上海市宝山区初三英语一模试卷含答案

上海市宝山区初三英语一模试卷含答案

宝山区2015--16学年度第一学期初三质量调研 英语试卷 B. Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to the question you hear ‎ ‎7. A) To tile zoo. B) To the beach. C) To the museum. D) To the hospital.‎ ‎8. A) Tents, clothes and medicine. B) Tents. clothes, medicine and water.‎ ‎ C) Water, tents and medicine. D) Money. clothes, medicine and water.‎ ‎9. A) The No 49 bus. B) The taxi. C) They cost the same. D) The underground.‎ ‎10.A) Two hours. B) Three hours. C) Ten hours. D) Eleven hours.‎ ‎11. A) Helen. B) Lily. C) Christina. D) Frank.‎ ‎12. A) Because her watch doesn't work. B) Because she wants to catch the flight.‎ ‎ C) Because it's 9:30 now. D) Because her watch is lost.‎ ‎13.A) Take a taxi. B) Walk home. C) Buy a car. D) Wait for the bus.‎ ‎14. A) 44. B) 11. C) 33. D) 55.‎ C. Listen to the passage and tell whether the following statements are true or false ‎ ‎15. Bill worked in a restaurant two miles away from his home.‎ ‎16. When a new gangster (匪徒) movie came out, Bill would watch it many times.‎ ‎17. Bill had a large collection of gangster videos at home.‎ ‎18. Bill made the gun himself and practised shooting in the club.‎ ‎19. Bill dropped his gun mainly because of his poor eyesight ‎20. From the passage we learn Bill hurt his knee with his gun in the end.‎ D. Listen to the passage and fill in the blanks ‎ ‎21.To do a bungee jumping (蹦极) you jump from a high bridge, or some other high places, with just a rope ______ ______your ankles(踝关节).‎ ‎22. You hang in the air, upside-down (头朝下). Then you are______ ______ to the bridge.‎ ‎23.People pay $85 for the experience, ______ ______ is that it is quite safe if the correct rope is used and ‎ checked regularly.‎ ‎24. There's not much chance of surviving the fall if this happens, and______ ______ have been reported.‎ ‎25. They did this to show that they were ______ ______ to become men.‎ Part 2 Phonetics, Grammar and Vocabulary II. Choose the best answer ‎ ‎26. Which of the following word matches the sound /'peərənt/?‎ ‎ A) parent B) present C) prepared D) pleasant ‎ 27. This is ______ book that I promised to lend you last week.‎ ‎ A) a B) an C) the D) /‎ ‎ 28. ______ of us has to have our temperature taken when we get in school every morning.‎ ‎ A) Every B) Each C) All D) Everyone ‎ 29. Obama paid a ______ visit to China. He was warmly welcomed by Chinese people.‎ ‎ A) four days B) four-day C) four-days D) four-days'‎ ‎ 30. ______of the earth is covered with water.‎ ‎ A) two-three B) two-third C) two-thirds D) second-three ‎ 31 .We are glad to see that our city is developing ______ these years than ever before.‎ ‎ A) much more quickly B) quickly C) much quicker D) most quickly ‎ 32. A: Mum, must I wash the dishes now?‎ ‎ B: No, you______ . You may do it after you watch the TV news.‎ ‎ A) can't B) won't C) mustn't D) needn't ‎ 33. Look, it is going to rain. You'd better ______ the windows when you leave the house.‎ ‎ A) close B) to close C) closing D) not to close ‎ 34. Many people ______ when the earthquake happened last week.‎ ‎ A) slept B) sleep C) are sleeping D) were sleeping ‎35.The Shanghai Disneyland Plan ______ by the city government. It will be the first Disneyland Amusement Park in mainland China.‎ ‎ A) passed B) has passed C) has been passed D) were passed ‎ 36. Most countries don't know ______ with the world financial crisis (金融危机).‎ ‎ A) what to do B) where to do C) how to do D) when to do ‎37. I finally finished ______ the text. Homework of this kind is a waste of time.‎ ‎ A) copy B) to copy C) copied D) copying ‎38. Stand up and give your answer ______ Question No.8, please.‎ ‎ A) with B) at C) of D) to ‎39. Could you please tell me ______ ?‎ ‎ A) what was he B) whom is he waiting for ‎ C) what country he lives in D) how long he had been away ‎40. ______ beautiful car you have bought!‎ ‎ 'A) What B) What a C) What an D) How ‎41 A: I don't know how to use the software （软件). B: ______‎ ‎ A) So do I B) So am I C) Neither do I D) Neither am I ‎42. I will go there tomorrow unless it rains. The underlined sentence means"______ "‎ ‎ A) I will go there tomorrow if it rains. B) I will not go there tomorrow if it doesn't rain.‎ ‎ C) If it doesn't rain, 1 will go there tomorrow. D) If l go there tomorrow, it will rain.‎ ‎43. When we answer a telephone, we say"______ "‎ ‎ A) Hello, who are you? B) It's me.‎ ‎ C) I am Jane. D) This is Jane speaking.‎ ‎44.A: I'm sorry I've taken your book by mistake. B: ______‎ ‎ A) That's right. B) Never mind. C) You're welcome. D) Of course not.‎ ‎45. Independence Day is celebrated on ________ every year in the USA.‎ ‎ A) June 4 B) July 4 C) August 4 D) July 14‎ III. Complete the following passage with the words or phrases in the box. Each one can only be used once ‎ ‎ A. raised B. brought C. dislike D. opinions E. held ‎ In Yulin, Guangxi (广西玉林) a dog meat-eating festival is 46 in summer every year. Tens of thousands of dogs are killed and cooked every day during the festival. This year, the controversial (有争议 的) festival was protested (抗议) by a large number of dog lovers. Should dogs be eaten? People hold different 47 . Some of the local people want to keep their custom and enjoy the traditional dishes. They think eating dog meat is a tradition in many parts of the world. It should not be stopped simply because some people 48 it. Besides, most of the dogs are not pet dogs; they are 49 by farmers. However, some people want the festival in Yulin to be banned (禁止.).They say that dogs are man's best friends. Dogs make cute pets. Man should love them and they will love us, too. It is cruel (残忍的) to cook and eat them. Do you support the Yulin tradition that has lasted for hundreds of years, or do you believe this custom should be stopped? What is your opinion?‎ ‎ A. long B. accept C. driving D. possible E. year ‎ Dididache (滴滴打车) is a popular taxi-hailing app (打车软件) . It has been used by a large number of taxi drivers in many cities recently. The app shows the real-time locations (实时定位) of taxis on a map by using the GPS technology and makes it 50 for users to book a taxi on the phone. The users' request (要求) will be sent to the nearest taxi drivers who will decide whether to 51 the order or not. Taxi-hailing apps are very popular in Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou and Nanjing, having gained tens of thousands of users. However, the city's taxi-control departments doubt its helpfulness and have said it may raise safety concerns because many taxi drivers have been found checking their phones while 52 . The app has also been criticized (指责) for disturbing market order, and creating difficulties for passengers who do not use the app to book a taxi. Many users complain that they are only useful when most taxis are idle (空驶), and booking a taxi can still be challenging during bad weather and rush hours. Can this app be in use for 53 Technology might make a great difference to our life. Let's wait and see.‎ ‎ IV. Complete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms ‎54. This is a new building and my office is on the ______ floor. ( five )‎ ‎55. Shakespeare was one of the greatest ______in the world. ( write )‎ ‎56. Monday is my______ day in a week. ( busy )‎ ‎57. Traffic was ______ stopped after the earthquake. ( complete )‎ ‎58. Why not ______ the discussion to solve the traffic problem? ( wide )‎ ‎59. Pudong is ______ to Puxi by several bridges. ( connection )‎ ‎60. I don't see the______ of the plan to do so much homework at a time. ( wise )‎ ‎61 .His small farm was in worse condition than any ______ farm in that area. ( neighbour )‎ V. Rewrite the following sentences as required ‎ ‎62. Both of Mary's parents work in this hospital. (改为否定句)‎ ‎ ______ of Mary's parents ______ in this hospital.‎ ‎63. We can save water by fixing drippinge taps. (划线提问)‎ ‎ ______ ______ we save water?‎ ‎64. We will build a new Disneyland in Pudong New Area. (被动语态)‎ ‎ A new Disneyland will ______ ______ in Pudong New Area.‎ ‎65. Don't pick the flowers in the garden. (改为反意疑问句)‎ ‎ Don't pick the flowers in the garden, ______ ______ ?‎ ‎66. The train has arrived here. It arrived here two hours ago. (合并一句)‎ ‎ The train ______ ______ here for two hours.‎ ‎67.Mr. Green was surprised that his son didn't tell anyone that he was staying out late. （保持句意）‎ ‎ To Mr. Green's ______ no one was ______ of his son's staying out late.‎ ‎68. month, RMB 600,allowance, is, father's, a ,my (连词成句)‎ ‎ __________________________________________________‎ Part 3 Reading and Writing VI. Reading Comprehension ‎ A. Choose the best answer ‎ ‎ The koala is unique (独特的) to Australia and is an important symbol of the country. The koala is found in open eucalypt (桉树) forests in south-east Queensland. Even if it is called koala bear. this animal has nothing to do with the actual bear. Koalas have thick fur and large ears. Their broad ,flat nose makes them look cute, similar to teddy bears. In fact koalas aren't cute. They have sharp teeth and very sharp claws (爪)! Koalas are marsupials (袋类). This means the mother carries her baby in a pocket while it develops similar to a kangaroo. The baby koala lives in its mother's pocket for the first six. months of its life.‎ ‎ The name "koala" comes from a native Australian word that means "no drink". The koala get almost all their water from the eucalyptus leaves they eat. That's where they get their food too. Koalas eat only eucalyptus leaves. The eucalyptus trees are where the koalas live. It's also where they sleep. Koalas sleep about nineteen hours a day!‎ ‎ Why do they sleep so much? Some people think it's because they're lazy. But koalas aren’t lazy. They sleep so much because there isn't much nutrition (营养) in eucalyptus leaves. Koalas store hardly any fat, so they must save their energy. One way to do this is to move slowly at sleep a lot. After a day of sleeping they like to move around and eat just after sunset. They live alone most of the time. Koalas are very protective of their trees. If a koala sees another koala eating in its favorite tree, it might tell the other koala to leave by "barking" at it. Koalas do "talk" to each other. Besides barks, the males make a deep grunting (呼噜的) sound. The mothers and babies talk in soft clicking sounds. If they get scared they may scream like a baby. The koala is also an excellent swimmer. They are able to cross rivers to escape from heavy flooding (泛滥).‎ ‎ ‎ ‎69. Koalas mainly live in______‎ ‎ A) Singapore B) India C) Australia D) New Zealand ‎70. According to the article, how are koalas and kangaroos alike? ______‎ ‎ A) They both have thick fur. B) They both have sharp teeth.‎ ‎ C) They both eat eucalyptus leaves. D) They both carry their young in a pocket.‎ ‎71. The word "koala" comes from a word that means ______‎ ‎ A) no drink B) moving slowly C) large ears D) barking loudly ‎72. Why do koalas spend most of their time sleeping? ______‎ ‎ A) To escape from natural enemies. B) They get tired from playing so much.‎ ‎ C) Their food does not give them much energy. D) To protect themselves from the sun.‎ ‎73. If an adult koala screams like a baby, it may get______‎ ‎ A) worried B) frightened C) hungry D) sleepy ‎74. The koala can______‎ ‎ A) run very fast B)jump very high ‎ C) wake most of the time D) swim very well B. Choose the words or expressions to complete the passage ‎ Former Presidents ( 前任总统) in the United States continue to receive special government services and money after their presidential term (总统任期) ends. Each former president receives retirement pay, ‎ money to pay travelling expenses and money to pay the people who continue to work for them. They also get security 75 for the rest of their lives.‎ ‎ Some former presidents seem to have 76 from public life. But others continue to make contributions (做贡献 to the society.‎ ‎ Former President Jimmy Carter is well known for his earnest devotion (,热诚的奉献) since he left office. He helps build homes for poor Americans and helps settle international disagreement. And he has written several books. Many people have called Carter an example of a successful former president. Some experts note that public approval (公众的赞许 )of Carter increased several years after his defeat in the presidential election (总统大选) of 1980.‎ ‎ 77 the opposite happened to former president Ronald Reagan. His popularity fell after he left office. Many people criticized him for 78 an offer from a wealthy Japanese publisher to visit Japan. There he was paid about two million dollars just to make a few appearances. In 1994, Reagan began to suffering from Alzheimer's disease (老年痴呆症) and died ten years later.‎ ‎ Former President George Bush has made few 79 appearances since leaving office. Recently, however, he and former President Bill Clinton have traveled together to places in need of aid following natural disasters.‎ ‎ Bill Clinton is one of the most active former presidents. He makes speeches around tile world, He wrote a best-selling book about his life. And he has set up a foundation that otters various 80 to people in need, including providing low cost medicines for people with AIDS around the world.‎ ‎75. A) assistance B) warning C) defence D) protection ‎76. A) disappeared B) kept C) avoided D) stayed ‎77.A) Then B) Just C) How D) Very ‎78.A) receiving B) accepting C) getting D) taking ‎79.A) personal B) secret C) private D) public ‎80.A) suggestions B) plans C) supports D) programs C. Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words Recently the unmanned aircraft which are called drones （无人驾驶飞机）have come into use for a number of business purposes. Basically, a drone is a flying robot. The aircraft (飞行器) may be remotely controlled or can fly a 81 through flight programs in their systems. The little planes used to be very costly. In the past, they were mostly used in the military (军事) . But as they have d 82 in price more people have begun to use them. Rescue workers and farmers are among the new users.‎ A company in France is using drones to help farmers examine their crops and limit the amount of fertilizer ( 肥料 ) they use. The fast development of computer technology, image sensing devices (图像感应设备) , satellite navigation (卫星导航) and cell phones has led to lower-priced drones. Researchers and developers have learned how to build smaller and less-costly drones .Moviemakers are using drones to film from the sky. Historians (历史学家.) use them when they explore a 83 buildings. Rescue workers use them to look for people: And now farmers are using them to m 84 their crops.‎ ‎ Romain Faroux is a French businessman who starts companies. His father was a farmer. He believed drones could help farmers. He helped create a company that developed a small drone that could be controlled by people on the g 85 . They called it "Agridrone (农业无人机).'' It uses a special "optical sensor (光学感应器 ) "to examine crops.‎ ‎ The technology used is similar to that used by smart phones except it has wings. A computer program directs the drone to fly over the crops. The sensor on the drone records four different-colored "bands" of sunlight ( 太阳光带) that are reflected off ( 反射 ) the crops.‎ ‎ Jean-Baptiste Bruggeman is a farmer. He says the drone flies over his crops at different time of the season. He says ttfis provides a lot of information about his crops. The drone pictures show him the exact amount of fertilizer the crops need. It also shows exactly where the fertilizer is needed.‎ ‎ Romain Faroux says farmers use information g 86 . by the Agridrone to place fertilizer only in areas where it was needed. This saves money and reduces pollution. Before they used the drones, farmers would put the same amount of fertilizer everywhere. Drones also save time because farmers can examine u 87 to three hectares (公顷) in about a minute.‎ D. Answer the questions ‎ The baby is taking photos with his parents, the Duke and Duchess (公爵和公爵夫人) of Cambridge. The pictures were taken by the duchess' father, Michael Middleton, in the garden of their family home in Bucklebury, Berkshire. Taken earlier this month, they show the royal couple, Prince George and their black cocker spaniel (西班牙猎犬), Lupo. Tilly, a golden dog, belonging to the Middleton family, can be seen lying down behind them. ]'he photographs of Prince George, who was born on 22 July, were published by Kensington Palace.‎ ‎ On Monday Prince William, giving his first interview since becoming a father, told CNN: "He either reminds me of' my brother or me when l was younger, I'm not sure, but he's doing very well at the moment."‎ ‎ BBC reporter Nicholas Witchell said the new family looks "unselfconscious 自然的) , relaxed and happy - much like most couples might look with their first-born baby". He added: "Of course they're aware of what's expected of them. There will be staff- a nanny (保姆) to help in due course (适时地) , but for the moment it's all rather informal and many might think, refreshing."‎ ‎ Famous photographer Terry O'Neill said he thought the pictures were "absolutely charming".‎ ‎ "It reminded me when I first started photography for myself - I just went for the light, and it was really interesting lighting (打灯光) . As a matter of fact when 1 heard about these pictures, I thought 'Who have they got to do these pictures' - and the thought crossed my mind they might have asked the Queen because she's quite a good photographer."‎ ‎ The cultural and education manager of Magnum Photos, Fiona Rogers, told Radio 4's Today program the photograph of the couple and Prince George with the family's dogs was "technically not the most accomplished (技艺高超的) photograph".‎ ‎ "It's a photograph that any one of us could have in our family albums," she said.‎ ‎88.Who is Tilly?‎ ‎89.Where were the pictures taken?‎ ‎90.When was Prince George born?‎ ‎91 .What did Terry O'Neill think of the pictures?‎ ‎92. What did Fiona Rogers think of the picture?‎ ‎93.What is this report mainly about?‎ VII. Writing ‎ ‎94.In some primary or middle schools, students are asked to wear school uniforms. Do you think it ‎ is necessary for students to wear school uniforms? Write an essay of at least 60 words on the topic. (请以“学生是否要在学校穿校服”为题写一篇至少60词的作文，标点符号不占格)‎ Suggested outline:‎ ‎ 1. Do you think it is necessary to wear school uniforms?‎ ‎ 2. What are the advantages or disadvantages of school uniforms?‎ ‎ 3. What's your conclusion (结论） ?‎ 听力材料及参考答案 A. Listen and choose the right picture ‎ ‎1. Please turn off the running tap. We can't waste water.‎ ‎2. Father bought me a new watch as a birthday gift.‎ ‎3. Students in our school are interested in reading in the library.‎ ‎4. Owning a private car is very popular nowadays.‎ ‎5. Mary usually goes shopping at the supermarket with Alice at weekends.‎ ‎6. The new Disney Park will be open in Pudong in 2016.‎ B. Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to the question you hear ‎ ‎7. W: Mike, shall we go to the museum this afternoon?‎ ‎ M: Kate asked me to go to the zoo. She hears the panda has a baby. Would you like to ‎ go with us?‎ ‎ W: That's a good idea.‎ ‎ Q: Where are Mike and his friends going this afternoon?‎ ‎8. . M. Hi, Jane. You've just been to the earthquake-stricken area, haven't you?‎ ‎ W. Yes. As a volunteer of the Red Cross, I went there with a medical team.‎ ‎ M. How was the situation there?‎ ‎ W. It was awful. Many houses and roads were destroyed. People badly needed tents,‎ ‎ clothes, medicine and even water.‎ ‎ Q. What did people need in the earthquake-stricken area?‎ ‎9. M. Excuse me, which bus should I take if I want to go to the Bund?‎ ‎ W. You can take the No. 49 bus. And you can also go there by underground.‎ ‎ M. Thanks a lot.‎ ‎ W. The underground costs you 3 yuan, and the No. 49 bus costs you 2 yuan. If you ‎ want to take a taxi, it will be more expensive.‎ ‎ Q. Which will cost the passenger the least?‎ ‎10. M. You visited some western countries last summer, didn't you?‎ ‎ W. Yes. We went to France, Germany and two other countries. Our first stop was ‎ Paris.‎ ‎ M. Did it take you hours to change planes at the airport in Paris?‎ ‎ W. Yes, we arrived there at eleven in the morning and left at two in the afternoon.‎ ‎ Q. How much time did the woman spend at the airport in Paris?‎ ‎11. M. Yesterday Aunt Helen gave my sister, Lily, an Mp3 player. It's very nice.‎ ‎ W. And Lily gave it to you as a present for your birthday. Am I right, Frank?‎ ‎ M. Er... Who has told you about it?‎ ‎ W. Christina, your cousin.‎ ‎ Q. Who has got the Mp3 player now?‎ ‎12. M. Why are you in such a hurry, Alice?‎ ‎ W. My plane will take off at 9.30, but I have only half an hour now.‎ ‎ M: I'm afraid your watch is a little fast. You still have 60 minutes.‎ ‎ W. Really? Oh, yes. Thank you.‎ ‎ M. Have a nice trip.‎ ‎ Q. Why is Alice in a hurry?‎ ‎13. M. It's so cold. Why don't we get a taxi home?‎ ‎ W. No, the bus will come in five minutes.‎ ‎ M. I'm freezing. Let's start walking.‎ ‎ W. If we walk home now, the bus will come in a minute.‎ ‎ M. Yeah, you are right. Let's wait here.‎ ‎ Q. What will they probably do?‎ ‎14. M. Do your work-mates have lunch at the dining-hall?‎ ‎ W. Only one-fifth of the work-mates in my office have lunch outside at the restaurant.‎ ‎ M. How many work-mates are there in your office?‎ ‎ W. So many. Fifty-five.‎ ‎ Q: How many of the girl's work-mates have lunch at the dining-hall?‎ C. Listen to the passage and tell whether the following statements are true or false (~lJ[~']r~l]‎ ‎ ~t',g ‎ Bill, 30 years old, worked in a restaurant. He lived in a flat about one mile north of the restaurant. He walked to and from work. When it was raining, he took the bus.‎ ‎ Bill loved gangster movies. When a new one came out, he would go to the theater and watch the new movie many times. Then, when it went to video, Bill would buy the video at a Video Store. Bill had a home over 1,000 gangster videos. Old ones, new ones; color,‎ black and white; English, Spanish, Japanese -- he loved them all. He could tell you the name of the movie, the director, the stars, and the story.‎ ‎ Bill finally decided that he would own a gun, just like the gangsters. So he saved his money for a couple of years. Then he went to the gun club to practice shooting. He was in the club for only 10 minutes when he unexpectedly dropped his gun. The gun went off,‎ and the bullet went into Bill's right knee.‎ ‎ Bill now walks with a walking stick, just like some gangsters.‎ D. Listen to the passage and complete the following sentences ([~ti]3~: ,~n:/~-l~~I] ~o ~‎ ‎ Have you heard of bungee jumping? To do that you jump from a high bridge, or some ‎ other high places, with just a rope tied around your ankles. When the rope has gone as far ‎ as it can, you are pulled back towards the bridge. Then you fall down and come up again.‎ ‎ This goes on again and again until the rope finally stops moving and you hang in the air,‎ ‎ upside-down('~k:i{~J]~). Then you are pulled back to the bridge.‎ ‎ The first bungee jumping was in Queenstown, in New Zealand, on November 12,‎ ‎ 1988~ Since then, almost half a million people have tried it and Queenstown has become ‎ famous for it. Many of the tourists have come just to bungee jumping. The reason for its ‎ popularity is that it is so exciting. It isn't very often that people get the chance to jump off ‎ a bridge and survive! People pay $ 85 for the experience. Another reason is that it is quite ‎ safe if the correct rope is used and checked regularly.‎ ‎ However, there have been accidents (though not in New Zealand) when the rope has ‎ broken. There's not much chance of surviving the fall if this happens, and some deaths ‎ have been reported. Bungee jumping originally started a long time ago on the Polynesian ‎ islands. The young boys there jumped from a tall tower with a rope tied around their ‎ ankles. They did this to show that they were brave enough to become men.‎ ‎ ‎ Part 1‎ ‎ I. A. 1 6GDBCHA B. 7--14 ABABDBDA ‎ C. 15. F 16. T 17, T 18. F 19. F 20. T ‎ D. 21. tied around 22. pulled back 23. Another reason 24. some deaths ‎ 25. brave enough Part 2‎ II. 26. A 27. C 28. B 29. B 30. C 31. A 32. D 33. A 34. D 35. C ‎ 36..A 37. D 38. D 39. C 40. B 41. C 42. C 43. D 44. B 45. B ‎[I1. 46. E 47. D 48. C 49. A 50. D 51. B 52. C 53. A IV. 54. fifth 55. writers 56. busiest 57. completely 58. widen 59. connected ‎ 60. wisdom 61. neighbouring V. 62. Neither... works 63. How can 64. be built 65. will you 66. has, been ‎ 67. surprise.., informed 68. My father's allowance is RMB 600 a month.‎ Part 3‎ VI. A. 69. C 70. D 71. A 72. C 73. B 74. D ‎ B. 75. D 76. A 77. B 78. B 79, D 80. C ‎ C. 81. automatically 82. dropped 83. ancient 84. monitor 85. ground ‎ 86. gathered/got 87. up ‎ D. 88. A golden dog.‎ ‎ 89. In the garden(of Duchess' home).‎ ‎ 90. On 22 July.‎ ‎ 91. Absolutely charming.‎ ‎ 92. It was just like an ordinary photo (in our ordinary family albums).‎ ‎ 93. It is about the ordinary picture of the Duke's family and opinions from the ‎ reporters.‎