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初中英语语法归纳:被动语态
初中英语语法归纳:被动语态 初中英语学习最难的是语法,因为英语的语法跟汉语的语法有很大的 不同。其中被动语态是初中英语学习的重点和难点。下面为大家讲解 一下初中英语被动语态特点和用法。 一、被动语态的构成形式 1. 被动语态的基本时态变化 被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由 be+过去分词 构成,be 随时态的变化而变化。以 do 为例,各种时态的被动语态形 式为: 1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时 例 Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 2) has /have been done 现在完成时 例 All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start. 3) am/is /are being done 现在进行时 例 A new cinema is being built here. 4) was/were done 一般过去时 例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. 5) had been done 过去完成时 例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing. 6) was/were being done 过去进行时 例 A meeting was being held when I was there. 7) shall/will be done 一般将来时 例 Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes. 8) should/would be done 过去将来时 例 The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived. 9) shall/will have been done 将来完成时(少用) 例 The project will have been completed before July. 2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式 1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为:情态动词+be+过去分词。 例 The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. 2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动 结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变 为主语的是间接宾语。 例 His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday. 3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变 为被动结构中的主语,其余不动。 例 Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette. 4)在使役动词 have, make, get 以及感官动词 see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe 等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定 式 to 要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加 to。 例 Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为 A stranger was seen to walk into the building. 5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词+介词”,“动词+副 词”等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。 其中的介词或副词也不能省略。 例 The meeting is to be put off till Friday. 3. 非谓语动词的被动语态 v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。 例 I don't like being laughed at in the public. 二、 如何使用被动语态 学习被动语态时,不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构,还要知 道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。 1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 (这时可 省 by 短语)。 例 My bike was stolen last night. 2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。 例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer. 3. 为了更好地安排句子。 例 The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. (一个主语就够了) 三、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型 一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如 believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think 等可以用于句型“It+be+过去分词+that 从 句”或“主语+be+过去分词+to do sth.”。有: It is said that… 据说,It is reported that…据报道,It is believed that…大家相信,It is hoped that…大家希望,It is well known that… 众所周知,It is thought that…大家认为,It is suggested that…据建 议。 例 It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. (=The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ) 四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义 1.英语中有很多动词如 break,catch,clean,drive,lock, open,sell,read,write,wash 等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描 述主语特征时,常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。 例 This kind of cloth washes well. 注意:主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调 外界作用造成的影响。 试比较:The door won't lock. (指门本身有毛病) The door won't be locked. (指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是 人的原因) 2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语,如:happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out 等以主动形式表示被动意义。 例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来 的呢? 3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词 feel, sound, taste, book, feel 等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被 动意义。 例 Your reason sounds reasonable 五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义 在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。 1. 在 need,want,require, bear 等词的后面,动名词用主动形 式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。 例 The house needs repairing(to be repaired).这房子需要修理。 2. 形容词 worth 后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不 能跟动词不定式;而 worthy 后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。 例 The picture-book is well worth reading.(=The picture-book is very worthy to be read.) 3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关 系时,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表 示被动含义。 例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. (to do 与 things 是 动宾关系,与 I 是主谓关系。) 试比较:I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明 you 不是 post 动作 的执行者。) 4. 在某些“形容词+不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子 的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动 形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有 nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult, important,impossible,pleasant,interesting 等。 例 This problem is difficult to work out .(可看作 to work out 省略 了 for me). 5. 在 too… to…结构中,不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主 动形式表示被动意义。 例 This book is too expensive (for me) to buy. 6. 在 there be…句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不 定式用主动式作定语,重点在人,用被动形式作定语,重点在物。 例 There is no time to lose(to be lost).(用 to lose 可看成 for us to lose;用 to be lost,谁 lost time 不明确。) 7. 在 be to do 结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表 被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词 rent,blame,let 等仍用不定式 的主动形式表示被动意义。 例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?查看更多