性物主代词 ” 。如: 我父亲的一本书____________________ 我的一个朋友 a friend of mine = one of my friends Lily and Lucy's room Lily's and Lucy's rooms at the doctor's a book of my father's 总 结 1. 名词单复数 : many sheep , a few deer , several Japanese , three Chinese, nine fish a few geese , two mice , some children , ten feet , five teeth radios, photos, pianos, zoos; potatoes, tomatoes, heroes, Negroes 2. 名词所有格 : Tom and Mary ’ s father, Tom ’ s and Mary ’ s fathers the key to the door, the answer to the question, the ticket to the concert Teachers ’ Day, Mother ’ s Day, Women ’ s Day ten minutes ’ walk, a five-day holiday=five days ’ holiday, have five days off 3. 不可数名词 : weather 、 news 、 information 、 advice 、 music 、 fun 、 room( 空间 ) 、 work 4. 名词作定语: shoe shops, girl students, women doctors, men nurses, sports shoes 5. three Englishmen/ Frenchmen, a few Germans, many Americans 6. a piece of bread a box of oranges a pair of shoes four pieces of bread two boxes of oranges five pairs of shoes 7. two people, three police, many clothes, a pair of trousers 语法互动(一) ┃ 名词 考点过关 用所给词的适当形式填空 1.We should learn from ________ (hero). 2.________(leaf) turn green in spring. 3.Would you like some ________(milk)? 4.There ________(be) good news in today's newspaper. 5.The pair of shoes ________(be) very nice. I'll take it. 6.The two ________(boy) jackets are very new. 7.He is a friend of my ________(sister). 8.All the ________(woman) teachers are happy on March 8th. heroes Leaves milk is is boys' sister's women 语法互动(一) ┃ 名词 9.There are several ________ (library) in the city. 10.Here are some ________ (photo) for you. 11.Those ________ (policeman) are looking for the lost kids. 12.Collecting stamps is one of my ________ (hobby). 13.Many ________ (people) went to the beach last weekend. 14.The food ________ (taste) delicious. I like it very much. 15.I want to be an ________ (art) when I grow up. 16.Children need time and ________ (free) to have fun. libraries photos policemen hobbies people tastes artist freedom 语法互动(二) ┃ 代词 成都中考历年代词考点真题回顾 05 年 35. I bought two pairs of shoes, but __________ of them is made in Chengdu. A. neither B. either C. none 48. The town __________ we visited a few years ago is much larger than before. A. it B. who C. which 06 年 ( )32 . Rick , this is my notebook . Where is_______? A . his B . yours C . mine ( )33 . We have _______ rain this spring . The trees and grass don ’ t grow well . A . 1ittle B . a little C . a few 07 年 34 . Liu Ying lives with her grandparents in the countryside because of her parents work in the city . A . both B . either C . neither 08 年 13 . — I haven ’ t seen Bob for a long time . — I haven ’ t seen him , ________. A . too B . either C . instead 19 . — Is this Sam ’ s bike or yours? — It ’ s my bike , not ______ . A . yours B . him C . his 20 . Julie enjoys listening music very much . She often says to me that ________ is more interesting than music . A . nothing B . something C . everything 22 . There are only _____ new words in the passage , but I know ____ of them . A . some : all B . a few ; none C . lots of ; a few 09 年 27. Could you give me one more chance? I ’ ll try my best to succeed. A. two B. the other C. another 34. --- Is this kite , Tom? --- Yes, it ’ s mine. It ’ s made by . A. yours; myself B. mine; myself C. ours; himself 35. --- Excuse me, I want to buy some milk. Where can I find a supermarket? --- Oh, I know not far from my home. A. it B. that C. one 10 年 32--Excuse me. I want to buy some stamps. Where can I find a post office? --I know ______ not far from here. You can easily find _______. A. that, it B. it, one C. one, it 36 . _________of the hats suited him, so Jack had to try on the third one. A. Neither B. Either C. Both 43. — Have you got ________ready for the sports meeting? --Not yet. We still have ________to do. A. anything; nothing B.something; everythingC. everything; something 11 年 36. The students in the higher grades I met in a football game are my good friends now. A. when B. which C. who 38. — Would you like some juice or coffee? — . I really don't mind. A. Either B. Neither C. Both 43. There's wrong with the camera. Look! It works well. A. something B. nothing C. everything 12 年 --Peter, is this your pen? --Yes, it' s __. Many thanks. I looked for it everywhere. A. mine B. me C. I 36. It' s interesting that there are many people speak French in Canada. A. which B. where C. who 42. Please keep quiet, everybody! I have important to tell you. A. nothing B. something C. everything 13 年 33. Look at the girl in the red skirt. _______ is my new classmate. A. It B. She C. He 36. --- What kind of music do you like? --- I like music _____________ I dance to. A.that B. where C. who 40. Last year we went to Paris, but this year we want to do ________ different. A. something B. anything C. nothing 语法互动(二) ┃ 代词 考点一 人称代词 中考考点 1.人称代词和物主代词的不同形式及其用法。 2.反身代词和指示代词的人称和数的变化。 3.不定代词和疑问代词的基本用法。 1.分类 人称代词有人称、数、格的变化。详见下表: 人称 单数 复数 主格 宾格 主格 宾格 第一人称 I ____ we ____ me us 语法互动(二) ┃ 代词 2.用法 人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或表语,宾格作动词或介词的宾语,也可作表语使用。如: We all like him.(we作主语,him作宾语) — Who is it? — It's I/me.(it作主语,I/me作表语) 第二人称 ____ you you ____ 第三人称 he ____ ____ them ____ her ____ it you you him she it they 语法互动(二) ┃ 代词 (1)当句中三种人称单数并列时一般顺序是you, he and I(即二、三、一);复数并列时顺序是we, you and they。 (2)it的用法 ①代替前面提到过的事物。如: This is a watch. It is new. ②指时间、天气、距离等。如: — How's the weather today? — It's sunny. It's eight o'clock in the evening. 语法互动(二) ┃ 代词 ③代替动词不定式作句中的形式主语或形式宾语,也可用于某些固定句式中。如: ____hard for me________the homework on time. 对我而言,按时完成作业有困难。 We think it helpful________a walk after supper. 我们认为晚饭后散步很有益。 ________him three days to finish reading the book. 他花了三天时间读完了那本书。 It's to finish to take It took 1.It is / has been +时间段+ since +一般过去时。译为“自从 …… 以来已过了 …… 2.It + is / was +形容词+( for / of sb .)+动词不定式短语 (究竟用 for 还是用 of ?如果形容词仅仅是描述事物的形容词,如: difficult , easy , hard , important , dangerous 等用 for ;如果形容词是描述人的性格、品质的,如: kind , good , nice , clever 等则用 of 。 ) 3.It + is / was + one’s turn ( duty , pleasure ) + to do sth . 4.It takes ( sb .) some time to do sth 5. sth + cost / costs + sb .+ some money + to do sth . 6.It seems / seemed +从句 7. I find/think/believe/feel it +adj+to do sth 8. 强调句 it is ....that(who)+ 其他 it , that , the one 。三者的区别是: it 指事物本身 One 泛指 指可数名词单数中的一个 The one 特指 Ones 泛指 可数名词复数 The ones 特指 复数 That 特指 指不可数名词 The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Guangzhou. 指可数名词单数 =the one Those 特指 复数名词 语法互动(二) ┃ 代词 考点二 物主代词 1.分类 物主代词是用来表示所有关系的。物主代词又分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。详见下表: 人称 数 形容词性 物主代词 名词性物主 代词 第 一 人称 单数 my ____ 复数 our ours 第二人称 单 数 your ____ 复数 your yours mine yours 语法互动(二) ┃ 代词 2.用法 形容词性物主代词不能单独使用,用于名词前作定语,相当于形容词的作用;名词性物主代词单独使用,相当于名词的作用。名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。如: This is his computer. = This computer is his. 这是他的电脑。 第三人称 单数 his ____ her hers its ____ 复数 their their his its 语法互动(二) ┃ 代词 考点二 反身代词 1.含义 反身代词表示 “ 某人自己 ” 。详见下表: 人称 单数 复数 第一人称 ______ ourselves 第二人称 yourself ______ 第三人称 herself himself ______ ______ myself yourselves themselves itself 语法互动(二) ┃ 代词 2.用法 (1)反身代词在句子中用作宾语和表语(不能单独用作主语),和句子中的主语相呼应,表示主语动作的承受者或表现的特征是自己本身。如: The girl is too young to look after ______. 这个女孩太小,不能照顾自己。(作宾语) (2)反身代词作主语或宾语的同位语,起强调主语或宾语的作用。如: I myself can do this work well. herself 语法互动(二) ┃ 代词 3.固定搭配 leave one by oneself 把某人单独留下 ______________ 随便吃/喝 by oneself 单独地 ______________ 过得快乐;玩得开心 learn by oneself=teach oneself 自学 ______________ 伤害某人自己 come to oneself 苏醒 say to oneself 心里想;自言自语 make oneself at home 别拘束 help oneself to enjoy oneself hurt oneself 语法互动(二) ┃ 代词 考点四 指示代词 指示代词是表示指示概念的代词,可以在句子中作主语、表语、宾语和定语。指示代词有: 单数 复数 this ( 这个 ) these ( 这些 ) 指近处 that ( 那个 ) those ( 那些 ) 指远处 1.this/that可用于电话用语中,this代表自己,that则代表对方。如: Hello! This is Jane.喂!我是简。 Is that Mike?你是迈克吗? Who is that?你是谁? 语法互动(二) ┃ 代词 2.it, one, that的用法区别 为了避免重复,可以用it, one, that代替上文出现的名词。注意以下几点: (1)it用来指上文提及的同一个事物或前面提及的情况。it可代替单数可数名词或不可数名词。如: She enjoyed the story because it is very interesting. (2)one用以避免重复单数可数名词。它既可代替事物,泛指同类事物中的一个,也可以代替人,其复数形式为ones。 语法互动(二) ┃ 代词 My sweater is very old. I'll buy a new one. 我的毛衣旧了,我要买件新的。 The green pencils are yours and the red ones are mine. 绿色铅笔是你的,红色铅笔是我的。 (3)that用来代替物,不能代替人,它既可以代替可数名词,也可以代替不可数名词,其复数形式为those。如: The population of the city is much larger than that of the town. 这个城市的人口比那个镇的人口多很多。 The apples in the box are different from those on the table. 盒子里的苹果与桌上的苹果不同。 语法互动(二) ┃ 代词 考点五 不定代词 1.定义 不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫做不定代词。不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词。多数可以作主语、宾语、表语或定语。常见的不定代词有:some, any, no, none, one, all, every, each, other, another, either, neither, both, many, much, (a)few, (a)little, a lot of, lots of以及some, any, no, every与thing, body或one构成的复合不定代词。 2.常用的意义相近的不定代词之间的辨析 (1)few, a few, little与a little 语法互动(二) ┃ 代词 He has ____________ friends,but he has ____________ good friends.他有一些朋友,但是他几乎没有好朋友。 There's still ____________ meat at home,but there's ____________ bread. 家里还有点肉,但是几乎没面包了。 (2)some与any 用法 肯定意义 否定意义 修饰可数名词 ( 复数 ) a few ( 几个,一些 ) few ( 几乎没有 ) 修饰不可数 名词 a little ( 一点 ) little ( 很少,不多 ) a few few a little little 语法互动(二) ┃ 代词 ①二者均表示 “ 一些 ” ,既可以修饰可数名词,也可以修饰不可数名词。some一般用于肯定句,any一般用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句。 ②在疑问句中,表示说话人希望得到肯定回答或表示请求、建议时用some。如: Would you like __________? 来点儿茶吗? Will you please get ______________ for me? 请你帮我弄点儿水好吗? (3)both, all, neither, either, any与none some tea some water 语法互动(二) ┃ 代词 My parents are ________ teachers. 我父母都是老师。 There are some trees on ________ side of the road. 马路两边都有树。 I like ________ of these two coats. 两件大衣我都不喜欢。 使用范围 都 都不 之一 两者 both neither either 三者或三者以上 all none any both either neither 语法互动(二) ┃ 代词 (4)many, much与a lot of (5)each与every ________ of them has a dictionary.他们每人有一本词典。 __________ minute is important to us.对我们来说每分钟都很重要。 Each Every 语法互动(二) ┃ 代词 (6)another,(the)other与(the)others other泛指 “ 另外的 ” ,不能单独使用,后接名词。 others等于 “ other+复数名词 ” ,泛指 “ 别的人或物 ” ;the other(+单数可数名词)指 “ 两者中的另一个 ” ,常用于 “ one … the other …” 结构。 the others等于 “ the other+复数名词 ” ,表示 “ 其余所有的人或物 ” 。 another 泛指 “ 三者或三者以上中的另一个 ” 。如: Do you have any other ideas? 你有别的想法吗? I have two brothers.__________ is a doctor,__________ is a teacher. 我有两个兄弟。一个是医生,另一个是教师。 One the other 语法互动(二) ┃ 代词 He is always ready to help __________. 他总是乐意帮助别人。 Five of them are in the classroom.What about _________?他们中有五个人在教室里。其余的人呢? Don't lose heart.Have __________ try. 别灰心,再试一次。 (7)复合不定代词 指代人的有: someone/somebody(某人), anyone/anybody(任何人), nobody(没人), everyone/everybody(每个人)。 指代事物的有: something(某事,某物), anything(任何事), nothing(没什么),everything(每件事,一切)。 others the others another 语法互动(二) ┃ 代词 请注意以下几点: ① 以some和any开头的复合不定代词的用法和some, any的用法一样。(some和any的用法见上文) ② 修饰复合不定代词的形容词要放在其后。如: Is there ____________________ in today's newspaper? 今天的报纸有什么重要新闻吗? ③ 复合不定代词作主语视为单数。如: Nobody __________ his name. 没有人知道他的名字。 anything important knows 语法互动(二) ┃ 代词 考点六 疑问代词 疑问代词主要有who(谁), whom(谁), which(哪一个/哪一些),what(什么)和whose(谁的),用来构成特殊疑问句,放在句子开头。如: ______ do you want to know? 你想要知道什么? ______ shirt is this? 这是谁的衬衫? 考点过关 用所给词的适当形式填空 1.Ms Li teaches ________ (we) math this term. 2.This isn't ________ (she) watch. She lost hers. 3.My schoolbag is the same as ________ (you). What Whose us her yours 语法互动(二) ┃ 代词 4.They enjoyed ____________ (they) at the party. 5.________ (that) blue socks look very nice. 6.Everyone in our class ________ (study) hard every day. 7.He doesn't have ________ (something) to do. 8.________ (whom) spoke at the meeting? 9.Help ________ (yourself) to some beef, Jack. 10.Shall we wait for ________ (they) at the school gate? 11.________(we)teachers are very friendly to us. 12.Bob is a friend of ________ ( I ). We often help each other. 13.That's my father. ________ (him) is reading a newspaper. themselves Those studies anything Who yourself them Our mine He 语法互动(二) ┃ 代词 14.She cooked dinner by ________ (she). 15.My school is bigger than ________ (her). 16.I think the bike can't be ________ ( he). 17.Jane is sitting between Lily and ________ (my). 18.Their books are older than ________ (we). 19.Please take some cards to ________ (she). 20.Don't make ________ (his) feel sad. 21.________ (us) should be polite to the old. 22.My sister has a cat. ________ (it) name is Mimi. 23.The little boy can't dress ________ (him). 24.Does ________(somebody) have anything more to say? herself hers his me ours her him We Its himself anybody 总 结 1.人称代词: his, hers, mine: His watch is new. It isn’t his. a friend of mine/ hers/ Li Ming’s His book belongs to him. = The book is his. 2.疑问代词: how soon---in; how often---seldom, twice a month, every day, every four years how long---(for) a month / since 1998 how far---ten kilometers( away from) , ten minutes’ walk / drive, five minutes on foot 3.what to do; how to do it 5.all/both/none/neither/any/either 的区别 : 6.The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Dongguan. The population of China is much larger than that of Japan. The students in Dongguan is better than those / the ones in Beijing. 7.We found/ thought it (was) interesting to learn English. 8. 肯定: a little money a few sheep 否定: little water few students any other 9.There are some people in the room. There aren’t any students in the classroom. Would you like some bread? Shanghai is larger than city in China. Shanghai is larger than city in Japan. 10. something special nothing serious any 语法互动(三) ┃ 冠词 语法互动(三) ┃ 冠词 考点一 定冠词the的用法 中考考点 定冠词、不定冠词及零冠词的基本使用规则和常见的习惯用法。 1.特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。如: __________ in the white car is Tom's father. 白色小汽车里的那个男人是汤姆的爸爸。 2.指上文已经提到的人或事物。如: Lily bought a storybook. __________ is very interesting. 莉莉买了一本故事书,这本书很有趣。 3.指谈话双方都知道的人或物。如: The man The book 语法互动(三) ┃ 冠词 — Where are ____________________, Jim? 吉姆,新书在哪里? — They are on the desk. 在课桌上。 4.用在世界上独一无二的名词前。如: __________ is bigger than __________. 太阳比月亮大。 5.用在与play连用的西洋乐器事物前。如: She often plays __________ after school. 她经常在放学后拉小提琴。 6.用在方位名词前。如: in the east/west/south/north 在东/西/南/北边 on the left/right在左/右边 the new books The sun the moon the violin 语法互动(三) ┃ 冠词 7.用在序数词和形容词最高级前(副词最高级前the 可省略)。如: Lin Tao is ____________________ in his class. 林涛是他班里个子最高的男孩。 [提醒] 序数词前通常用the,但表示在原来基础上另加一(个),则在序数词前加a。如: a second language (除母语外的)第二语言 The apples are very delicious. I have just eaten two of them. Can I have a third one? 8.用在某些形容词前,表示一类人或事物。如: the old 老人 __________年轻人 the tallest boy the young 语法互动(三) ┃ 冠词 the poor 穷人 __________富人 the sick 病人 __________盲人 __________残疾人 9.用在姓氏的复数形式前,表示全家人或夫妇二人。如: __________ are eating dinner. 布莱克一家人正在吃晚饭。 10.用在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称前。如: the West Lake 西湖 ________________黄河 11.用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如: the Summer Palace 颐和园 ________________ 长城 the rich t he blind the Yellow Rive the disabled The Blacks the Great Wall 语法互动(三) ┃ 冠词 12.用在一些国家名称、机关团体等专有名词前。如: the United Nations 联合国 ________________美国 13.用在表示 “…… 世纪 …… 年代 ” 的结构前,年份后面加 “ s ” 。如:in the 1990s在二十世纪九十年代。 14.用在某些习惯用语中。如: in the sky在天空中 ________________同时 all the time总是,一直 in the end最后;终于 in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上 in the beginning开始 all the year round一年到头 the United States at the same time 语法互动(三) ┃ 冠词 ________________仍然,依然 in the middle of在 …… 的中间 ________________顺便问一句/说一句 考点二 不定冠词a/an的用法 不定冠词a和an都用在可数名词单数之前。 1.表示类别,泛指一类人或物。如: __________ is bigger than a rabbit.马比兔子大。 2.指某人或某物,但不具体指明是哪个人或物。如: __________ is waiting for you at the gate. 有位妇女在门口等你。 3.表示数量 “ 一 ” ,但数的概念不如one强烈。如: all the same by the way A horse A woman 语法互动(三) ┃ 冠词 I have __________.我有一本书。 4.表示职业、身份、宗教等。如: Her brother is __________. 她哥哥是一名医生。 5.用在某些习惯用语中。如: a few一些;几个 have a look看一看 ________________匆忙,急于 have a swim游泳 a lot很,非常 have a try试一试 ________________过得愉快;玩得高兴 6.用an而不用a的情况: an用在以元音音素开头的单词前,在以辅音音素开头的单词前用a。 [提醒] 在某些短语中有定冠词与无定冠词意义不同。如: a book a doctor in a hurry have a good time 语法互动(三) ┃ 冠词 in the class 在班里 in class 在课堂上 在他房子的前部(内部) 在他的房前(外面) 考点三 不用冠词的情况(也称作零冠词) 1.专有名词(包括人名、地名、节日、星期、月份、季节)前不用冠词。如:in China 在中国; on Sunday 在星期天; ________________在冬天。 2.物质名词和抽象名词前一般不加冠词。如:time时间; water水; fruit水果。 3.表示一类人或事物的复数名词前不用冠词。如: in the front of his house in front of his house in winter 语法互动(三) ┃ 冠词 They are nurses. 他们是护士。 4.人名、称呼语、头衔、职务等名词前一般不加冠词。如: Mr. Wang王先生; Alice爱丽丝。 5.三餐、球类、棋类、游戏名称前,不用冠词。如:__________吃午饭; __________踢足球。 6.在某些固定词组中,名词前常不用冠词。如: by bike骑自行车; __________乘火车; on foot步行; go to school去上学。 7.名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时,不用冠词。如: That is Mary's book. 那是玛丽的书。 My ruler is on the desk. 我的尺子在课桌上。 have lunch play football by train 总结 语法互动(三) ┃ 冠词 考点过关 用恰当的冠词填空,不填的画 “ / ” 1 . I know ________ girl in a red sweater. 2.She can play ________ piano, but she can't play ________ soccer. 3.Eric is ________ first student to win the prize. 4.Mr Smith is one of ________ most popular teachers in our school. 5.My aunt has ________ eightyearold son. 6.What ________ honest boy he is! 7.This is ________ useful book. the the / the the an an a 语法互动(三) ┃ 冠词 8.Mary usually goes to school by ________bike, but this morning she took ________ taxi to school. 9.There's ________ “ s ” in the word “ save ” . 10.________ Browns are leaving for the small village next Sunday. 11.I have ________ baseball, but I can't play ________ baseball. 12.He has milk and bread for ________ breakfast every day. 13.Jim likes playing ________ chess with friends after school. / / a an The a / / 语法互动(三) ┃ 冠词 14.This is ________ interesting book. It's worth reading. 15.You can work it out in ________ same way. 16.She wants to be ________ actor in the future. 17.What ________ beautiful music. I like it very much. 18.Have you ever been to ________ Great Wall? an the an / the 语法互动(四) ┃ 数词 基数词与名词连用表示编号 Lesson Eight 第八课 Class One, Grade Three 三年级一班 Room 102 102 号房间 No.4 Middle School 四中 38 Changan Street 长安街 38 号 Bus No.10 10 路公共汽车 (1) 分数表示法 分数的构成 分数的构成为分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子如果大于 1 ,则分母序数词一般都用复数形式。 1/2 : a (one) half, 1/3 : a (one) third, 1/4 : a quarter 2/5 : two fifths, 3/4 : three quarters 1/25 : a twenty fifth, 1/100 : a hundredth , 3/100 : three hundredths, 5/1000 : five thousandths 带分数的整数和分数之间须用 and 连接 : three and a half (1) 分数表示法 分数的构成 分数的构成为分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子如果大于 1 ,则分母序数词一般都用复数形式。 1/2 : a (one) half, 1/3 : a (one) third, 1/4 : a quarter 2/5 : two fifths, 3/4 : three quarters 1/25 : a twenty fifth, 1/100 : a hundredth , 3/100 : three hundredths, 5/1000 : five thousandths 带分数的整数和分数之间须用 and 连接 : three and a half (2) 小数表示法 小数只能用基数词表示。其中小数点读作 point ,零读作 zero ;小数点之后按数字依次读出;整数部分为零时,可以省略不读。 0.9 : zero point nine 或 point nine 3.58 : three point five eight 0.016 : 0 point 0 one six 8.025 : eight point 0 two five 99.87 : ninety nine point eight seven (3) 百分数表示法 % 读作 per cent 18% : eighteen per cent 0.6% : zero point six per cent 99.9 : ninety nine point nine per cent 0.05% : 0 point 0 five per cent 语法互动(四) ┃ 数词 考点一 基数词 中考考点 1.基数词和序数词的构成和用法。 2.年、月、日、时的基本表达方式和分数、加减法以及hundred, thousand, million等的用法。 1.构成 (1)0 — 12单独记。如:zero, one, two, three等。 (2)13 — 19词尾都是teen。如:fourteen, seventeen等,但13 — thirteen,15 — fifteen,18 — eighteen需要特殊记。 (3)20,30,40等整数的基数词均以ty结尾。如:20 — twenty,30 — thirty,40 — forty,50 — fifty,80 — eighty等。 请写出九,十九,九十的基数词和序数词 nine nineteen ninety ninth nineteenth ninetieth 找到规律了吗? 语法互动(四) ┃ 数词 (4) “ 几十几 ” 要加连字符号 “” 。如:48 — forty eight, 97 — ninety seven等。 (5) “ 几百几十 ” 或者 “ 几百几十几 ” 加and。如:156 — one hundred and fifty six, 509 — five hundred and nine等。 (6)四位数或者四位数以上的基数词的拼写规律用逗号从右往左每三位加一个逗号,第一个逗号前为千(thousand),第二个逗号前为百万(million),第三个逗号前为(十亿)billion。如:3,610=three thousand six hundred and ten; 94,295=ninety four thousand two hundred and ninety five;274,350=two hundred and seventy four thousand, three hundred and fifty等。 语法互动(四) ┃ 数词 2.用法 (1)表示数量。 如:thirty trees 30棵树。 (2)表示年龄和年份。如:at the age of 15 在15岁时;in 2013 在2013年。 (3)表示时刻。表示时间有两种方法,即:小时+分钟或用介词past 表示 “ 几点过几分 ” ,用to表示 “ 差几分就几点了 ” ,分钟数放在past/to之前。如:1:58读作one fifty eight或two to two; 1:02读作one o two或two past one; at half past nine 在9点半。 (4)表示顺序。如:Class Five 五班; Room One 1号房间。 (5)确数和概数的表达。 “ 基数词+hundred/ thousand/million/billion+可数名词复数 ” 表示准确数 字,如:five hundred五百。 “ hundreds/thousands/millions/ billions of+名词 ” 表示约数, “ 数百(千,百万,十亿) ” ,前面可用several, some, many等修饰。 (6)年代表达法。 “ 几十 ” 的基数词的复数形式或者在年份后面加-s可以用来表示岁数和年代。如:in his fifties 在他五十多岁的时候; in the 1960s 在20世纪60年代。 (7) “ another+基数词+名词 ” 或者 “ 基数词+more+名词 ” 表示在一定基础上再增加一定的数量。如:two more oranges = another two oranges 再来两个橘子。 (8) “ 基数词-单数可数名词-形容词 ” 作定语修饰名词。如:a sixteen year old boy一个16岁的男孩;an 800 metre 语法互动(四) ┃ 数词 语法互动(四) ┃ 数词 long bridge一座800米长的桥;women's 800 metre race女子800米接力;a ten minute walk=ten minutes' walk步行十分钟。 考点二 序数词 1.构成 (1) “ 第一 ” 、 “ 第二 ” 、 “ 第三 ” 分别是 first, second, third。 (2) “ 第四 ” 到 “ 第十九 ” 除了fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth是特殊的拼写外,其余的都是在相应基数词后面加th构成。如:fourth。 (3)整十的序数词由相应的基数词变y为i,再加 eth。如:thirty→thirtieth; fifty→fiftieth。 语法互动(四) ┃ 数词 (4)第一百hundredth; 第一千thousandth; 第一百万millionth。 (5)有个位数的基数词只变化个位数。如:twenty one→ twenty first; one hundred and one→one hundred and first。 2.用法 (1)序数词表示顺序。在用序数词表示顺序的时候,要在序数词前加冠词the,序数词后的名词要用单数。如:the fifth floor 第五层楼。 (2)序数词表示日期。日期可按 “ 日,月,年 ” 的顺序表示,也可按 “ 月,日,年 ” 的顺序表示。日期既可以用阿拉伯数字,也可写成缩略形式的序数词。如:2010.5.1读作May the first, two thousand and ten。 (3)分数的表示。分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于1,分母加-s; “ 分数+名词 ” 做主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于名词,名词为复数,动词用复数;名词为单数或者不可数名词,动词用单数。如:1/4 one fourth; 3/6 three sixths。 语法互动(四) ┃ 数词 考点三 数词的其他用法 1.表示倍数关系。 “ 一倍 ” 是once; “ 两倍 ” 是twice;表示 “ 三倍 ” 或 “ 三倍以上 ” 的倍数用 “ 数字+times ” 。如:三次three times;十倍ten times。 2.数词前加every,表示 “ 每一段时间或每隔一段时间 ” 。如: every ten days/every ninth day每10天/每隔9天。 语法互动(四) ┃ 数词 3.与数目有关的词。如:half一半; second 秒; a quarter 四分之一; several几个; a few几个; a dozen一打; a score 二十个。 4.特殊短语。如: half an hour 半小时; two or three hours=two hours or three 两三个小时; four and a half years=four years and a half 四年半。 考点过关 用所给词的适当形式填空 1.They live on the ________(five) floor. 2.December is the ________(twelve) month of the year. 3.On my sister's ________(nine) birthday, I gave her a fifth twelfth ninth 语法互动(四) ┃ 数词 useful book. 4.__________(hundred) of people come here to read books on weekends. 5.About two __________(thousand) trees have been planted along the river. 6. Three ________ (four) of the students in our class like basketball. 7. — How often do you go to the mountain? — ________ (two) a month. 8.Wednesday is the ________ (four) day of a week. 9.Father's Day is on the ________(three) Sunday of June. Hundreds thousand fourths Twice fourth third 10.They live on the ____________ (twenty six) floor of the tall building. 11.In the ____ (19) picture, you can see many young trees. 12.He left his parents when he was ________ (seven) years old. 13.It's the ________ (thirty) song that he has written. 14.My ________ (one) name is Linda. What about yours? 15.She became very famous in her ________ (forty). 语法互动(四) ┃ 数词 twenty - sixth nineteen th seven thirtieth first forties 语法互动(五) ┃ 介词和介词短语 语法互动(五) ┃ 介词和介词短语 考点一 表示时间的介词 中考考点 1.介词表示时间、方位、方式的基本用法。 2.一些易混介词的辨析及介词短语的运用。 1.in (1)用在世纪、年份、季节、月份、不特定的上、下午和晚上等词前面。如: in the twentieth century在20世纪; in 2012 在2012年; in winter在冬天; in the morning/afternoon/ evening在上午/下午/晚上。 (2)表示 “ 在 …… 之后 ” ,后面接一段时间,多用于将来时。如: 语法互动(五) ┃ 介词和介词短语 We are going to Shanghai ______ two days. 我们将在两天后去上海。 2.at (1)用在表示钟点、中午、夜晚和拂晓的前面。如: at five o'clock在五点; at noon在中午; at night在夜晚。 (2)用在一些固定短语中。如:at the beginning of 在 …… 开始; at the end of 在 …… 的结尾; at the same time同时; ____________在 …… 岁时; ________有时。 3.on (1)表示在具体的某一天的上、下午。如:on the morning of August 8在八月八日上午; __________________ 在一个寒冷的早上。 in at the age of at times on a cold morning 语法互动(五) ┃ 介词和介词短语 (2)表示在具体的某一天。如: on July 16, 2010在2010年7月16日。 (3)用在星期、节日前。如: on Monday 在星期一;on Teachers' Day 在教师节。 4.by 用来表示 “ 在 …… 之前,到 …… 时 ” 的结构为 “ by+时间点 ” ,常与完成时连用。如: How many English words had you learned __________________ last term? 到上学期期末你学了多少个英语单词? 5.for by the end of 语法互动(五) ┃ 介词和介词短语 “ for+一段时间 ” 常与含延续性动词的完成时连用。如: I have ______ this book ______ a long time. 我买这本书好长时间了。 6.since “ since+具体的过去时间点或 ‘ 时间段+ago ’ 或一般过去时的句子 ” 也常与完成时连用。如: I have taught in No.12 Middle School _________ 1989. 我从1989年就在第十二中学教书。 7.during during的意思是 “ 在 …… 期间 ” ,后面接名词、代词、 had for since 语法互动(五) ┃ 介词和介词短语 动名词,用于某一特定的一段时间,表示时间上的延续。如: We will visit Shanghai ______ this summer holiday. 这个暑假期间我们要去上海参观。 8.after “ after+时间段 ” 表示过去的一段时间以后; “ after+将来的时间点 ” 表示将来的某一时刻以后。 考点二 表示地点的介词 1.at (1)用于小地点前面。如: at the door在门口; at the bus stop 在公共汽车站。 during 语法互动(五) ┃ 介词和介词短语 (2)用于门牌号前面。如: He lives ______ No.200, Nanjing Road.他住在南京路200号。 (3)表示 “ 在 …… 前/后部 ” 。如: I sit at the front of the classroom.我坐在教室的前面。 2.on (1)表示一物放在另一物的上面,两者紧贴在一起。如: The book is on the table.这本书在桌子上。 (2)表示 “ 紧邻 ” 。如: Canada lies ______ the north of the US.加拿大位于美国北部。 at on (3)表示 “ 在 …… 左/右边 ” 。如: Li Ping is on my left.李平在我左边。 (4)用于路名前。如: He lives on Nanjing Road.他住在南京路。 3.in (1)用于较大的地点前,如大城市、国家、洲等。如: He lives in Beijing.他住在北京。 (2)表示 “ 包含 ” 。如: Beijing is ______ the north of China.北京在中国北部。 (3)表示 “ 在 …… 排/行/组 ” 。如: We are in Team One.我们在第一组。 语法互动(五) ┃ 介词和介词短语 in 4.to (1)表示 “ 没接触,不包含 ” 。如: France lies ______ the south of England.法国位于英国南面。 (2)表示目的地或去的目的。如: Will you take a train to Tianjin?你将坐火车去天津吗? 5.over over表示一种垂直悬空的上下关系,即 “ 在 …… 正上方 ” 。如: Is there any bridge ______ the river?河上有桥吗? 6.above above表示一般的 “ 高于 …… ,在 …… 之上 ” 。如: 语法互动(五) ┃ 介词和介词短语 to over There is an electric clock ______ his bed.他床的上方有一个电子钟。 7.under under是over的反义词,即 “ 在 …… 正下方 ” 。如: They were seen ______ the tree.有人看到他们在树下。 8.below below是above的反义词,即 “ 低于 …… ,在 …… 之下 ” 。如: Please don't write ______ this line.请不要在这条线下面写东西。 语法互动(五) ┃ 介词和介词短语 above under below 语法互动(五) ┃ 介词和介词短语 9.across across着重于 “ 从一头或一边到另一头或另一边 ” ,强调从表面穿过。如: She went ______ the street to make some purchases. 她穿过这条街去采购。 10.through through着重于 “ 穿越 ” ,强调从一定的空间内穿过,含义与in有关。如: The sunlight was coming in ________ the window. 阳光透过窗户射了进来。 across through 语法互动(五) ┃ 介词和介词短语 1.of, from (1)of 用于成品与材料的性质不变时。如: The desk is made of wood.课桌是由木头做成的。 (2)from用于成品与材料的性质已变时。如: Wine is made from grapes.葡萄酒是用葡萄做的。 2.in in 表示用材料、语言,衣着或颜色、声调等。如: Can you say it in English?你能用英语说吗? 3.with, by, on (1)with表示 “ 用工具、某物 ” ,如:with a pen 用钢笔。也 考点三 其他介词 语法互动(五) ┃ 介词和介词短语 可以表示 “ 带有,具有 ” ,如:the girl with long hair 长发女孩。 (2)by 表示 “ 用/以/靠/通过 …… 的方法 ” 。如: He prefers traveling by car.他更喜欢乘汽车旅行。 (3)on 表示使用一些无线电工具。如: I often talk with my friends on the phone.我经常通过电话与朋友交谈。 4.between, among (1)between表示 “ 在两者之间 ” 或 “ 三者以上强调每两者之间 ” 。如: Don't sit between the two girls.不要坐在这两个女孩中间。 语法互动(五) ┃ 介词和介词短语 What does Hobo do between meals?Hobo餐间都干什么? (2)among 表示 “ 在 …… 当中(三者或以上) ” 。如: They lived among the mountains in the past.过去他们住在山里。 5.besides, except (1)besides 表示 “ 除 …… 之外(全部计算在内) ” 。如: We have seen the crocodile besides Li Fang. 除了李芳之外,我们也见过鳄鱼。 (2)except 表示 “ 除 …… 之外(不计算在内) ” 。如: We are all Chinese except Tom in our class. 在我们班,除了Tom外,我们都是中国人。 语法互动(五) ┃ 介词和介词短语 在 家 at home 在学校 at school 在工作 __________ 立刻 at once 在晚上 at night 在一年中不好的时节 at a bad time of the year 在 …… 的尽头 at the end of 在 …… 的前面 at the head of 在 …… 的开始 at the beginning of 要,请求 __________ 到达 arrive in(at) 考点四 含有介词的重点短语 at work ask for 语法互动(五) ┃ 介词和介词短语 同意某人 agree with sb 以 …… 开始 __________ 在 …… 方面擅长 be good at 对 …… 有好处 be good for 对 …… 有害处 be bad for 充满 be full of 出生于 …… be born in 确信 be sure of 习惯于 …… __________ 对某事感到满意 be satisfied with sth 对某人严格 be strict with sb 对某事严格 be strict in sth begin with be used to 忙于做某事 be busy with sth 迟到 be late for 生某人的气 be angry with sb 因某事生气 be angry at sth 对某人感到满意 be pleased with sb 对 …… 感兴趣 be interested in 与 …… 不同 __________ 以 …… 为骄傲 be proud of 对 …… 感到厌烦 be tired of 对 …… 表示懊悔/为 …… 感到可惜 be sorry for 赶上 catch up with 依靠 depend on 语法互动(五) ┃ 介词和介词短语 be different from 语法互动(五) ┃ 介词和介词短语 在 …… 方面做得好 do well in 充满,装满 fill with 与 …… 相处 __________ 听说 __________ 收到 …… 的来信 __________ 在某方面帮助某人 help sb with 在 …… 的前面 in front of 在 …… 的前部 in the front of 在户外;在野外 in the open air 最后,终于 in the end 睡觉 in bed get on/along with hear of hear from 语法互动(五) ┃ 介词和介词短语 及时 __________ 匆忙,急忙 in a hurry 在阳光下 __________ 事实上 in fact 处于困境中 in trouble 在树上(外来物) __________ 看 look at 寻找 look for 照顾,照看 look after 检查 look over 嘲笑 __________ 动身去某处 __________ in time in the sun in the tree laugh at leave for 语法互动(五) ┃ 介词和介词短语 听 listen to 与 …… 交朋友 make friends with 在树上(树上长的) on the tree 在某人回家的路上 on one's way home 在展览中 __________ 究竟,到底 on earth 在 …… 顶部 on the top of 另一方面 on the other hand 值日;值班 on duty 在盘子里 on the plate 步行 __________ 照顾,照看 take care of on show on foot 语法互动(五) ┃ 介词和介词短语 考点过关 用适当的介词填空 1.I read a book about science ________ Sunday morning. 2.They had problems walking ________ the forest. 3.There's no secret ________ you and me. 4.We all went to the beach ________ Kate yesterday. 5.There will be a sports meeting ________ two weeks. 6.My friend bought a big house ________ a nice garden. 7.You can improve your English ________ reading more. 8.We all stood up ________ the same time. 9.Their desks are made ________ wood. on through between except in with by at of 语法互动(五) ┃ 介词和介词短语 10.Taiwan is ________ the southeast of China. 11.There's a big smile ________ her face. She's very happy. 12.We are looking forward ________ winning the match. 13.It's very kind ________ you to help me with my lessons. 14.I borrowed some money ________ my friend to buy a camera. in on to of from 语法互动(六) ┃ 形容词和副词 语法互动(六) ┃ 形容词和副词 考点一 形容词 中考考点 1.形容词和副词的原级、比较级和最高级的构成规则、基本句型及其用法。 2.形容词作表语和定语的用法。 3.副词作状语的用法。 1.形容词的一般用法 (1)形容词+名词,形容词作定语。如: a good girl 一个好女孩 [注意] 由连字符连接起来的复合形容词中的名词只能用单数形式。 如: 语法互动(六) ┃ 形容词和副词 an eightyearold boy 一个8岁的男孩 (2)be+形容词,形容词作表语。如: The meal is delicious.这顿饭很好吃。 (3)不定代词+形容词,形容词作后置定语。如: ______________________重要的事情 (4)数词+形容词,表示长、宽、高、深以及年龄。如: five thousand kilometers long五千多千米长 (5)the+形容词,表示一类人或物。如: the old 老人 (6)表语形容词。这些形容词只能位于系动词后面作表语。如:alone, awake, alive, well(健康的), ill, frightened等。如: something important The boy is alone.(正) The alone boy is here.(误) (7)只能作定语的形容词。如:little, only(唯一的), wooden, woolen, elder。 My elder brother is in Beijing.(正) My brother is elder.(误) (8)形式像副词的形容词。如:lonely,friendly, lively, lovely。 (9)多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:限定词(冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、数词)→描绘词(大小、长短、形状、新旧、长幼、颜色)→名词。如: 语法互动(六) ┃ 形容词和副词 语法互动(六) ┃ 形容词和副词 a famous American medical school一所非常著名的美国医学院 2.形容词的常用句式 (1) “ It's+ adj. +of+sb+不定式 ” 表示 “ 某人做某事 ……” [注意] 这一句型中常用描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词,如: good, kind, nice, polite, clever, foolish, lazy, careful, careless, right, wrong等。 (2) “ It's+ adj. +for+sb+不定式 ” 表示 “ 做某事对某人来说 ……” [注意] 这一句型中常用描述做某事性质的形容词:如important, necessary, difficult, easy, hard, dangerous, safe, useful, pleasant, interesting, impossible等。 2016 年寒假后语法回顾 请在此输入您的文本。 名词 考点一:国人变 9 复数 German 考点二:单复数同形 Chinese 还有··(左边的那位) Japanese , deer , sheep , fish 考点三:名词作定语 两棵苹果树 两个女老师 考点四:以 s 结尾确是单数??? news , maths , physics , politics 考点五:即可以可数又可以不可数名词 time orange work glass wood chicken room 考点六: a friend of me 还是 a friend of mine 我爸的一个朋友 李妹妹和唐姐姐的妈妈 考点七:集体名词( family , class , team ) 考点八:常考的不可数名词 advice , information , experience 1 2 3 4 university useful book honest boy European country “s” 序数词前一般要加 the ,最高级前也要加 the 你知道 a third 和 the third 区别吗? 哪些名词前一般不要冠词 the 加形容词; the 加姓的复数; 十分可爱的一个小男孩( quite , very ) 看 见 of the two 要用 冠词 the 加比较级 Do you know _____ university student who is talking with Joe? 1 2 3 4 5 判断: two thousand boys ; many thousands of boys in his twenties in the 1990 Lesson five 判断: Twenty percents of students are from England. two thirds students are from England. 另外四个苹果( another , more ) The number of the workers in this factory are about 5,000 判断:基数词: nine , nineteen , ninety , twenty 序数词: ninth , nineteenth , ninetieth 数词 1 2 3 4 5 请在此输入您的文本。请在此输入您的文本。 请在此输入您的文本。请在此输入您的文本。 形容词放不定代词前还是后 else 放不定代词前还是后 one/ it /that other/others/the other/the others/another 区别: a few/few/a little/little either/neither/both/all/none so ( neither ) do you /so ( neither ) you do Enjoy , my friends. 判断: everyone are having a great time 代词 主格 I 宾格 形物 名物 反代 1 2 3 4 5 a cold afternoon ; 6 : 30 ; 2016 May 12th , 2016 ; January ; the morning of Feb. 15th since 与 for 用法 他死了八年了 意思: about , after , by , for , like , off , on , with except , besides , except for , but in the tree/on the tree in 加时间段 =after+ 时间点 in the east of Chengdu on the east of Chengdu to the east of Chengdu by 加交通工具与 in/on 加交通工具区别 between 与 among across/through/past 介词 prep. 1 2 3 4 5 形容词的用法: 足够的大;其他的某人;八岁大的男孩; excited 与 exciting 与 excitingly one of 加最高级, 序数词后也可以用最高级 as ·· as 中间用原级 否定为 not as ·· as 还可以说 not ·· ··· as 唐是一个高高的黄色中国小女孩 形容词顺序口诀: 修饰比较级的有 : 修饰原级的有 : 形容词 adj. 描大形新颜国材 语法互动(六) ┃ 形容词和副词 1.什么是副词,你知道副词有哪些吗? 考点二 副词 1. 时间副词 now, then, today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, ago, soon, immediately, lately, early, sometimes, often, always, usually, already, yet, ever, never等。时间副词是选用句子时态时的重要标志,所以一定要牢固掌握不同时态的时间标志。 2. 地点副词 outside, inside, upstairs, here, there, home, near, away, in, back, off, up, anywhere等。地点副词和动词连用时不用加介词。 3. 方式副词 quickly, happily, loudly, suddenly, luckily, badly, easily, fast, again等。方式副词大多是“形容词+ly”构成形式。 4.程度副词 very, quite, rather, too, much, so等。有些程度副词可以修饰形容词原级,有些能修饰形容词比较级。 5. 疑问副词 when, where, why, how, how long, how soon, how often, how far等。疑问副词常用来构成特殊问句。 6. 关系副词 when, where, why,等。关系副词常用来引导定语从句。 例题 15 :- __________ do you write to your parents? - Once a month. A. How far B. How many C. How long D. How often 例题 16 : : _______, he didn't fail in the English exam. A. Luck B. Lucky C. Luckily D. Luckly 17 : We've never heard of _____ story before. A. such a strange B. such strange C. so a strange D. so strange Part4.3 年中考链接 (一)单项选择 ☆ 时间副词的用法 ---- 主要是用于确定句子时态。 23. ----There is something wrong with your computer. ----Don’t worry. I _________ to repair it tomorrow. ( 09 年) A. will come B. came C. come D. have come ☆ 程度副词修饰比较级 20.----Why don’t you like winter in Beijing? ( 10 年) ----Because it is ___________ winter in Guangzhou. A. as cold as B.much colder than C. not so cold as D. not cold than ☆ 定语从句关系副词 24.I still remember the park ______ we first met.(10 年 ) A. that B. which C. where D. when ☆ 程度副词修饰比较级 23 . The actress is already50, but she looks_________ than she really is . ( 11 年) A. young B. more young C. more younger D. much younger 2.副词的位置 (1)通常放在句末或者句中,修饰实义动词或者形容词。 she runs happily every morning she is even happier than Menglalisha (2)副词可以单独放··放哪里呢?后面必须有什么符号?(请我对面的同学回答) , she failed to catch the Bus No. 878 。( exciting ) 语法互动(六) ┃ 形容词和副词 unexcitingly 句首 语法互动(六) ┃ 形容词和副词 3. 副词的构成 3. 以辅音字母加 y 结尾?的,变 y 为 i 再加 ly 4. 以 e 结尾的怎么变呢?( 左边的那位···) 一般直接加 ly ,如 politely 但是 true 的副词是 truly 那以 possible 的副词是 possiblely 还是 possibly (右边的那位) 5. 以 le 结尾的形容词去 e 加 y 1. 本身就是副词 2. 直接加 ly 比如 sad sadly 以 ly 结尾的单词一定是副词!!! 你同意这句话吗? -er,-or,-ee,-ment,-tion,-ty -ful,less,ible,able, ize,en 副词 ly 名词: 形容词: 动词: 语法互动(六) ┃ 形容词和副词 1. 既是形容词也是副词: fast,early,late,high,deep,close, hard 2.兼有两种形式的副词 high 与 highly deep 与 deeply close 与 closely late 与 lately 注意: 语法互动(六) ┃ 形容词和副词 . 易混副词 (一)how long, how far,how soon, how often, how may times (二)hard/hardly farther与further (三) much too/too much. (四)too/also/either/neither (五)too, enough, so (六)already/yet (七)lonely与alone (八) living、alive、live、lively (九) sometimes、 sometime、 some times 、some time (十) how、what (十一) a bit与a little 1. 请写出长,宽,高,深的名词 2. late --- later --- latest --- ○latter (后者)--- last(最后) 3. 以 -ly 结尾的形容词 friendly,lovely, lonely, lively,daily, friendly,brotherly 其他补充 length , width , height , length 4. (人口)数字number/population大用large或big,小用small 速度speed快用high,慢用low 价格price高用high,低用low 温度temperature高用high,低用low 交通traffic繁忙用busy/heavy, 否则用clear 风大用strong/hard,小用soft/gentle 雪大雨大用heavy/hard,小用light 5. before long long before ★ 6 、 maybe 。 may be ★ 7 、 a little, little a few, few 8.I find this computer game ________ to play. A. enough easy B. easy enough C. enough easily D. easily enough. B 语法互动(六) ┃ 形容词和副词 考点过关 用所给词的适当形式填空 1.Eating ________(health) food is good for you. 2.They were ___________(interest) in the action movie. 3.She likes light music because it's ________(relax). 4.Please listen to the teacher ________(careful) in class. 5.The old should be spoken to ________(polite). 6.I think science is as________ (useful) as math. 7.Bob is ____________________(outgoing) than his sister. 8.The more you smile, the ________(happy) you'll feel. 9.Jim gets to school ________(early) than his classmates. 10.The Yellow River is the second ________(long) river in China. carefully healthy interested relaxing politely useful more/less outgoing happier earlier longest 语法互动(七) ┃ 连词 语法互动(七) ┃ 连词 考点一 并列连词 中考考点 1.并列连词and, but, so, or等的主要用法。 2.常用的从属连词的基本用法。 1.表示并列关系的: and(和;同;与),both … and … ( …… 和 …… 都), not only … but also … (不仅 …… 而且 …… ), as well as(而且,还,又), neither … nor … (既不 …… 也不 …… )。如: He likes drawing and I like dancing. 他喜欢画画,我喜欢跳舞。 his father his mother watching TV. Both and like 他的父母都喜欢看电视。 you I wrong. 你和我都没有错。 Not only the young but also the old can speak some English there. 在那儿不仅年轻人而且老年人都会说一点英语。 Tom as well as I walks to school every day. 汤姆和我一样每天步行去上学。 [注意] 用as well as 连接的并列主语句子中,谓语动词应与它前面的主语一致; not only … but also和neither … nor … 则遵循就近原则。 2.表示选择关系的: or(或;或者;还是;否则;不然),either … or … (或者 …… 或者 …… ; 不是 …… 就是 …… )。如: 语法互动(七) ┃ 连词 Neither nor am 语法互动(七) ┃ 连词 After supper, I often watch TV ______ take a walk. 晚饭后,我经常看电视或散步。 Work hard,______ you will fall behind. 努力学习,否则你会落后。 Either you or he is going to do some shopping this afternoon. 今天下午或者你或者他去购物。 3.表示转折关系的: but(但;但是;可是), while(然而)。如: She was very tired,______ she kept working till midnight. 她虽然很累了,但是一直工作到深夜。 He's a worker______his wife is a doctor.他是工人而他妻子是医生。 or while or but 语法互动(七) ┃ 连词 4.表示因果关系的: so(所以)。如: He got up late,______ he didn't catch the early bus. 他起床晚了,所以没赶上早班车。 考点二 从属连词 1.引导状语从句的连词 (1)引导时间状语从句的连词:when, while, as, before, after, until, till, as soon as, since等。时间状语从句和主句的时态关系为:主将从现,主过从过。 ①when “ 当 …… 时 ” 。如: I was doing my homework ______ the telephone rang. 我在做作业的时候电话铃响了。 so when ②while “ 正当 …… 时,正在 …… 时 ” 。在while引导的从句中,谓语动词必须是延续性动词,且常常用进行时。as “ 正当 …… 时 ” , as引导的从句中既可用延续性动词,也可用短暂性动词。如: He fell asleep __________ he was watching TV. 他看着电视睡着了。 As Millie sat down on the sofa, Amy came into the room.米莉坐在沙发上时,艾米走进了房间。 ③before “ 在 …… 之前 ” ; after “ 在 …… 之后 ” 。如: I'll wait for you here before you come back. 在你回来前,我会在这儿等你。 语法互动(七) ┃ 连词 while/as 语法互动(七) ┃ 连词 ④until “ 直到 …… 为止 ” 。如: The child ______ go to bed ______ his mother came back. 直到他妈妈回来了,这孩子才去睡觉。 ⑤as soon as “ 一 …… 就 ……” 如: I'll call you ____________ I get there. 我一到那儿就给你打电话。 ⑥since “ 自从 ” 。如: I have lived in Beijing ______ I came to China. 自从来到中国以来我就住在北京。 (2)引导条件状语从句的连词: if, unless等。如: ______ it is fine tomorrow, we'll go to the park. didn't until as soon as since If 语法互动(七) ┃ 连词 如果明天天气好,我们就去公园。 We'll be late ______ we hurry up. 除非快点,否则我们会迟到。 (3)引导目的状语从句的连词: so that(是为了,以便于), in order that(以便于)等。如: He got up early ______ he could catch the early bus. 为了能赶上早班车,他起得很早。 I spoke loudly in order that everyone in the room could hear me. 我大声说话是为了让屋里的每个人都能听得见。 (4)引导原因状语从句的连词: because, as, since等。如: unless s o that She didn't go to work _________ she was ill. 她没去上班,因为她病了。 [注意] because与so不能同时出现在一个句子中。 (5)引导结果状语从句的连词: so … that,such … that等。so … that和 such … that意思均为 “ 如此 …… 以至于 ……” so后接形容词或副词,such后接名词或名词性短语,that后接从句。如: I was ____________ I couldn't go any further. 我累得走不动了。 Tom is ____________________________________________ everyone likes him. 汤姆是如此聪明的一个男孩,大家都喜欢他。 语法互动(七) ┃ 连词 because so tired that such a clever boy that/so clever a boy that 语法互动(七) ┃ 连词 (6)引导让步状语从句的连词: though, although, even if (=even though)等。如: The dress looks nice on you ______________ it's out of style. 虽然这件连衣裙过时了,它穿在你身上还是很漂亮。 [注意] though, although不与but连用。 (7)引导比较状语从句的连词: than, as … as … 等。如: He is better at English than I. 他的英语比我好。 I think English is as important as math. 我认为英语和数学同等重要。 2.引导宾语从句的连词: that(陈述句作宾语,从句由that引导,that无意义,可省去),if/whether(一般疑问句作宾语从 though/although 语法互动(七) ┃ 连词 句用if或whether引导,意为 “ 是否 ” )和特殊疑问词(用来引导特殊疑问句所作的宾语从句)。如: I want to know ______ you will start. 我想知道你何时出发。 I'm worried about _________ she can come here on time. 我担心她能否按时来。 when whether 考点过关 用适当的连词填空 1.________ David and Jim draw well. 2.Neither my father ________ I have been to Canada. 3.Helen is a quiet girl, ________ she is active in class. 4.Hold on to your dreams ________ one day they may come true. 5.The camera is too expensive, ________ I can't afford it. 语法互动(七) ┃ 连词 Both nor but and so 语法互动(八) ┃ 系动词和情态动词 语法互动(八) ┃ 系动词和情态动词 考点一 系动词 (link-v) 中考考点 1.系动词be, look, smell, get, become, turn, keep等的基本用法。 2.情态动词can, must, need, may等的基本句型结构及主要用法。 系动词不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语,称作 “ 系表结构 ” 。如: I am a teacher. 我是一名老师。 常见的系动词有:be(是), look(看起来),______(似乎), appear(显得),______(觉得,摸起来), become(变得,成为), feel seem 语法互动(八) ┃ 系动词和情态动词 get(变得), sound(听起来),______(闻起来), taste(尝起来), turn(变得), grow(渐渐变得), keep/stay(保持), remain(保持不变)等。 考点二 情态动词 (mod.v) 情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度,表示 “ 可能 ” 、 “ 应当 ” 、 “ 必要 ” 等含义,但其本身词义不完全,不能独立作谓语,必须和动词原形连用。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。其否定形式一般是在情态动词后加not (have to除外),其疑问形式是将情态动词提至主语前。情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有:can(could), may(might), must, need, shall(should), will(would)。 smell 语法互动(八) ┃ 系动词和情态动词 1.can和could的用法 can(could)表示 “ 能力 ” 、 “ 许可 ” 、 “ 可能性 ” 等。could 为 can 的过去式。表示请求时,could比can更婉转。如:Can I use your bike?我可以用你的自行车吗? [注意] can 和could 只能用于现在时和过去时两种时态,将来时中用 be able to。另外 can't 可表示否定推测。如: That ______ be Mr Wang. He has gone to Beijing. 那肯定不是王老师,他已经去北京了。 2.may和might的用法 may(might)意为 “ 可以 ” ,表示说话人同意、许可或请求对方许可,也可表示祝愿。may的否定式为 may not。might 是 can't 语法互动(八) ┃ 系动词和情态动词 may 的过去式,有两种用法:一种表示过去式;一种表示虚拟语气,使语气更委婉、客气,或表示可能性更小。如: ______ I use your pen? 我可以用你的钢笔吗? You may put on more clothes. 你可以多穿衣服。 May you be happy.祝你开心。 Might I borrow some money now? 我现在可以借点钱吗? He might be alive. 他可能还活着。 3.must的用法 must 意为 “ 必须,应该,一定,准是 ” ,表示说话人认为有必要做某事,命令、要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。 May must 用于一般现在时和一般将来时,过去式可用 have to 的过去式代替。如: I ______ finish my work today. 我今天必须完成我的工作。 You mustn't drive after drinking. 你绝不能酒后驾车。 (1)must 和 have to 的区别: must 表示说话人的主观意愿;have to 表示客观需要。如: I must do my homework first.我必须首先做家庭作业。 It is raining hard outside; I _________ stay at home. 外面雨下得很大,我不得不待在家里。 语法互动(八) ┃ 系动词和情态动词 must have to 语法互动(八) ┃ 系动词和情态动词 (2)回答must 的提问 ①肯定回答:Yes, … must. 如: — Must I go home now? — Yes, you must. “ 我必须现在回家吗? ” “ 是的,你必须。 ” ②否定回答:No, … needn't./No, … don't/doesn't have to. 如: — Must I go home now? — No, you ____________________. “ 我必须现在回家吗? ” “ 不,没必要。 ” (3)must 可以表示肯定推测,意为 “ 一定 ” 。如: The man must be our teacher. 那个人一定是我们的老师。 needn't/don't have to 语法互动(八) ┃ 系动词和情态动词 4.need的用法 (1)need 表示 “ 需要,必须 ” 。主要用于否定句和疑问句中,否定形式为needn't,表示 “ 没有必要,不必 ” ;need 提问时,肯定回答用must,否定回答用 needn't。如: — Need we do some cleaning now? “ 我们必须现在大扫除吗? ” — Yes, you must. “ 是的,你们必须。 ” — No, you needn't. “ 不,你们不必。 ” (2)need 还可当做实义动词使用,这时常用结构为 need to do sth。如: I need to learn more. 我需要学习更多。 语法互动(八) ┃ 系动词和情态动词 5.shall和should的用法 shall 用于第一人称的句子中表示提建议或请求; should用于各种人称的句子中强调义务或责任。如: ______ we go out for a walk? 我们出去散步好吗?(建议) You should study hard at school.你们在学校应该努力学习。(劝告) 6.will和would的用法 will用于第二人称疑问句时,表示征求意见或提建议。would 为 will 的过去式,可用于多种人称,表示意愿。如: Will you have a little soup?你要不要喝点汤? Shall [归纳] 情态动词表推测的用法 (1)肯定句中一般用must(一定),may(可能),might/could(也许,或许),其中must表推测的语气最强,其余依次渐弱。如: The book must be hers. Her name is on it. 这本书一定是她的,她的名字在上面。 He must be running.他一定是在跑步。 They may know the way to the library. 他们可能知道去图书馆的路。 (2)否定句中一般用can't/couldn't(不可能)。如: That man can't be Mr Li because he has gone to London. 语法互动(八) ┃ 系动词和情态动词 语法互动(八) ┃ 系动词和情态动词 那个人不可能是李老师,因为他去伦敦了。 (3)疑问句中用can/could(能)。如: — Can the red sweater be Tom's? — No, it can't. He can't stand red. “ 这件红毛衣会是吉姆的吗? ” “ 不,不可能。他不能忍受红色。 ” [注意] might, could并不是may, can的过去式,而是表示语气较委婉或可能性较小。 语法互动(八) ┃ 系动词和情态动词 考点过关 根据句意及汉语提示完成句子,每空词数不限 1.She____________(感到开心) when she saw her grandparents yesterday. 2. — Must I finish the work now? — No, you _____________________(不必). 3.I think you ________________ (一定饿了). I'll cook dinner for you. 4. — Peter, is the dictionary Mary's? — No, it _____________(不可能是她的). Her dictionary is at home. 5. — Could I have a look at your photos? — Yes, you ________ (能). 6.I __________ (能游泳) at the age of five. felt happy can't be hers needn't/don't have to must be hungry can could swim 语法互动(九) ┃ 动词词组及词义辨析 语法互动(九) ┃ 动词词组及词义辨析 考点一 动词词组的构成 中考考点 1.动词词组后接名词或代词作宾语的用法。 2.动词词组作谓语,不接宾语的用法。 1.动词+副词:常见的有take off, write down, stay up, fix up等。这些词组的宾语如果是名词,既可放在副词前边,又可放在副词后边;宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词,则要放在副词前边。如: Hand in your homework.把你的作业交上来。 Hand it in.把它交上来。 语法互动(九) ┃ 动词词组及词义辨析 2.动词+介词:常见的有ask for, care about, look for, look after, send for, laugh at, hear of(from), lead to, wait for等。 3.动词+名词:常见的有have fun, play sports, take place等。这种动词词组用作不及物动词。如: This story took place three years ago. 这个故事发生在三年前。 4.动词+副词+介词:常见的有look down upon, go on with, add up to, catch up with, do well in, run out of等。 5.动词+名词+介词:常见的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to等。 语法互动(九) ┃ 动词词组及词义辨析 考点二 中考常考的动词词组 1.be made in(在 …… 生产或制造),_______________ (由 …… 组成或构成), belong to(属于), break off(中断), be interested in(对 …… 感兴趣), be used for(用来), be used to(习惯于 …… ), begin with(以 …… 开始), be supposed to(被期望或应该 …… ) 2.come to oneself(苏醒),__________(实现), come out(花开;发芽;出现;出来;出版;发表), come over(过来;顺便来访),__________(来吧;跟着来;赶快), clean up(把 …… 打扫干净), cheer up(使高兴起来), consist of(由 …… 组成),come up with(提出,想出) 3.do one's best(尽某人最大努力),__________(在 …… 方 be made of/from come true come on do well in 语法互动(九) ┃ 动词词组及词义辨析 面干得好), do one's homework(做作业), do some reading(阅读), dream of(梦想), depend on(决定于), dress up(装扮), drop by(顺便拜访) 4.get on(上车),________(到达),__________(回来;取回), get off(下来),________________(与 …… 相处融洽), get married(结婚), give out(分发), get over(克服), give away(分发), get along with(与 …… 相处), give up(放弃), go out of one's way to do sth(特地做某事) 5.have a look(看一看), have a seat(坐下),___________ (吃晚餐), have a rest(休息), have sports(进行体育活动), have a cold(感冒), have a cough(咳嗽), have a good time(过得愉快), get to get back get on well with have supper have a headache(头痛), __________(尝试;努力) 6.look for(寻找), look out(留神;注意), look over(仔细检查), look up(向上看,抬头看;查阅), look after(照顾,照看), look at(看;观看),__________(看起来像), look the same(看起来一样), laugh at(嘲笑), let … down(使 …… 失望), look forward to(盼望;期待) 7.make friends(交朋友), make phone calls(打电话), make the bed(整理床铺), make a noise(吵闹),__________(做鬼脸), make one's way to(往 …… 走去), make room for(给 …… 腾出地方), make a decision(作出决定), make a mistake(犯错误),______________________(下决心), mix up(混合在一起), make a 语法互动(九) ┃ 动词词组及词义辨析 have a try look like make a face make up one's mind 语法互动(九) ┃ 动词词组及词义辨析 living(谋生), make progress(取得进步), make sb feel at home(使某人感到宾至如归) 8.put on(上演;穿上;戴上), put up(挂起;举起), put down(把 …… 放下来),__________(把 …… 收起来), put off(推迟), put out(扑灭,熄灭), pick up(捡起), pass on(传递), pay for(付 …… 的账) 9.take off(脱掉;起飞), take photos(照相), take out(取出), take a seat(坐下),____________________(积极参加), take care of(照顾;照料;注意), take exercise(做运动), take one's place(坐某人的位置;代替某人的职务),__________(依次,轮流),talk about(谈话;交谈), ________(和 …… 交谈),turn on put away take an active part in take turns talk with 语法互动(九) ┃ 动词词组及词义辨析 (打开电灯、 收音机、煤气、自来水等),________(关闭电灯,收音机,煤气,自来水等), turn up(把声音调高), turn down(调低音量;拒绝), turn … over(把 …… 翻过来),__________(认为;想起), think about(考虑), think up(想出), take it easy(放松,不紧张), take pride in(对 …… 感到自豪) 考点过关 根据句意及汉语提示完成句子,每空一词 1.Don't ________ ________ (依靠) others. You can do it well by yourself. 2.My friend made me ________ ________ ________ (感到宾至如归) when I got to her home. turn off think of depend on feel at home 语法互动(九) ┃ 动词词组及词义辨析 3.Have you ________ ________ (听说) the pop singer Lu Ming? 4.Uncle Wang ________ ________ ________ (谋生) by selling vegetables two years ago. 5.We should try to ________ ________ ________(使他高兴起来). 6.Jim's going to be a reporter when he ________ ________ (长大). 7.I've ________ ________ ________(用完) my money. heard of made a living cheer him up grows up run out of 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 考点一 动词的时态 中考考点 1.动词的第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词和现在分词的构成。 2.动词的8种时态的基本结构及区别(了解过去将来时、过去完成时的基本用法)。 3.被动语态的构成及主动语态和被动语态的转换。 初中阶段应掌握的时态共有八种,即一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、现在完成时和过去完成时。 1.一般现在时 (1)结构:(以work为例) 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 (2)用法: ①表示事实、现状、性质或经常的、习惯性的动作。常与seldom, often, usually, always, sometimes, today, every day, once a week, every five minutes, on Sundays等时间状语连用。如: 肯定句 疑问句 否定句 I work. Do I work ? I do not work. He(She , It)works. Does he (she , it)work ? He(She , It)does not work. We(You , They)work. Do we(you , they)work ? We(You , They)do not work. 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 I go to school at seven every day. 我每天七点去上学。 ②表示普遍真理。如: The earth ______________ the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。 ③表示在现在时间里所发生的一个动作。如: Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。 ④在时间和条件状语从句中代表一般将来时。如: I'll go shopping with my mother if she ________ tomorrow. 如果明天我妈妈有空,我将和她去购物。 is free goes around 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 (3)动词的第三人称单数形式变化规则如下: ① 直接加 s 。如: work—works 。 ② 辅音字母+ y 结尾的词,先变 y 为 i ,再加 es 。如: carry—carries; cry—cries; try—tries; study—studies 。 ③ 以 s 、 x 、 o 、 ch 、 sh 结尾的词加 es 。如: wash— washes; teach—teaches; go—goes; pass—passes; fix— fixes 。 ④ 特殊: have—has 。 2.现在进行时 (1)结构: am/is/are+动词的 ing形式 (2)用法: ①表示目前发生(进行)的动作(不指状态),常用的时间状语有: now, at the moment 等。当有look, listen起提示作用时,后面的句子常用现在进行时。如: Are you writing a letter to your friend now? 你现在正在给你朋友写信吗? Listen! She __________ in the next room. 听!她正在隔壁唱歌。 ②表示现阶段正在进行,而此刻不一定在进行的动作。如: We ______________ trees these days.这些日子我们在植树。 ③表示位移的动词的进行时表示动作将要发生。此类词有come, go, leave, arrive, fly等,常与表示将来的时间状语连用。 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 is singing are planting 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 如: They __________________ England tomorrow afternoon. 他们明天下午要去英国。 (3)现在分词的变化规则: ① 一般加 - ing 。如: play—playing 。 ② 以不发音字母 e 结尾的,去 e 加 ing 。如: come— coming; make—making; live—living ; write— writing; take—taking 。 ③ 以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的,先双写该辅音字母,再加 - ing 。如: are leaving for 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 run— running; sit—sitting; begin—beginning; cut—cutting; stop—stopping; get—getting; swim—swimming; plan—planning 。 ④ 特殊: die—dying; lie—lying; tie—tying 。 3.一般将来时 (1)结构:助动词shall/will+动词原形 (2)用法: ①表示将要发生的动作或状态,常用的时间状语有: later(on), soon, in a month, next time, from now on, tomorrow等。如: I shall be eighteen years old next year.明年我18岁了。 ②表示某种必然的趋势。如: Fish __________ without water.离开水,鱼就会死。 (3)注意: ① 在以第一人称作主语的问句中,常用 shall 表示提议和询问情况,在以第二人称作主语的句中,用will 表示请求。如:Where shall we have lunch? 我们在哪里吃午饭? ②当主语是第一人称时,用will 表示意愿、决心、允诺、命令等。如: I will give Xiaoming a good gift for his birthday. 我会在小明生日时送他一份好礼。 ③在时间或条件状语从句中,一般用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如: 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 will die 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 I ____________ Jim when he ______ there. 当吉姆到达那里时,我将给他写信。 ④ “ be going to+动词原形 ” 也可表示将来时。 a.表示主观意愿、打算等。如: He's going to learn English next term.下学期他打算学英语。 b.根据已有迹象能推测出可能要发生的情况。如: Look at the black clouds!It __________ rain. 看那些乌云!马上要下雨了。 [提示] 表示位移的动词的进行时常表达将来之意,如: come, go, leave, fly, start, finish等。如: She's flying to Australia next month.下个月她将飞往澳大利亚。 will write to gets is going to 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 4.一般过去时 表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。句中的谓语动词要变为过去式。 (1)句型结构: ①be动词型 I was a student last year. 去年我是一名学生。 — Were you at home this morning? 今天早上你在家吗? — Yes, I was./No, I wasn't. 是的,我在。/不,我不在。 ②行为动词型 Tom ______ to Shanghai last year. 去年汤姆去了上海。 went 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 John __________ here last year. 去年约翰没有住在这里。 Did you see him just now? 你刚才看见他了吗? (2)用法: ①主要表示过去的某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。如: His friend was at work yesterday.他的朋友昨天在工作。 ②表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,常与often,always 等表示频度的时间状语连用。如: We often went to work by bus last year. 去年我们经常乘公交车上班。 didn't live 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 ③和when 等引导的时间状语从句连用。如: When he got home, he ______ a rest. 当他到家时,他休息了一会儿。 ④常与表示过去的时间状语连用。这些状语有:ago, yesterday, last week, in the old days, when I was five years old, in 1995等。如: We began our work ______________. 三小时前,我们开始工作。 (3)动词过去式的变化规则: ① 一般情况在动词原形后加 - ed 。如: watch— watched 。 had three hours ago 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 ② 以不发音字母 e 结尾的加 - d 。如: live— lived; practice—practiced 。 ③ 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的,变 y 为 i 加 - ed 。如: study— studied; carry—carried; cry—cried 。 ④ 以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的,先双写该辅音字母,再加 - ed 。如: stop— stopped; plan—planned; prefer—preferred 。 ⑤ 不规则动词的过去式需特殊记忆。 5.现在完成时 (1)结构: have/has+动词的过去分词 (过去分词变化规则基本与过去式变化相同。有些特殊变 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 化需单独记忆) (2)用法: ①表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果。有时与just, already, yet, recently, before,ever, never, twice, three times等时间状语连用。如: I __________ the film already. 我已经看过这部电影了。(现在我知道电影的内容了。) ②表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。常与 “ since+时间点 ” , “ for+时间段 ” ,及how long, (ever)since, ever, before, so far, in the last/past few years, up to now, till now等时间状语连用。如: have seen 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 We've planted thousands of trees in the past few years. 过去几年我们种了成千上万棵树。 So far there __________ no bad news. 到现在为止还没有什么坏消息。 (3)一般过去时与现在完成时的区别 一般过去时只强调在过去发生过某事或关注的是动作发生的时间、地点、方式等。而现在完成时则强调过去的动作对现在的影响,因此,若不强调某事对现在的影响就不用现在完成时。如: I saw the movie yesterday. 我昨天看了这部电影。(强调电影是昨天看的) has been 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 I have already seen the film. 我已经看过这部电影了。(强调到现在为止看过这部电影了) (4)延续性动词 在现在完成时中,如果有持续的时间状语,要把非延续性动词变为延续性动词。如: I have had the book for two days. 这本书我已经买了两天了。(用had,而不用bought) I have been in Tokyo for two weeks. 我已经来东京两周了。(用been in,而不用come to) 常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表 ①have arrived at/in sp, got to/reached sp, come/gone/ moved to sp→have been in sp ②have come/gone back, returned→have been back ③have come/gone out→have been out ④have become→have been ⑤have closed/opened→have been closed/open ⑥have got up→have been up ⑦have died→______________ ⑧have left sp→______________ ⑨have fallen asleep/gone to sleep→have been asleep 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 have been dead have been away from sp 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 ⑩have finished/ended/completed→___________________ ⑪have married→have been married ⑫have started/begun to do sth→have done sth ⑬have begun→______________ ⑭have borrowed→______________ ⑮have bought→have had ⑯have lost→haven't had ⑰have put on→have worn ⑱have caught/got a cold→have had a cold ⑲have got to know→have known ⑳have gone to→have been in have been over have been on have kept 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 have joined/taken part in the league/the Party/the army→have been a member of the league/the Party/the army, have been in the league/the Party/the army, have been the Party's member/the league member/the soldier 6.过去进行时 (1)结构: was/were+doing (2)用法:过去进行时主要表示过去某一时间点或某一段时间正在进行的动作。如: His father fell down while he __________ his bicycle and hurt himself. 他爸爸骑自行车时摔到了,弄伤了自己。 was riding 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 (3)常用的时间状语: this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten, last evening, when, while。 (4)when和while的区别: ①引导时间状语从句时,while 连接的是时间段,后常接延续性动词;而when连接的既可以是延续性动词也可以是非延续性动词。如: What was your father doing ______ your mother was cooking?你妈妈正在做饭时,你爸爸干什么呢? What was your mother doing ______ you came back? 当你回来时,你妈妈干什么呢? ②while可以连接两个并列的句子,而when不可以。如: when while 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 I was trying my best to finish my work while my sister was watching TV. 我当时正在尽力完成作业,而我的妹妹正在看电视。 ③when可作特殊疑问词,对时间进行提问,while 不能。如:When were you born?你是什么时候出生的? 7.过去完成时 (1)结构: had+动词的过去分词 (2)用法: ①表示过去的某一时刻以前已经发生的动作或存在的状态,也就是 “ 过去的过去 ” 。常以by, before短语或when, before, after, until等引导的从句作为前提。如: 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 My teacher said she had never been to London. 我老师说过她从来没去过伦敦。 When the police arrived, the thieves __________________. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。 ②表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去时刻的动作或状态。跟现在完成时一样,也常与 how long, for three days, before 等表示一段时间的状语连用。如: When Jack arrived, he learned Mary _______________ for almost an hour. 当杰克到来时,他得知玛丽已经离开差不多一个小时了。 had run away had been away 8.过去将来时 (1)结构: would+动词原形或was/were+going to+动词原形。 (2)用法: 表示从过去的某一时刻看,将要发生的动作。如: His uncle said that _______________ a good harvest the next year.他叔叔说明年会有个好收成。 [提醒] 在由if引导的条件状语从句中,如果主句中用过去将来时,if从句中需用一般过去时代替过去将来时。如: Amy said that she would go shopping if it didn't rain the next day.艾米说如果明天不下雨,她就去购物。 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 there would be 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 英语中的动词有两种语态: 主动语态和被动语态。 1.被动语态的构成: 助动词be+及物动词的过去分词 (1)一般现在时: 主语+am/is/are+动词的过去分词 (2)一般过去时: 主语+was/were+动词的过去分词 (3)一般将来时: 主语+will/shall/be going to+be+动词的过去分词。如: A bridge will be built over the river. 人们将在这条河上建一座桥。 (4)现在进行时: 主语+am/is/are+being+动词的过去分词。如: 考点二 动词的被动语态 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 A bridge is being built over the river. 人们正在这条河上建桥。 (5)现在完成时: 主语+have/has+been+动词的过去分词 (6)过去进行时: 主语+was/were+being+动词的过去分词 (7)过去完成时: 主语+had been+动词的过去分词 (8)过去将来时: 主语+would be+动词的过去分词 (9)含有情态动词的被动语态: 主语+情态动词+be+动词的过去分词。如: A bridge can be seen over the river. 人们能看到河上有座桥。 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 (10)在使役动词have, make, let以及感官动词see, find, watch, notice, hear, feel等后面作宾语补足语的不定式,在主动结构中不定式to要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加to。如: Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 被动结构为: A stranger was seen into the building. 有人看见一个陌生人走进了这座楼。 2.某些谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义 (1)英语中有很多动词,如: break, catch, clean, drive, lock, open, sell, read, write, wash等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常 是物。 to walk 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 如: This kind of cloth ______________.这种布料很好洗。 [注意] 主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。 试比较: The door won't lock.(指门本身有毛病) The door won't be locked.(指不会有人来锁门,表示 “ 门没有锁 ” 是人的原因) (2)表示 “ 发生、进行 ” 的不及物动词和短语,如:happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。如: washes well How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何印刷出来的呢? (3)系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词,如:feel, sound, taste, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。如: Your reason sounds reasonable. 你的理由听起来很合理。 (4)下列结构中的v.ing必须用主动形式表示被动意义: ①want(need, require, request) “ 需要 ” +v.ing。但当这些动词后接不定式时,则必须用被动形式表示被动意义。如: The bike needs mending.这辆自行车需要修理。 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 Our classroom needs to be cleaned. 我们的教室需要打扫。 ②be worth doing sth值得做某事 如: The book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一读。 考点过关 用所给词的适当形式填空 1.My father always ________(ride) his bike to work. 2. — What's he doing? — He's ________ (wait) for his parents. 3.Everything ________(be) free in 100 years. rides waiting will be 语法互动(十) ┃ 时态和语态 4.Last Sunday Jack ________ (not go) to the movie. He studied for the math test. 5.I ____________(borrow) the book for two weeks. 6.They ____________(have) dinner at this time yesterday. 7.Our classroom ____________(clean) every day. 8.Last month many volunteers __________(send) to the poor village to help the old. 9.All the teachers will __________ (invite) to the party. 10.These books must ________(put) in the bookcase. 11.He was made ________ (leave) his hometown. 12.This kind of watch ________(sell) well. didn't go have kept were having be invited is cleaned were sent be put to leave sells 语法互动(十一) ┃ 非谓语动词 语法互动(十一) ┃ 非谓语动词 考点一 动词不定式 中考考点 1.动词不定式作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语、状语的用法。 2.动名词的用法。 3.现在分词和过去分词的用法。 动词不定式的构成: to+动词原形。它没有人称和数的变化。 1.作主语[常用it作形式主语、将真正的主语(动词不定式)置于句末。] To ask the teacher for help is necessary. 语法互动(十一) ┃ 非谓语动词 =It is necessary to ask the teacher for help. 向老师求教是必要的。 2.作宾语 (1)后接不定式作宾语的动词有: want, try, decide, hope, need, wish, agree, expect, refuse, learn,remember, forget, would like/love等。如: I hope __________ there before dark. 我希望天黑以前到那儿。 (2)在think, find, make等动词后通常用it作形式宾语,而把不定式移至形容词之后,构成 “ 主语+动词+it(形式宾语)+宾补(形容词/名词)+不定式 ” 结构。如: to get 语法互动(十一) ┃ 非谓语动词 I found it difficult to solve the problem. 我发现解决这个问题很难。 3.作宾语补足语 (1)后面能接带to的不定式作宾补的动词有: tell,ask,allow,want,help,wish,teach,warn,invite,like,encourage等。如: The teacher told us __________ Exercise 1. 老师要我们做练习一。 (2)在使役动词let,make,have和感官动词see,hear, watch, notice, feel, find等后要用不带to的动词不定式作宾补。但是,当上述动词变为被动语态后,其后的不定式必须补上to。如: to do 语法互动(十一) ┃ 非谓语动词 We often hear her sing. 我们经常听见她唱歌。 被动语态: She is often heard to sing. 4.作状语 Later he left home to work in different cities. 后来他离开家到不同的城市工作。 5.作定语(须后置) I don't have a partner to practice English with. 我没有一个一起练习英语的同伴。 6.作表语 Their duty is _____________ the animals. 他们的职责是照看动物。 to look after 语法互动(十一) ┃ 非谓语动词 7. “ 疑问词+不定式 ” 结构 动词不定式可以和疑问词what, which, when, where, how等连用,构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语等。如: He doesn't know ________________. 他不知道要穿什么。(作宾语) Where to go has not been decided. 要去哪里还未决定。(作主语) [提醒] 动词不定式的否定结构是: not to do sth。 what to wear 语法互动(十一) ┃ 非谓语动词 1.作主语 Playing computer games too much is bad for your eyes. Play computer games ,and you will make your eyes tired. 2.作宾语 常接动名词作宾语的动词或短语有: enjoy, finish, consider, miss, keep, mind, practice, suggest, be busy, feel like, give up, can't help等。 Have you finished __________ the book? 你读完这本书了吗? 3.作表语 The nurse's job is _____________ the patients. 护士的工作是护理病人。 考点二 动名词 reading looking after 语法互动(十一) ┃ 非谓语动词 4.作定语 I often go to the ________________. 我经常去阅览室。 [提醒] 有些词既可接不定式又可接 v. ing 形式作宾语,但表达的意义不同,常见的有: (1)stop to do sth停下来去做另外一件事(不定式作目的状语) stop doing sth停止做某事( v. ing 作宾语) (2)try to do sth 试图(企图)做某事 try doing sth尝试着做某事 (3)forget to do sth忘记要去做某事(还没做) forget doing sth忘记做过了某事(已做) reading room 语法互动(十一) ┃ 非谓语动词 (4)remember to do sth记着要去做某事(还没做) remember doing sth记得做过了某事(已做) (5)go on to do sth做完一件事后继续做另外一件不同的事 go on doing sth继续做原来所做的同一件事 (6)need doing(某事)需要做(被动意思) need to do 需要去做某事(主动意思) 分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词 v. ing ,有主动、进行之意;过去分词 v. ed ,有被动、完成之意。 1.作定语 China is a ____________ country. America is a __________ 考点三 分词 developing developed 语法互动(十一) ┃ 非谓语动词 country. 中国是一个发展中国家,美国是一个发达国家。 I know the boy called Li Ming. 我认识那个叫李明的男孩。 2.作表语 The book is interesting. I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣。我对它感兴趣。 3.作宾语补足语 I saw her going upstairs.我看见她正在上楼。 I want to have some photos taken. 我想拍几张照片。 4.作状语 语法互动(十一) ┃ 非谓语动词 Laughing and talking, they went into the room. 他们有说有笑地走进了房间。 Faced with difficulties,we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克服。 考点过关 用所给词的适当形式填空 1.It's very nice of you ________( help) me. 2.He's interested in ________(play) chess. 3.Please stop ________ (smoke). It's bad for you. 4.The kids had fun __________ (swim) in the water. 5.She didn't know which sweater __________(choose). to help playing swimming smoking to choose 语法互动(十一) ┃ 非谓语动词 6.We decided ________(visit) the Great Wall. 7.I'd like you ________ (go) shopping with me. 8.Why not ________ (join) an English club to practice ________ (speak) English? 9.As we all know, it's impolite to keep others ________ (wait) for a long time. 10.My computer doesn't work. I must have it ________ (repair). 11.They spent two hours ________ (clean) the classroom. 12.John used to ________(get) up late, but now he's used to ________ (get) up early. to visit to go join speaking waiting repaired cleaning get getting 语法互动(十二) ┃ 主谓一致 语法互动(十二) ┃ 主谓一致 考点一 就近一致原则 (即谓语的单、复数取决于离谓语最近的主语的单、复数形式。) 中考考点 1.就近一致原则。 2.意义一致原则。 3.语法一致原则。 1.there be句型 当主语是系列事物时,谓语与邻近的主语保持一致。 There ______ a table and two chairs in the room. 房间里有一张桌子和两把椅子。 There ______ two chairs and a table in the room. is are 语法互动(十二) ┃ 主谓一致 房间里有两把椅子和一张桌子。 2.由either … or … , neither … nor … , not only … but also … 等词连接并列主语时,谓语动词跟邻近的主语保持一致。如: Neither you nor he ______ right. 你和他都不对。 Either you or I must leave. 不是你就是我必须离开。 Not only he but also I __________. 不仅他被邀请了我也被邀请了。 is am invited 语法互动(十二) ┃ 主谓一致 考点二 意义一致原则 (即主、谓语在意义上保持一致关系。) 1.表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、长度等的复数名词作主语时,通常被看做一个整体,谓语动词用单数。如: Twenty years __________ since he left his hometown.他离开家乡有二十年了。 Ten dollars ______ enough. 十美元足够了。 2.以s结尾的名词(news, maths, physics)本身不表示复数意义,谓语动词通常用单数形式。如: I don't think the news in the newspaper ______ true. 我认为报纸上的这条消息不是真的。 Maths ______ very hard.数学不是很难。 is has passed is isn't 语法互动(十二) ┃ 主谓一致 3. “ the+形容词 ” (表示一类人,the poor, the rich, the old, the young等)用作主语时,谓语动词用复数。如: The old ______ taken good care of in this area. 这个地区的老人被照顾得很好。 4.family, class, team, group等集体名词作主语时,若指一个整体,谓语动词用单数;若指具体成员,谓语动词用复数。如: Class 5 ______ the best class in this school. 五班是这所学校最好的班级。(整体) Class 5 ______ the winners. 五班是胜利者。(具体成员) are is are 语法互动(十二) ┃ 主谓一致 5.people, police等集体名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数。如: The police ______________ the missing child. 警察正在寻找那个失踪的孩子。 The Chinese people are very friendly.中国人很友好。 6. “ a number of …” 作主语时,谓语动词用复数; “ the number of …” 作主语时,谓语动词用单数。如: The number of the students in our class ______ 50. 我们班学生的数量是五十个。 A number of players __________ from Japan. 一些队员来自日本。 are looking for is are/come 7.当主语是同位语时,谓语动词要根据同位语的单复数来确定;但用连词and连接的主语是复数。如: Mr Wang, my maths teacher,______ forty years old. 王先生,也就是我的数学老师,40岁了。 8.all, some, none, most, any, the rest、分数或百分数等代词作主语时,若指复数概念,谓语动词用复数;若指单数概念,则谓语动词用单数。如: Some of the work __________ by me. 一些工作是由我做的。 Some of the students __________. 一些学生学习很努力。 语法互动(十二) ┃ 主谓一致 is was done work hard 9.由and连接的并列主语,如果描述同一个人或同一种事物时,其后的谓语动词用单数形式。如: There is a knife and fork on the table. 桌上有一副刀叉。 The writer and singer has come to our school. 那位作家兼歌手来过我们学校。 考点三 语法一致原则 (即主、谓语在语法形式上保持一致。) 1.介词或介词短语作插入语 主语后有with/together with/as well as/without/including/besides/except/but等引导的 语法互动(十二) ┃ 主谓一致 短语作插入语时,谓语动词要与主语一致而与插入语无关。如: Mary with her mother __________ now. 玛丽正在和她妈妈一起购物。 All the students,including Tom,______ going to the park. 所有的学生包括汤姆在内都要去公园。 2.非谓语动词(不定式、动名词等)短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词常用单数。如: Doing a lot of practice is a good way to improve your English. 做大量练习是提高你英语的好方法。 What I need ______ a good book. 我需要的是一本好书。 语法互动(十二) ┃ 主谓一致 is shopping are is 3.不定代词作主语 不定代词something, anything, nothing, everyone, anybody, nobody, each, neither, either, little, much, one等作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如: Someone ______ waiting for you. 有人在等你。 Neither of the answers ______ right. 两个答案都不对。 4.常以复数形式出现的名词作主语 名词shoes, classes, clothes, trousers等作主语时,谓语动词必须用复数。但是,如果这些名词被a pair of 修饰时,谓语动词需用单数。如: The shoes are under the bed.鞋子在床下面。 A pair of shoes______under the bed.床下面有一双鞋子。 语法互动(十二) ┃ 主谓一致 is is is 5.在定语从句中,关系代词that, who, which等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与先行词的数保持一致。如: This is one of the boys who______to see you. 这就是想要见你的男孩。 The boys who are playing football there______my best friends. 正在那儿踢足球的那些男孩是我的好朋友。 考点过关 用所给词的适当形式填空 1.There ________(be) some beef on the plate. 2.Not only you but also she ________(have) been to Paris. 语法互动(十二) ┃ 主谓一致 want are is has 3.Every day a number of people ________(come) to the park. The number of them ________(be) about 700. 4.Fifty dollars ________(be) enough. 5.The rich ________ (be) not always rich. 6.Nobody ________(like) to be criticized. 7.Betty with her parents ________ (be) going camping. 8.The pair of shoes ________ (be) very expensive. 9.Neither we nor she ________ (have) been to the farm. 10.Doing morning exercises ________ (make) us healthy. 语法互动(十二) ┃ 主谓一致 come is is are likes is is has makes 语法互动(十三) ┃ 简单句 语法互动(十三) ┃ 简单句 考点一 陈述句(略) 考点二 疑问句 中考考点 1.陈述句的概念及其肯定形式和否定形式。 2.一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的结构及答语的用法。 3.what和how引导的感叹句。 1.一般疑问句 (1)各种时态的一般疑问句(略) (2)一般疑问句的回答用yes或者no。如: 语法互动(十三) ┃ 简单句 — Does she go to school at 7:30 every day? — ________________________________________ “ 她每天七点半去上学吗? ” “ 是的,她是。 ” / “ 不,不是。 ” (3)否定疑问句的答语 否定疑问句通常是以be/情态动词/助动词+not的缩写形式开头的。表示请求、看法或者惊讶等。其答语和汉语习惯不一样。如: — Aren't you a student? — ____________________________ “你不是一名学生吗?” Yes, she does./No, she doesn't. Yes, I am./No, I am not. “ 不,我是。 ” / “ 是的,我不是。 ” 2.特殊疑问句 常见的疑问代词有what, which, who, whom, whose;常见的疑问形容词有which, whose;常见的疑问副词有when, where, why, how等。 3.选择疑问句 — Is he Chinese or Japanese? — He's Chinese. “ 他是中国人还是日本人? ” “ 他是中国人。 ” — Would you like some juice or tea? 语法互动(十三) ┃ 简单句 反意疑问句的构成: 陈述句+附加疑问句?附加疑问句的否定式必须缩写。 1.陈述句部分与附加疑问句部分意思相反: 前肯后否、前否后肯。如: Mary is a teacher,__________? He didn't tell you the story,__________? 2.反意疑问句基本对应形式如下: (1)be动词对应be动词。如: — Neither. “ 你想要点果汁还是茶? ” “ 都不要。 ” 考点三 反义疑问句 语法互动(十三) ┃ 简单句 isn't she did he She is a policewoman,__________? (2)情态动词对应情态动词。如: He can drive the car,__________? (3)行为动词对应助动词的相应形式。这种助动词主要指帮助构成疑问句或否定句的do/does/did,以及它们的否定形式。如: He slept for 9 hours yesterday,__________? He didn't go to the park,__________? (4)助动词对应助动词的相应形式。这样的助动词主要包括以下几种: ①现在进行时中的be ②一般将来时中的will/shall 语法互动(十三) ┃ 简单句 isn't she can't he didn't he did he ③现在完成时中的have/has They are swimming,__________? Jane will visit Tianjin,__________? She's finished her homework,__________? 3.特殊形式 (1)当陈述句中含有表示否定的代词或形容词,如nothing, none, no one, nobody, neither, few, little等,或含有表示否定的副词never, hardly, seldom时,则附加疑问句只能用肯定式。如: Linda has never been to Beijing,__________? You can hardly see the blackboard clearly,_______? 语法互动(十三) ┃ 简单句 won't she aren't they hasn't she has she can you (2)祈使句的反意疑问句的附加疑问句部分用will you/won't you。如: Open the window, ___________________? [注意] Let's go and have a look, shall we? (us表示包括听话人在内) Let us clean the classroom, will you? (us表示不包括听话人在内) 结论: 以let's开头的祈使句,后用shall we; 以let us (him, me, her … )开头的祈使句,后用will you。 (3)is 还是 has?如: He's in the room, isn't he?(He's = He is) 语法互动(十三) ┃ 简单句 will you/won't you He's gone to the park,hasn't he(He's = He has) (4)陈述部分的谓语是used to时,附加疑问句部分用 “ didn't+主语 ” 或 “ usedn't+主语 ” 。如: He used to go to bed late, didn't he?/usedn't he? (5)need的反意疑问句 ① need 是实义动词时。如: We need to come earlier, don't we? ② need 是情态动词时。如: We needn't come so early, need we? (6)have 的对应形式 ① have 当 “ 有 ” 讲时,附加疑问句用助动词do。如: 语法互动(十三) ┃ 简单句 Tom has an MP4 player, doesn't he? ② have 当 “ 吃、喝、开(会)、度过 ” 等意思讲时,其附加疑问句用助动词do。如: You had a good time yesterday, didn't you? ③ have用于现在完成时,是帮助构成完成时的助动词,附加疑问句用have的相应形式。如: He has made a lot of friends, hasn't he? ④ have to 表示 “ 不得不 ” 时,附加疑问句的谓语用助动词do。如: Li Lei has to finish the work today, doesn't he? ⑤ had better意思是 “ 最好 ” ,其附加疑问句的谓语动词用had。如: 语法互动(十三) ┃ 简单句 You'd better stay at home, hadn't you? 4.当陈述句部分是否定句时,英语与汉语的回答习惯存在差异。 英语回答时,若表示与事实一致,就用 “ Yes+肯定结构 ” ;表示与事实相反,就用 “ No+否定结构 ” 。如: — You didn't play football yesterday, did you? — ____________________ “ 昨天你没有踢足球,是吗? ” “ 不,我踢去了。 ” / “ 是的,我没踢。 ” 5.主从复合句的反意疑问句 (1)陈述部分是 “ I/We think(believe, suppose, consider) 语法互动(十三) ┃ 简单句 Yes, I did./No, I didn't. + that从句 ” (主语是第一人称)或者有I'm sure that; I'm afraid that; We are sure that; We are afraid that; I feel sure that; I hope that; We feel sure that; It seems that时,附加疑问部分的主语应和从句相一致,但须注意否定前移的现象。如: I don't think he is right, is he? 我认为他是不对的,是吗? I'm sure that you know him well,don't you? 你肯定非常了解他,是吧? (2)如果主语是其他人称,疑问部分的主语和主句一致。如:He believed you could succeed, didn't he? She doesn't know if Jim is a good student, does she? 语法互动(十三) ┃ 简单句 感叹句一般是用来表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。英语感叹句常用 “ what ” 或 “ how ” 引导,句末用感叹号。 1.what引导的感叹句 (1)What+a/an+形容词+单数可数名词(+主语+谓语)!如: What a beautiful picture (it is)! 多漂亮的一幅画啊! __________ important meeting (it is)! 多重要的一项会议啊! (2)What+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词(+主语+谓语)!如: 考点四 感叹句 语法互动(十三) ┃ 简单句 What an What interesting stories (they are)! 多有趣的故事啊! ________________________! 多糟糕的天气啊! 2.how引导的感叹句 (1)How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!如: How tall the tree is! 这棵树真高啊! ______________the horse is running! 这匹马跑得真快啊! (2)How+陈述句(主语+谓语)!如: ______________!我多么想念你啊! How she loves her daughter! 语法互动(十三) ┃ 简单句 What bad weather (it is) How fast How I miss you 她多么爱自己的女儿啊! (3)How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词(+主语+谓语)!如: How beautiful a girl (she is)! 她是个多漂亮的女孩啊! 语法互动(十三) ┃ 简单句 表示请求、警告、建议或命令的句子叫做祈使句。祈使句的主语一般是you(听话人),通常省略,其谓语动词一律用动词原形。句末用感叹号或句号,语调读降调。 1.祈使句的肯定形式 (1)句中只有不及物动词。如: 考点五 祈使句 语法互动(十三) ┃ 简单句 Come here! 过来! Look! 看! Come in! 进来! (2)及物动词+宾语。如: Close the door! 关门! Open your books! 翻开课本! (3)系动词+表语。如: Be quiet, please! 请安静! ______________!小心! 2.祈使句的否定形式 祈使句否定形式的构成是直接在动词原形前加don't。为了表示礼貌,也可以加上please。如: Be careful 语法互动(十三) ┃ 简单句 ___________________. 不要在课堂上讲话。 Don't close the window, please. 请不要关窗户。 3.let祈使句型表示建议 Let me help you. 让我帮你吧。 Let's go. 咱们走吧! 这种祈使句的否定结构是在let's后加not。如: Let's not go now. 咱们现在先别走。 4.应答祈使句用将来时 — Remember to close the window when you leave. — ______________. “ 记住离开时关窗。 ”“ 好的,我会的。 ” Don't talk in class Yes, I will — Don't talk in class. — ______________. “ 课堂上不要讲话。 ”“ 对不起,我不会了。 ” 5. “ 祈使句+and/or+结果状语 ” 句型 此句型可以转换成if引导的条件状语从句的主从复合句。如: Hurry up, or you will be late.快点否则就迟到了。 =If you don't hurry up, you__________late. 如果不抓紧,你就要迟到了。 =If you hurry up, you__________late. 如果快点,你将不会迟到。 6.祈使句的反意疑问句需特别注意(见考点三) 语法互动(十三) ┃ 简单句 Sorry, I won't will be won't be 1.there be句型 there be 句型是一个典型的倒装句。它表示 “ 某处有某物 ” ,主语是be动词后面的名词。如: _________a river near our school.我们学校附近有一条河。 2.以so/neither/nor开头的句子 此句型说明前面的内容也适用于后者时,用倒装句 “ so/neither/nor+be/助动词/情态动词+主语 ” 。如: He has been to Dalian, and __________. 他去过大连,我也去过。 John can't speak Japanese,________________. 约翰不会讲日语,海伦也不会。 考点六 倒装句 语法互动(十三) ┃ 简单句 There is so have I nor can Helen 3.only在句首时 Only in this way can you learn English well. 只有用这种方法,你才能学好英语。 [注意] 如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装。如: Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.只有当他病得很重时,他才可能待在床上休息。 4.副词位于句首 当here, there, now, then等副词置于句首时,谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。如: Here is your letter.这是你的信。 语法互动(十三) ┃ 简单句 [注意] 这种倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。如: Here he comes.他来了。 Here you are.给你。 考点过关 Ⅰ.完成下列反意疑问句 1.Her sister is very shy, ________? 2.Peter stayed up last night, ________? 3.Alice has never been to the village, ________? 4.My brother can't swim, ________? 5.Don't arrive late for class, ________? 语法互动(十三) ┃ 简单句 isn't she didn't he has she can he will you Ⅱ.同义句转换 1.What a tall boy he is! =________ ________ the boy is! 2.How delicious the food is! =________ delicious food it is! 3.If you don't hurry up, you'll be late. = Hurry up, ________ you'll be late. Ⅲ.根据汉语意思完成句子 1.没有水,人类不能生存。 Man can't ________ ________ water. 2.你在这里工作多长时间了? ________ ________ have you worked here? 语法互动(十三) ┃ 简单句 How tall How long What or live without 3.现在世界的人口是多少? ________ ________ the population of the world now? 4.我认为这个答案不正确,是吗? I don't think the answer is right, ________ ________? 5. 一切都准备就绪了,不是吗? Everything is ready, ________ ________? 6. 让我们去购物,好吗? Let's go shopping, ________ ________? 7.这是多么令人兴奋的消息啊! ________ ________ the news is! 8.这些孩子真聪明! ________ ________ children they are! 语法互动(十三) ┃ 简单句 What is is it isn't it shall we How exciting What clever 9.汤姆英语说得好, 对不对? Tom can speak English well, ________? 10.几乎没人喜欢这种糟糕的天气,是吗? Few people like such bad weather, ________? 11.请不要在教室里听音乐。 ________ ________ to music in the classroom, please. 12.在图书馆要保持安静。 Please ________ ________ in the library. 语法互动(十三) ┃ 简单句 can't he do they Don't listen keep quiet 语法互动(十四) ┃ 复合句 考点一 宾语从句 中考考点 1.宾语从句的时态、语序及句中连词和代词的选用。 2.状语从句中的连词及时态。 3.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的具体用法。 1.引导词 (1)在以that 引导的宾语从句中,若是陈述句作宾语,that可以省略。如: The radio says (that) it will rain tomorrow. 收音机报道说明天要下雨。 (2)以连接代词which,what,who等或连接副词how, where, 语法互动(十四) ┃ 复合句 why, when等引导特殊疑问句作宾语的从句,从句改用陈述语序。如: Could you tell me ______________ to you? 你能告诉我他跟你说了些什么吗? (3)以 whether 或 if 引导的一般疑问句或选择疑问句作宾语的从句,从句改用陈述语序。如: I wonder __________ you have told the news to Li Lei.我想知道你是否已经告诉李雷这个消息了。 2.时态 (1)当主句为一般现在时、现在进行时、或一般将来时时,从句使用该用的时态。如: 语法互动(十四) ┃ 复合句 what he said if/whether Xiaoming wants to know what time you got up this morning.小明想要知道今天早晨你是几点起床的。 (2)当主句为一般过去时时,从句要用相对应的过去的时态。如: We asked what Jean was doing then. 我们问Jean那时正在做什么。 (3)当从句表述的是客观真理或普遍规律时,宾语从句要使用一般现在时。如: Lisa asked whether light _________________ faster than sound. 丽萨问光的传播速度是否比声音快。 语法互动(十四) ┃ 复合句 travels/goes Polly said no news is good news. 波利说没有消息就是好消息。 3.语序 (1)陈述句改为宾语从句,语序不变,即仍用陈述语序。如:He is a good boy. The teacher said. →The teacher said (that) he was a good boy.老师说他是个好孩子。 (2)一般疑问句和特殊疑问句改为宾语从句,语序改为陈述语序。如: Does he work hard?I wonder.→I wonder if/whether ______________.我想知道他是否努力工作。 When did he leave?I don't know. →I don't know when he left.我不知道他是什么时候离开的。 语法互动(十四) ┃ 复合句 he works hard [提醒] 宾语从句与简单句的转换 由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句常可以转换为 “ 特殊疑问词+to do ” 结构的简单句。如: I don't know what I should say. →I don't know what__________. 我不知道要说什么。 4.直接引语与间接引语 (1)人称的变化 一随主,二随宾,第三人称不更新 She said, “ I am tired. ” 她说: “ 我累了。 ” →She said that __________ tired.她说她累了。 语法互动(十四) ┃ 复合句 to say she was The headmaster said to us, “ You must study hard now. ” 校长说: “ 你们现在一定要努力学习。 ” →The headmaster told us that ______ had to study hard then.校长告诉我们,我们那时必须努力学习。 (2)引导词和语序 直接引语 间接引语 引导词 语序 陈述句 that( 可省略 ) 不变 一般疑问句 if/whether 疑问语序改为陈述语序 特殊疑问句 wh 类词 疑问语序改为陈述语序 直接引语改为动词不定式时,并同时将主句中的 say to sb 改为 tell/ask sb, 构成 tell/ask sb(not)to do sth 句型 语法互动(十四) ┃ 复合句 we (3)时态的变化 直接引语变为间接引语时,间接引语的时态要与主句的时态一致。其规律一般是: 一般现在时 —— 一般过去时 一般过去时 —— 过去完成时 一般将来时 —— 过去将来时 现在进行时 —— 过去进行时 现在完成时 —— 过去完成时 过去完成时 —— 不变 (4)指示代词、时间和地点状语等的变化 this — that these — those now — __________ 语法互动(十四) ┃ 复合句 then today — that day tonight — __________ this week(year, term) — ________________________ yesterday — __________ last week(year, term) — the week(year, term)before two years ago — _________________ tomorrow — the next(following)day next week(year, term) — the next week(year, term) here — __________ 考点二 状语从句 1.分类 (1)时间状语从句 语法互动(十四) ┃ 复合句 that night that week(year, term) the day before there two years before 由when, before, after, until, as soon as, while, as, since 等引导的状语从句叫做时间状语从句。如: I feel very happy ______ I meet my friends again. 当我再次遇见我的朋友们时我感到很高兴。 We have made many dumplings ______ we began to cook. 自从我们开始做饭,我们已经包了许多饺子了。 He didn't go to bed ______ he finished his homework. 他直到做完作业才睡觉。(go to bed 表示的动作不能持续) I'll call him __________ he comes back. 他一回来我就给他打电话。 Father was cleaning the car ______ I was playing computer 语法互动(十四) ┃ 复合句 when since until as soon as while games. 当我正在打电子游戏时,爸爸在清洗汽车。 (2)条件状语从句 由if(如果)引导的状语从句叫做条件状语从句。如: ______ it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go there by bike.如果明天不下雨,我们就骑自行车去那里。 (3)其他状语从句及其引导词 从句名称 引导词 地点状语从句 where, wherever 原因状语从句 because, as, since ( 既然 ) 目的状语从句 so that( 以便 ), in order that( 为了,目的是 ) 语法互动(十四) ┃ 复合句 If 让步状语从句 though( 虽然 ), although( 虽然 ), even if = even though( 即使 ) 比较状语从句 than, as … as … , not so/as … as … 结果状语从句 that, so that, so … that, such … that( 以至于 …… ) 2.主句与从句时态一致的问题 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,主句和从句之间的时态一致问题一般分为下列两种情况: (1)主现从现: 若主句是祈使句或主句中有情态动词时,那么从句用一般现在时表示将来。如: Be careful when you cross the road. 过马路时要小心。 语法互动(十四) ┃ 复合句 The traffic must stop when the lights ____________. 当红灯亮时,车辆必须停下来。 (2)主将从现: 主句用一般将来时,而从句用一般现在时。如: I will visit my good friend when I ______ time. 当我有时间时,我将去看望我的好友。 If she ______ here tomorrow, I will go to the park with her. 如果明天她来这里,我将和她一起去公园。 (3)宾语从句和状语从句同时出现。如: I don't know if(是否)he will come.If(如果)he comes, I will tell him about the accident. 我不知道他是否要来。如果他来,我将告诉他这起事故。 语法互动(十四) ┃ 复合句 are/turn red have comes I don't know when(什么时候)he will come tomorrow. When(当 …… 的时候)he comes, I will tell him about the news. 我不知道他明天什么时候来。当他来时,我将告诉他这个消息。 (4)过去时态: 若主从句都是在叙述过去的事情,则主从句可以用一般过去时或过去进行时。如: Mother was cooking when I got home yesterday. 昨天我到家时,妈妈正在做饭。 3.引导词与连词的使用 because与so不能同时用在一个主从复合句中;although/though与but不能同时用在一个主从复合句中。如: Though/Although it was late, they kept working. 语法互动(十四) ┃ 复合句 尽管很晚了,他们仍然继续工作。 引导定语从句的关系代词有who(whose, whom), which, that; 关系副词有when, where, why。 1.关系代词的基本用法 考点三 定语从句 作主语 作宾语 作定语 指人 who/that who/whom/that whose 指物 which/that which/that whose 2.关系代词的特殊用法 that和which都可以修饰表示物的先行词,有的只能用that,有的只能用which。 语法互动(十四) ┃ 复合句 (1)下列情况只能用that: ①先行词为不定代词all, few, little, much, everything, nothing 等。如: All (that)you have to do is to practise every day. 你要做的就是每天都要练习。 There isn't much (that) I can do. 我能做的不多。 ②先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。如: The first lesson (that) I learned will never be forgotten.我将永远不会忘记我上的第一堂课。 This is the best film (that) I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的一部电影。 语法互动(十四) ┃ 复合句 ③先行词被all, any, every, few, little, no, some 等不定代词修饰时。如: I have read all the books (that) you gave me. 我已经读完了你给我的所有的书。 ④先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same 等修饰时。如: The white flower is the only one that I really like. 这朵白花是我真正喜欢的。 This is the very book ______ I want to read. 这就是我要看的那本书。 This is the same skirt that I want to buy. 语法互动(十四) ┃ 复合句 that (同一条裙子)这就是我想买的那条裙子。 ⑤当主句是以who或 which 开头的特殊疑问句时,定语从句用that 引导。如: Who is the man that is standing there? 站在那的那个人是谁? Which of us that knows something about physics doesn't know this?在我们懂点物理的人当中有谁不知道这个? ⑥先行词既有人又有物时。如: We talked about the persons and things ______ we could remember.我们谈论了我们所能记得的人和事。 ⑦time作先行词,前面如果有序数词或 last 修饰时,定语 语法互动(十四) ┃ 复合句 that 从句用 that 来引导或省略;如果没有序数词或 last 修饰时,既可用 when 也可用that来引导。如: This is the last time (that) I shall give you a lesson. 这是我最后一次给你们上课了。 The first time (that) I saw him was in 1972. 我第一次见到他是在1972年。 (2)下列情况只能用 which: ①关系代词作介词的宾语时,用 “ 介词+which ” 的结构。如: This is the book for__________you ask.这是你要的书。 ②引导非限制性定语从句时,只能用which。如: 语法互动(十四) ┃ 复合句 which This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。 3.关系副词的用法 (1)when引导的定语从句修饰表示时间的先行词。如: I still remember the day ______ I first came to Beijing.我仍然记得来北京的第一天。 (2)where 在句中作状语,表示地点。如: This is the factory ______ I worked two years ago. 这就是我两年前工作的那个工厂。 (3)why在句中作状语,表示原因。如: I know the reason ______ he came late. 我知道他来晚的原因。 语法互动(十四) ┃ 复合句 when where why 考点过关 根据句意及汉语提示完成句子 1.I didn't know ______________________(他住在哪里). 2. — Gould you tell me ______________________(你是否去) to the beach tomorrow? — I'm not sure. _______________________(如果不下雨), I'll go there. 3.The girl __________ very ________(个子很高) is John's sister. 4.We like music ___________________________________ (让我们轻松的). 语法互动(十四) ┃ 复合句 where he lived If it doesn't rain if/whether you'll go who is tall which/that makes us relaxed 5.He likes places __________________(天气暖和的). 6.__________________ (虽然) it rained hard this morning, nobody in our class was late for school. 7. Our teacher told us ________________________(太阳从东方升起). 8. He has made many friends_______________________(自从他来到中国). 9.I'll stay here _____________________ (直到他回来). 10.The watch __________________________ (我昨天买的) was lost. 语法互动(十四) ┃ 复合句 where it's warm Although/Though the sun rises in the east since he came to China until he comes back that/which I bought yesterday查看更多