包头专版2020中考英语复习方案第二篇语法专题突破专题08动词的时态和语态课件

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包头专版2020中考英语复习方案第二篇语法专题突破专题08动词的时态和语态课件

专题 ( 八 )   动词的时态和语态 第二篇 语法专题突破 1   动词的时态 考点一 动词的各种形式 1. 动词原形、第三人称单数形式、现在分词 类别 构成 例词 动词原形  没有经过任何变形 , 也就是词典中给出的一般形式 be, have, do, learn 第三人称 单数形式  一般在动词原形后加 -s run → runs, like → likes  以 ch,sh,s,o,x 结尾的动词后加 -es teach → teaches, wash → washes, go → goes, pass → passes, fix → fixes (续表) 类别 构成 例词 第三人称 单数形式  以辅音字母 +y 结尾的动词 , 先将 y 变为 i, 再加 -es study → studies, carry → carries 现在分词 在 动词后加 -ing read → reading, cook → cooking  以不发音的字母 e 结尾的动词 , 去掉 e 再加 -ing live → living, write → writing (续表) 类别 构成 例词 现在分词  以重读闭音节结尾的动词 , 末尾只有一个辅音字母时 , 双写该辅音字母后再加 -ing sit → sitting, shop → shopping, begin → beginning  少数几个以 ie 结尾的动词要变 ie 为 y, 再加 -ing die → dying, lie → lying, tie → tying 2. 动词的过去式及过去分词的构成 变化情况 规则 例词 规则变化 在动词原形后加 -ed work → worked → worked, stay → stayed → stayed  以辅音字母 +y 结尾的动词 , 先将 y 变为 i 再加 -ed carry → carried → carried, study → studied → studied 以 不发音的字母 e 结尾的动词 , 直接加 -d live → lived → lived, close → closed → closed 以 重读闭音节结尾而末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词 , 双写该辅音字母后再加 -ed stop → stopped → stopped, plan → planned → planned (续表) 变化情况 规则 例词 不规则变化   AAA 型 ( 即原形、过去式与过去分词三式同型 ) cut → cut → cut, put → put → put, let → let → let ABB 型 ( 即过去式与过去分词同型 ) think → thought → thought, teach → taught → taught   ABC 型 ( 即原形、过去式与过去分词不同型 ) do → did → done, go → went → gone   ABA 型 ( 即原形与过去分词同型 ) come → came → come, run → ran → run 考点二 常见 6 种时态的构成及用法 1. 形容词的基本用法 时态 用法 构成 常见标志词语 例句 一般现 在时 (1) 表示经常性、习惯性的动作 (2) 表示现在的状态、特征或真理 (3) 在时间、条件状语从句中 , 常用一般现在时代替将来时 (1) 主语 + 动词原形 (2) 主语 ( 第三人称单数 )+ 动词 ( 第三人称单数 ) (3) 主语 + am/is/are+ 其他 often, usually, sometimes, every day (week/ month/year … ), once a week 等 He goes to school every day. 他 每天都去上学。 The earth moves around the sun. 地球 绕着太阳转。 If she is free, she will come to see me tomorrow. 如果她明天有空就会来看我。 (续表) 时态 用法 构成 常见标志词语 例句 一般过 去时 (1) 表示过去某时发生的事 (2) 表示过去存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作 (1) 主语 + 动词过去式 (2) 主语 + was/ were + 其他 Yesterday,last year ( week/night/month ), three years ago, in 2015, just now 等 He worked in a factory in 2015. 他 2015 年在一家工厂工作。 (续表) 时态 用法 构成 常见 标志 词语 例句 一般 将来时 (1) 表示将来的动作或状态 (2) 表示即将发生的或最近打算做的事 (3) 表示按计划即将发生的动作 (1) 主语 +will/shall+ 动词原形 (2) 主语 +be going to+ 动词原形 (3)go, come, start, move, leave 等可用进行时态表将来 [ 注意 ]there be 句型的一般将来时结构为 There will be/There is/are going to be tomorrow, next week (year / month ), in+ 时间段 , in 2025 等 We will have a party tomorrow. 明天我们将有个聚会。 I'm leaving for Beijing. 我将要动身去北京。 There will be a meeting tomorrow. 明天将有一个会议。 (续表) 时态 用法 构成 常见 标志词语 例句 现在进 行时  表示说话时刻或现阶段正在进行的动作 主语 +am/is / are + 现在分词 now, look, listen, these days, at the moment 等 Look! They are playing football. 看 ! 他们正在踢足球。 I'm doing my homework now. 现在我正在做我的家庭作业。 (续表) 时态 用法 构成 常见 标志词语 例句 过去进 行时  表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正在进行的动作 主语 + was /were + 现在分词 at that moment, at this time yesterday, at … o'clock yesterday evening 等 I was watching TV at 8:00 yesterday evening. 昨天晚上八点我正在看电视。 He was reading a novel when I came in. 当我进来的时候 , 他正在看小说。 (续表) 时态 用法 构成 常见 标志词语 例句 现在完 成时 (1) 表示动作在说话之前已完成 , 对现在有影响 (2) 表示动作开始于过去 , 持续到现在并可能继续进行下去 主语 + have /has + 过去分词 just, ever, yet, already, so far, in the past 5 years, for 和 since 引导的时间状语 He has been to Beijing. 他 去过北京。 He has studied English for 5 years. 他学习英语已经五年了。 I have already finished my home-work. 我 已经完成了我的作业。 They have been married for 30 years. 他们已经结婚三十年了。 [ 拓展 ] 过去将来时 , 过去完成时 [ 了解 ] 时态 用法 构成 常见 标志 例句 过去 将来时  表示从过去的某一时刻来看将要发生的动作。常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句中 (1)would+ 动词原形 (2)was/were+going to+ 动词原形  判断过去将来时一定要有一个用于表示“过去”的参照物。这个参照物往往不是时间 , 而是一个发生在过去的动作。 His uncle said that there would be a good harvest the next year. 他叔叔说第二年会有个好收成。 (续表) 时态 用法 构成 常见 标志 例句 过去完 成时  表示过去的某一时刻以前已经发生的动作或存在的状态 , 也就是“过去的过去” had + 过去 分词   by, before 短语或 when, before, after, until 等引导的从句作为时间状语 My teacher said she had never been to London . 我 的老师说她从来没去过伦敦。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 当警察到达时 , 小偷已经逃跑了。 [ 注意 ] 短暂性动词与时间段连用或用于 how long 提问的问句中时 , 要转换成对应的延续性动词 , 常见的短暂性动词及其转换如下 : arrive → be here     begin/start → be on          die → be dead leave → be away go out → be out finish/end → be over get up → be up put on → wear/be on open → be open join → be in/be a member of close → be closed borrow → keep buy/get → have catch (a cold) → have (a cold) marry → be married fall ill/sick/asleep → be ill/sick/asleep 2   动词的语态 考点一 被动语态的构成   被动语态的基本结构是“ be+ 及物动词的过去分词”。与主动语态一样 , 被动语态也有各种时态变化 , 列表如下 ( 以动词 do 为例 ): 时态 主动语态 被动语态 一般现在时 do/does am/is/are+done 一般过去时 did was/were+done 一般将来时 will/be(am/is/are)+ going to+do will/be(am/is/are)going to+be+done 现在完成时 have/has done have/has been+done 含情态动词 情态动词 +do 情态动词 +be+done [ 注意 ] (1) 带双宾语的主动语态改为用其直接宾语 ( 物 ) 作主语的被动语态时 , 间接宾语 ( 人 ) 前必须加介词 to 或 for 。 My father bought me a computer. → A computer was bought for me by my father. 我父亲给我买了一台电脑。 (2) 有些感官动词和使役动词 (hear, see, watch, notice, make, have 等 ) 在主动语态中作谓语时 , 其宾语补足语后的动词不定式省略 to, 但变成被动语态时 , 必须将 to 还原。 The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day. → The workers were made to work 12 hours a day by the boss. 老板让工人们一天工作 12 个小时。 (3) 主动语态变被动语态的方法 【 巧学妙记 】 感官动词和使役动词 : 一感 (feel); 二听 (hear, listen to); 三让 (let, make, have); 四看 (see, watch, look at, notice) 考点二 被动语态的用法 1. 不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。 Rice is grown in the south of China. 中国南方种水稻。 2. 需要强调或突出动作的承受者 , 而不是强调动作的执行者。 Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world. 世界上越来越多的人讲汉语。 3. 动作的发出者是某个事物。 Many houses were washed away in the flood. 在洪水中许多房子被冲走了。 4. 固定句型中常用的被动语态。如 :It's said that … ( 据说 …… ), It's reported that … ( 据报道 …… ), It's well-known that … ( 众所周知 …… ) 等。 考点三 主动形式表被动意义 1. look, smell, feel, taste 等系动词用主动形式表被动意义。 The cloth feels soft. 这布摸起来很软。 The cake tastes delicious. 这蛋糕尝起来很美味。 2. need/require/want+doing sth. 意为“ …… 需要 ……” 。 The door needs repairing. 这门需要修理。 The window wants cleaning. 这窗户需要清洁。 3. 某物 +write/open/sell/wash/clean/cut/open+ 其他。该结构为主动形式 , 可表被动意义。 These books sell well. 这些书卖得很好。 The shop opens every day. 这家店每天都营业。 4. 不及物动词和动词短语 , 如 :happen, take place, come out, come true, run out 等。 A traffic accident happened last night. 昨晚发生了一起交通事故。 If you work hard, your dream will come true. 如果你努力工作 , 你的梦想就会实现。 1. [2019 · 包头 ] — What are you doing on Saturday morning? — Well, it's going to be sunny, so I      a picnic with my friend.  A.have B.had C.have had D.am having D | 动词的时态 | 2. [2018 · 包头 ] — Has your daughter come back from Australia? — Yes. She      there for three years.  A.has stayed B.stays C.stayed D.had stayed C 3. [2017 · 包头 ] — Can I speak to Mrs. Thomson? — Hold on, please. She      dishes in the kitchen.  A.washes B.has washed C.washed D.is washing [ 答案 ]D [ 解析 ] 考查动词时态。句意 : “ Thomson 夫人在吗 ? ”“请等一下 , 她正在厨房洗碗。”根据句意可知 , 用现在进行时。 故选 D 。 4. [2017 · 包头 ] The program has helped out thousands of homeless children since the government      it.  A.starts B.had started C.will start D.started [ 答案 ]D [ 解析 ] 考查动词时态。句意 : 自从政府启动这个项目以来 , 这个项目帮助成千上万名无家可归的儿童摆脱了困境。主句是现在完成时 , since 引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时态 , 故选 D 。 5. [2016 · 包头 ] — Paul, do you know Jenny Fox? — Do I know Jenny? I      her since she was born.  A.know B.knew C.had known D.have known D 6. [2016 · 包头 ] — Excuse me, is there a double room available at the moment? — I am not sure, but just a minute, I      it for you.  A.check B.was checking C.will check D.have checked [ 答案 ]C [ 解析 ] 考查动词的时态。“ just a minute ”意味着 check 这个动作没有发生 , 应该使用一般将来时 , 答语句意 : 稍等一下 , 我 ( 将 ) 给您查一下。故选 C 。 7. [2015 · 包头 ] — I'm not finished with my dinner yet. — But our friends      for us.   A.wait B.waited C.are waiting D.were waiting 8. [2015 · 包头 ] When you get home, please call me to let us know that you      safely.   A.would arrive B.have arrived C.had arrived D.will arrive C B 9. [2019 · 包头一模 ] — Jimmy, where are you? Come to help me in the kitchen. — Just a minute, Mum. I      my bike in the yard.  A.repair B.repaired C.am repairing D.have repaired C 10. [2019 · 青山二模 ] — Do you notice that our city      in such a rapid way in the last few years?  — Yes, it is better and better. A.has developed B.developed C.had developed D.develops A 1. [2019 · 包头 ] — Why did you leave that position? — I      a better position in her factory.  A.offer B.offered C.am offered D.was offered | 动词的语态 | D 2. [2016 · 包头改编 ] Soon Maria      as a family member by the children in this house.  A.was accepting B.has accepted C.was accepted D.will accept C 3. [2014 · 包头 ] It is said that an A-shaped tower      in the center of the city next year.  A.builds B.will build C.will be built D.is built [ 答案 ]C [ 解析 ] 考查一般将来时的被动语态。由“ next year ”可知用一般将来时 , 排除 A 、 D; “ an A-shaped tower ”与“ build ”之间应为被动关系 , 结合这两个方面 , 需要使用一般将来时的被动语态 , 即“ will+be+ 动词的过去分词” , 故选 C 。 4. [2013 · 包头 ] — Nobody likes      , so we should be kind to everyone.  — I agree with you. A.to laugh B.laughing at C.to be laughed D.to be laughed at D 5. [2019 · 青山二模 ] — More schools      for the children in the poor areas.  — I couldn't agree more. A.should be built B.should build C.need to build D.need built A 6. [2018 · 包头一模改编 ] A new school      near my neighborhood next year.   A.is built B.is going to build C.has been built D.will be built D 7. [2018 · 青山二模 ] — What do you think of the latest TV play In the Name of People ? — It's very popular. Millions of families      by it during that time.  A.attracted B.are attracted C.were attracted D.were attracting C 8. [2017 · 东河二模改编 ] — Your father is crazy about soccer, right? — Yes. He often stayed up late when the World Cup      in Russia last month.  A.held B.was held C.has held D.will hold 9. [2017 · 昆区二模 ] In Switzerland,things like glass and plastic __________ into different groups and then recycled.  A.separate B.separated C.are separated D.is separated B C
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