非谓语动词和从句讲解及习题答案

非谓语动词和从句讲解及习题答案

第十一节 非谓语动词及其专项练习 一、动词的非谓语形式 动词的非谓语形式有三种：动词不定式、动名词和分词 二、非谓语动词用法 （一）不定式 不定式由“to＋动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to do”。不定式可以带宾语或状语构 成不定式短语。不定式没有人称和数的变化，有时态和语态的变化。不定式可以作主语、宾 语、状语、表语和定语。不定式复合结构为“介词＋sb.＋to do”，其中“介词＋sb.”表明不定 式动作的发出者，为逻辑主语。 1. 不定式的用法 （1）作主语 不定式短语作主语时，为了使句子结构平衡，常将不定式短语放在谓语之后，而用 it 作形式主语。 It is our duty to give as much help as possible. 提供尽可能多的帮助是我们的职责。 但不定式作表语时，前面有不定式作主语，不定式不可位于句末。 To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 （2）作宾语 常见的只跟不定式作宾语的动词有 want, wish, hope, expect, would like ,care, choose, learn, plan, prepare, mean, agree, promise, offer, refuse, ask, beg, decide, make up one’s mind, be determined, manage, try, can’t afford, fail, pretend 等。 ①He promised to come today, but he hasn’t turned up yet . 他许诺说今天来，但他到现在还没有出现。 ②No one likes to be laughed at. 没人喜欢被嘲笑。 有形容词、分词、名词作宾补，不定式作宾语时要将不定式放于句末，用 it 来作形式 宾语。如： You may find it necessary to finish the work ahead of time. 你会发现有必要提前完成工作。 作宾语补足语。常见的跟不定式作宾补的动词有 ask, order, advise, like, want, teach, force, forbid, beg, allow, expect, cause, invite, tell, know, call on, depend on, wait for 等。 The children asked their parents to take them to the park.。 孩子们要求父母带他们去公园。 感官动词后，如 see, watch, look at, observe, notice, hear, listen to, feel 及部分表示 “使”“让”的使役动词，如 have, make, let 跟不定式作宾补时要省略不定式符号 to。但在被动 语态中 to 要加上。 Though he had often made his sister cry, today he was made to cry by his sister. 尽管他总是弄哭他妹妹，今天却被妹妹弄哭了。 help 后的不定式作宾补 to 可有可无。 （3）作表语 My job is to help the patient. 我的工作是帮助病人。 要注意不定式作表语与“be to do”结构的不同： 不定式作表语说明主语的性质或内容，而“be to do”结构表示安排要做的事情。 ①My next plan is to draw a picture for the house. 我下一个计划是为这座房子画一幅图。 ②We are to meet at the school gate at six . 我们约好 6 点在学校门口见面。 （4）作定语 ①表示将来的动作。 The meeting to be held next week will be of great importance.。 下周将要举行的会议极为重要。 ② 用在固定搭配中。 I will go to Shanghai tomorrow. Have you anything to be sent to your son? 我明天要去上海，你有什么东西要带给你儿子吗？ 作定语的不定式如果与其前面所修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系，然而动词又为不及物 动词，动词后要加介词或副词，使其成为及物动词词组。 Will you find me a pen to write with? 你能给我找一支写字的笔吗? 不定式所修饰的词是 time, place, way 时，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。 Do you think it is the best way to deal with such a problem? 你认为这是解决问题的最好方式吗？ （5）作状语 表示目的、原因、结果。 ①They ran over to welcome the guests. 他们跑过去欢迎客人。 ②The child is too young to go to school. 孩子太小不能去上学。 ③We were excited to hear the news. 听到这个消息我们激动了。 2.不定式的时态与语态 不定式有一般式、进行式、完成式形式，既有主动语态又有被动语态两种语态。形成 to do, to be done, to be doing，to have done, to have been done 形式。 不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与谓语的动作同时发生，或是在它之后发生。 I’m sorry to tell you that you are wrong this time. 我很遗憾告诉你这次是你错了。 如果谓语表示的动作发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行， 这时不定式就要用进行式。 I am very glad to be talking with you. 我很高兴与你交谈。 如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，就要用完成式。 I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time. 对不起，让你久等了。 当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动语态。 He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 他要求去农村工作。 （二）动名词 动名词由“动词＋ing”构成；具有动词和名词的性质，可以有宾语或状语；可作主语、 宾语、表语和定语。动名词有时态和语态的变化。 1. 动名词的作用 （1）作主语 动名词短语作主语时，为了使句子平衡，常将动名词短语放在谓语之后，而用 it 作形 式主语。 It is useless arguing with him about such a matter. 跟他争论这样的事情是没用的。 动名词和不定式都可作主语，在许多情况下可以通用，但动名词作主语多表示一般或抽 象或多次的行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。 在 It is no use/good, not any use/good, useless 后人们习惯上用动名词。 （2）作宾语 下列动词只能接动名词作宾语： admit, advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, mind, pardon, permit, practise, suggest, require, be used to, can’t help, feel like, set about, stick to, keep on, look forward to, devote oneself to, insist on, pay attention to, be worth, give up, put off. 下列动词后跟不定式或动名词意义区别不大： begin, start, love, continue, hate, prefer. 下列动词后跟不定式或动名词意义不同，在平时学习中应特别注意。 forget, remember, regret, try, stop, mean, go on. 下列动词后跟动名词主动语态，不定式被动语态作宾语表示被动。 need, want, require. 如： These clothes need mending. （3）作表语 动名词作表语多表示抽象性的或习惯性的动作，当表示下一步打算时多用不定式作表 语。 ①My job is teaching you English. 我的工作是教你英语。 ②Her next step is to get as much money as she could to build the factory. 她下一步是获取尽可能多的资金建造工厂。 （4）作定语 动名词作定语表示用途，而不是正在进行着的动作。 He is now in the sleeping car. 他现在在房车里。 2. 动名词的复合结构 动名词的复合结构指在动名词前加物主代词或名词所有格。物主代词或名词所有格表明 动名词动作的发出者。 His coming late made the teacher angry. 他的迟到让老师生气。 动名词的复合结构在句中作宾语时，物主代词或名词所有格可以变为人称代词的宾格或 名词的普通格，但复合结构作主语时不变任何变化。 He entered the room without anyone noticing him. 他进入房间，没有人察觉到他。 Li Ming’s smoking in the classroom surprised us. 李明在教室里吸烟让我们很吃惊。 3. 动名词的时态与语态 动名词的时态分为一般式和完成式两种形式。如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词之前， 则用完成式；如果与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生，用一般式。 I’m sorry for not having kept my promise. 对不起，我没有遵守诺言。 若动名词与其逻辑主语有被动关系，则运用被动语态形式。 He entered the room without being noticed. 他进入房间而没被察觉。 （三）分词 分词分为现在分词和过去分词。 1. 区别 现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。 ①The man standing by the window is our teacher. ②The house built last year has become our lab. 现在分词表示事物本身所具有的性质，意为“令人……的”； 过去分词表达由外界引起 的内心活动，意为“感到……的”。 the exciting news 激动人心的消息。 the excited look 激动的表情。 现在分词表达正在进行着的动作，过去分词表达完成的动作。 ①Electricity lines as well as telephone poles were brought down by falling trees or branches. ②The army was called in to cut through fallen trees and... . 2.分词的时态和语态 过去分词表示被动或完成的动作，因而没有完成式和被动语态。 现在分词有一般式和完成式两种形式， 有主动语态和被动语态两种语态，形成 doing, having done, having been done 的形式。 3. 分词的用法 （1）作定语 单个分词作定语一般放在所修饰词的前面，短语作定语放在所修饰词的后面。 The question being discussed is important to us. The excited people rushed into the building. （2）作状语 分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式、结果、伴随状况等。 Having been shown around the lab, we were led into a big hall. Being a student, I must study hard. They worked day and night, finishing the work ahead of time. 不定式也可以作结果状语，然而不定式多表达意料之外的结果，而现在分词表达意料之 中的结果。 ①She went to Shanghai specially to see her brother, only to find that he had gone to Beijing a few days before. 她专程去上海看望她的兄弟，却发现他几天前去了北京。 ②They got up very early that day, finding nobody in the station when they got there. 那天他们很早就起床了，到了车站却发现那里空无一人。 （3）作表语 ①The news is inspiring. 这消息令人鼓舞。 ②The window is broken. 窗户破了。 （4）作宾补 ①We had the fire burning all day. 我们让这火整天烧着。 ②I’m afraid I can't make myself understood when I speak English. 我担心当我说英语时别人听不懂。 4.不定式被动语态、现在分词被动语态、过去分词表示被动应该注意的几个问题 （1）不定式的被动语态作状语时多表达目的，相当于 in order to be done, 而过去分词则 表示原因、条件、伴随等;现在分词被动语态的完成式强调分词的动作发生在谓语动词动作 之前。 In the circus, the tamed animals will be given some food when they finish tricks. To be given more food, the animals will try their best to please the trainer. 在马戏团里，当驯兽完成它们的把戏，会得到一些食物。若要得到更多食物，它们就要 尽其所能来取悦驯兽师。 Having been asked some very difficult questions, the boy came into the office. 男孩被问了一些很难的问题后，来到办公室里。 （2）不定式的被动语态作定语表达将来的动作，过去分词作定语表达过去或完成的动作， 现在分词被动语态的一般式表达一种正在进行的动作。 The meeting to be held next week is about how we can deal with this problem. 下周要开的会是关于我们如何解决这个问题的。 The book published last month sells well. 上月出版的那本书卖得很好。 The building being built now will be finished in ten days. 正在建筑的那栋楼，10 天内完 工。 （3）作宾补时，若非谓语动词与其前面的宾语有逻辑上的被动关系，表示感官的动词， 如 see, find, watch, notice, hear, feel 及部分使役动词，如：have, keep, get, let 等后跟过去分 词作宾补；allow, advise，forbid, permit, want, order 等后跟不定式被动语态作宾补。 The Emperor ordered the cloth to be woven for him right away. 皇帝命令说立刻为他织那块布。 When she got home, she found her windows broken. 当她回到家时，发现窗户破了。 练 习 1. In the dark I heard my name ______. A. calling B. call C. called D. to call 2. The students are busy _______ ready for the journey. A. getting B. get C. got D. to get 3. When I came in I saw the children ______ TV. A. watch B. watching C. watched D. to watch 4. She kept me ______ for over twenty minutes. A. to wait B. waiting C. waited D. wait 5. It was dark. I didn’t notice you ______ a bag. A. carry B. carrying C. carried D. to carry 6. He was seen ______to her daughter. A. speaking B. speaks C. to speak D. spoke 7. He was seen ______ away by the police. A. taking B. being taken C. took D. be taken 8. Look! Your son is lying in bed______ a magazine. A. read B. to read C. reading D. is reading 9. He had his leg ______ when he was climbing the tree. A. breaking B. breaks C. broke D. broken 10. _____ down the radio, the baby’s asleep in the next room. A. Turning B. Turn C. Turned D. To turn 11. He pushed his way through the crowd, ______ “Excuse me.” A. to say B. said C. saying D. having saying 12. “Where is David?” “He is upstairs ______ ready to go out.” A. to get B. getting C. to be getting D. having got 13. _____ him enough time to get home before you telephone. A. Give B. To give C. Giving D. Given 14. Don’t sit there ______ .Come and help me! A. watch B. watching C. to watch D. to be watching 15. If you don’t succeed the first time, ______ again. A. try B. to try C. trying D. to be trying 16. —Are you enjoying ________ in Changsha? —Yes, I am. Very much. A. to live B. living C. lives D. lived 17. —It’s too hot. Would you mind ________ the window? —Of course not. Please do it now. A. to open B. opening C. opens D. opened 18. —Could you give us a hand, please? —Sure. What would you like me ________? A. do B. does C. to do D. doing 19. So much work usually makes him ________ very tired. A. to feel B. feels C. feeling D. feel 20. She feels like ________TV. A. watches B. watch C. watching D. to watch 21. Would you please ________ some water with you? It’s so hot today, and you’ll feel thirsty. A. to take B. take C. not take D. taking 22. Please stop ________ a rest if you feel tired. A. to have B. having C. have D. has 23. You’d better ________ football in the street. A. not play B. playing C. not to play D. play 24. —Remember ________ him about it before he goes away. —Sure, I will. A. tell B. to tell C. telling D. to telling 25. We must keep the classroom ________. A. clean B. to clean C. cleaning D. cleaned 第十二节 主谓一致及其专项练习 一、主谓一致的定义 一个句子的谓语必须和这个句子的主语在人称和数上保持一致，我们称之为主谓一致。 二、主谓一致原则 主谓一致有许多原则，概括起来不外乎三种一致原则，即：语法形式一致；概念一致； 毗邻一致。 另外，根据代词应该在人称、数、性等方面与所指的词保持一致，还有指代一致。 （一）语法形式一致 1.单数主语、单个动词不定式、动名词短语以及句子作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。 复数主语，用 and 或 both…and 连接的动词不定式短语、动名词短语以及主语从句作主语， 谓语动词则用复数形式。例如： Serving the people is my great happiness. 为人民服务是我最大的幸福。 Whether we’ll go depends on the weather. 我们是否去要取决于天气的好赖。 What I think and what I seek have been fairly reflected in my paper. 我所思考的和我所寻求的都在这个论文中体现了出来。 2. 由 as well as, with, along with, like, together with, rather than, except, but, including, accompanied by, plus, besides, in addition to, no less than 等引起的结构跟在主语后面，不能看 作是并列主语，该主语不受这些词组引导的插入语的影响，主语如是单数，其谓语动词仍然 用单数形式。例如： The reading course book, plus its reference books, is helpful to college students. 教材加上参考书对大学学生是非常有益的。 The man together with his wife and children sits on the sofa watching TV. 那个人和他妻儿老小坐在沙发上看电视。 3.有些代词只能指单数可数名词，当它们在句子中作主语时，尽管在意义上是多数，谓 语动词仍要用单数形式。这类代词有 either, neither, each, one, the other, another, somebody, someone, something, anyone, anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody, no one, nothing, nobody 等。例如： Neither likes the friends of the other. 两人都不喜欢对方的朋友。 Everything around us is matter. 我们周围的所有东西都是物质。 4.当 and 联结的两个名词是指同一个人或同一件事，and 后的名词前没有冠词，谓语动 词应该用单数形式；在 and 后面的名词前有冠词，谓语就用复数形式。例如： The bread and butter is served for breakfast. 早饭供应黄油面包。 The bread and the butter are on sale. 正在出售黄油和面包。 5.当 one of, a portion of, a series of, a species of, a chain of 结构作主语时，谓语动词要用 单数形式。例如： One of those students has passed the examination. 这些学生只有一个考试及格了。 A series of pre-recorded tapes has been prepared for language laboratory use. 为语音课提前准备了一系列录音磁带。 6.由 one and a half + 复数名词或 the majority of + 名词作主语时，谓语动词视名词的单 复数形式而定。例如： The majority of the damage is easy to repair. 大部分的损坏品都容易修理。 7.plenty of, half of, a lot of, lots of, loads of, 等+可数与不可数名词作主语时，不可数名词 的谓语只用单数，可数名词的谓语视可数名词的单复数而定。例如： There is plenty of water in the pail. 桶里还有好多水。 There are plenty of eggs in the box. 箱子里有好多鸡蛋。 8.由 more than one，many a + 单数名词作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如： More than one student has passed the examination. 不止一个学生通过了这次考试。 Many a boy learns to swim before he can read. 许多孩子在认字前就学会了游泳。 9.如果名词词组中心词是“分数或百分数+ of +名词”，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于 of 后的名词或代词的单、复数形式。例如： Over three-quarters of the land has been reclaimed. 四分之三多的土地已经收回了。 Two-thirds of the people present are against the plan. 到场的三分之二的人都反对这个计划。 10.定语从句谓语动词的单复数形式应与先行词一致。例如： He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group. 被选出来代表该组的人他是其中之一。 “Keep cool” is the first of the rules that are to be remembered in an accident. “镇静”是事故发生时应当牢记的第一条原则。 （二）概念一致 1.有些集合名词如 crowd, family, team, orchestra, group, government, committee, class, school, union, firm, staff, public 等，它们作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据语言内容而定。如 果它们作为一个集体单位时，动词用单数形式，如就其中的各个成员来说，则谓语用复数形 式。例如： His family is going to move. 他准备搬家。 His family are very well. 他家人身体都好。 2.有些表示总体意义的名词，形式上是单数，而意义上却是复数，谓语动词要用复数形 式，如 people, police, cattle, poultry 等。例如： The police are searching for a tall dark man with a beard. 警察正在搜寻一位肤色黝黑、长胡子的高个子男人。 3.有些名词形式上是复数，而意义上却是单数。如 news, means, works.还有许多以 ics 结尾的学科名称，如 economics, physics, mechanics, politics 等，它们作主语时，谓语动词要 用单数形式。例如： Politics is a complicated business. 政治学是一门复杂的东西。 Here is the news. 下面播放新闻。 4.用 and 连接的单数主语，前面有 each, every, many a, no 等修饰时，谓语动词要用单数 形式。复数主语与 each 连用时，应不受 each 的影响，谓语动词仍用复数形式。例如： Every boy and girl is treated in the same way. 每个男孩、女孩都是以同样的方式对待的。 Many a boy and many a girl has seen it. 很多姑娘小伙子都见过。 The old workers and the young each have their own tools. 青老年工人都各自有自己的工具。 5.表示重量、度量、衡量、价值的复数名词作主语，谓语动词常用单数形式。例如： Twenty miles is a long way to walk. 二十里地可是个不近的路程。 Three pints isn’t enough to get me drunk. 三品脱还不至于把我灌醉。 the +形容词作主语时，如主语指的是一类人，谓语动词用复数形式；如果指的是单个人 或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。例如： The departed was a good friend of his. 死者是他的一位好友。 （三）毗邻一致 1.由连词 or, neither…nor, either…or, not only …but also, nor 等连接的并列主语，谓语动 词的单复数形式按毗邻一致的原则，与贴近它的主语一致。例如： Either you or he is no telling the truth. 不是你就是他没讲真话。 Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been changed. 不仅开关，连那些老化了的电路都已经更换了。 2.在 there be 的结构中，谓语动词的单复数形式一般也采取就近原则。例如： There is a desk and four benches in the office. 办公室有一张桌子，四条长凳。 There are two chairs and a desk in the office. 办公室有两把椅子一张桌子。 （四）代词的指代一致 指代一致是指句中的代词应该在人称、数、性等方面与所指的词保持一致。也是考试中 的一个考点。 1.当 everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody 等作主语 时，相应的代词一般采用单数形式。例如： If anyone calls, tell him I’ll be back later. 如果有人找我，就说我一会儿回来。 Everyone thinks he is the center of universe. 每个人都认为自己是宇宙的中心。 2.由 neither…nor, not only…but also, either…or, not…but, or 等联结的并列主语，其后的 附加疑问部分主语用复数代词。例如： Neither you nor I am wrong, are we? 你我都没错，对吧？ Both Tom and Jack came, didn’t they? 汤姆和杰克都来了，对不对？ 3.当句子的主语是 one, 并要在句子中多次出现时，一般用第三人称单数代词来代替后 面将出现的 one 或 one’s;当 one 在句子中泛指人时，在反意疑问句中也可用 you 来代替。例 如： One should never blame his friends even his friends committed some careless mistakes. 当朋友犯了疏忽的小错时不要老指责朋友的过失。 One can’t be too careful, can you? 一个人无论怎么样小心都不为过，对不对？ 练 习 1. Either Jane or Steven _______ watching TV now. A. were B. is C. was D. are 2. Two days _______enough for me to finish the work, I need a third day. A. isn’t B. is C. aren’t D. are 3. —How many lessons do you usually have a day? —Six lessons a day. And each of them _______45 minutes. A. last B. lasts C. have D. are 4. Neither Liping nor I _______a basketball player. A. am B. is C. be D. are 5. There ______ many new words in lesson one, It is very easy. A. is B. aren’t C. isn’t D. are 6. The number of the students in our school ____1200. A. is B. are C. has D. have 7. Maths _______ my favourite subject. A. be B. is C. am D. are 8. The boy with the two dogs ______ when the earthquake rocked the city. A. were sleeping B. is sleeping C. was sleeping D. are asleep 9. Every one except Tom and John _______there when the meeting began. A. are B. is C. were D. was 10. That place is not interesting at all, ______of us wants to go there. A. Neither B. Both C. All D. Some 11. Nobody but Jane _______ the secret. A. know B. knows C. have know D. is 12. —What’s on the plate? —There _______some eggs and cakes on it. A. is B. are C. was D. were 13. This pair of glasses ________mine. A. are B. be C. is D. will be 14. Both Lily and Lucy _______ to the party yesterday. A. invited B. was invited C. had invited D. were invirted 15. —Two months ______quite a long time. —Yes, I’m afraid that he will miss lots of his lessons. A. is B. are C. was D. were 16. In the city the old _______. A. take good care of B. are taken good care of C. is taken good care of D. are been taken good care of 17. His family ______all very kind and friendly, His family ______a happy one. A. are, is B. is, is C. are, are D. is, are 18. The singer and the dancer _______come to Beijing. A. has B. have C. are D. is 19. The children in this class each _______new school bag. A. have B. has C. has got D. are having 20. All but one _______ here just now. A. is B. was C. has been D. were 21. If Bob's wife won't agree to go on holiday in winter, _______. A. neither he will B. neither won't he C. neither will he D. he won't neither 22. I haven't finished my homework yet. _______. A. Neither has he B. Neither he has C. He has too D. He hasn't either 23. —“I'm going to visit the Lu Gou Bridge tomorrow.” —“_______.” A. I am so B. So am I C. So go I D. So I go 24. You as well as he_______to blame for the accident. A. are B. is C. have D. has 25. Neither my wife nor I myself_______ able to teach my daughter to sing English songs. A. has been B. is C. are D. am 第十三节 名词性从句及其专项练习 一、名词性从句的定义 名词性从句相当于名词，可作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。 二、名词性从句种类 主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。 （一）名词性从句的一般引导词 1. 连接词 that 只起连接作用，没有任何意思，也不充当句子成分，在宾语从句中可省 略，但引导其他名词性从句时通常不省略。 I hope you enjoy your holiday. 希望你假期过得好。 That he likes you is very obvious. 很显然他喜欢你。 2. 连接词 whether 也不充当句子成分，但有自己的意思，表示“是否”；引导宾语从句 时，可换成 if，但引导其他名词性从句时不能换成 if。 He asked whether [if] I would show him the way. 他问我是否可以给他带路。 Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要看一看。 3. 连接代词 who, whose, which, what 等，均有各自的意义，在从句中作主语、宾语、 定语等。 That’s why she wanted to leave. 这就是她想离开的原因。 When we arrive doesn't matter. 什么时候到没有关系。 Tell me which one you like best. 告诉我你最喜欢哪一个。 4. 连接副词 when, where, why, how 等，也各自有自己的意义，在从句中作状语。 The question is how we should carry out the plan. 问题是怎样执行这个计划。 When she’ll be back depends much on the weather. 她什么时候回来在很大程度上要看天 气。 Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever. 他为什么这样做将永远是一个谜。 （二）名词性从句的重要引导词 1. what 用于引导名词性从句是一个十分重要的引导词，它可引导主语从句、宾语从句 和表语从句，但不用于引导同位语从句。它引导的名词性从句有两个意思是：一是表示“什 么”，带有疑问意味；二是表示“……所……的”，相当于一个先行词后接一个关系代词。如： I don’t know what you want. 我不知道你想要什么。 I don’t know what you want is this. 我不知道你所想要的是这个。 2. what 引导名词性从句时可用作限定词，其后修饰名词。如： I gave him what books I had. 我把我所有的书都给他了。 He gave me what money he had about him. 他把身边带的钱全给了我。 注：what 后的名词可以是复数名词或不可数名词，但通常不能是单数可数名词，并且 后接不可数名词时，有时可用 little 修饰，两者的区别是：what+不可数名词=所有的都、what little+不可数名词=虽少但全部。如： What friends she has are out of the country. 她有的那些朋友全在国外。 We gave him what help we could. 我们给了他我们力所能及的帮助。 3. whoever, whatever, whichever 等也可引导名词性从句，其意分别为“所……的一切事 或东西”“任何……的人”“……的任何人或物”等。 Whoever wants the book may have it. 任何人要这书都可拿去。 I’ll do whatever I can to help him. 我们将尽我们所能来挽救他。 Buy whichever is cheapest. 买最便宜的。 注意以下受汉语意思影响而弄错的句子： 任何人来都欢迎。 误：Who comes will be welcome. / Anyone comes will be welcome. 正：Whoever comes will be welcome. / Anyone who comes will be welcome. 另外，它们也可引导让步状语从句，其意为“无论……”、“不管……”，其意相当于 no matter who [what, which]。如： Whatever happens, you must be calm. 不管发生什么情况，你都必须镇静。 He won't eat you, whoever he is. 不管他是谁，他也不能把你吃掉。 注：whoever 既用作主格也用作宾语；作宾语时不宜用 whomever，因为在现代英语中 whomever 这个词已几乎废弃不用。 4. why 与 because 的用法区别。两者均可引导表语从句，但前者强调结果，后者强调 原因。 I had a cold. That’s why I didn't come. 我感冒了，因此我没来。 I didn’t come. That’s because I had a cold. 我没有来，那是因为我感冒了。 （三）名词性从句的语序 名词性从句的词序与陈述句语序相同，尤其注意那些由连接代词 who, whose, which, what 和连接副词 when, where, why 等引导的名词性从句，不要受它们在特殊疑问句中用法 的影响而误用疑问句词序。如： Why was she crying? 她为什么在哭？ I don’t know why he was crying. 我不知道她为什么哭。 （四）名词性从句的时态问题 1. 当主句的谓语动词是过去式时，宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理，其谓语动词 也必须用某种过去时态。如： She said that she didn't want to know. 她说她不想知道。 I asked her whether she would agree. 我问她是否会同意。 2. when, if 这两个词既可引导名词性从句，也可引导状语从句。当它们引导名词性从句 且表示将来意义时，要直接使用将来时态；但当它们引导状语从句且表示将来意义时，则必 须用一般现在时表示将来意义。如： I don’t know when he will come, but when he comes, I’ll call you. 我不知道他什么时候， 但当他来的时候，我会打电话给你。 句中第一个 when 引导的是宾语从句，故用将来时态表示将来意义；第二个 when 引导 的是时间状语从句，故用一般现在时表示将来意义。 练 习 1. ______they have won the game made us excited. A./ B That C.What D.Where 2. ______I accept the gift or refuse is none of your business. A.If B.Whether C.Even if D.When 3. ______he says in his report is a very interesting question. A.What all B.All what C.What D.What that 4. When they will start______not been decided. A.have B.is C.does D.has 5. ______certain that his invention will lead to the development of production. A.That is B.This is C.It is D.It has 6. ______is unknown to us all. A.Where did she put it B.Where she put it C.That where she put it D.In which she put it 7. ______nothing to do with us. A.What she did have B.What she did is C.What did he do has D.What she has done has 8. The trouble is_______we are short of hands. A.what B.that C.how D.which 9. Energy is_______makes things work. A.what B.everything C.something D.that 10. My hometown is not_____it used to____ten years ago. A.when, do B.what, do C.what, be D.when, be 11. The reason______I have to go is _______my mother is ill in bed. A.why, why B.why, because C.why, that D.that, because 12. The thought______he might fail in the exam worried him. A.which B.that C.when D.so that 13. That is______ I lost my pen. A.when B.where C.that D.what 14. Have you any idea_______? A.how fast does light travel B.how quick light travels C.how soon light travels D.how fast light travels 15. His suggestion_______to see the art exhibition interested every one of us. A.that we go B.which we should go C.that we would go D.we would go 16. He was interested in______he had seen at the exhibition. A.which B.that C.all what D.all that 17. He often thinks of______he can do more for his country. A.what B.how C.that D.which 18. He made______quite clear that he wouldn't change his mind. A.this B.that C.it D.what 19. I don't know_______. A.what was the matter outside B.what the matter outside was C.what was outside the matter D.what was happened outside 20. He has come, but I didn't know that he________until yesterday. A.is coming B.will come C.was coming D.wasn't coming 21. He ran back into the room to see if he________anything behind. A.has forgotten B.had forgotten C.has left D.had left 22. They want to know_________do to help us. A.what can they B.what they can C.how they can D.how can they 23. Do you know_______brighter than the moon? A.why the sun look B.why the sun looks C.why does the sun look D.why is the sun look 24. Can you tell me______the railway station? A.how I can get to B.where I can get to C.how can I get to D.where can I get to 25. These photographs will show you_______. A.what does our village look like B.what our village looks like C.how does our village look like D.how our village looks like 第十四节 定语从句及其专项练习 一、定语从句的定义 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词， 定语从句放在先行词的后面。 二、定语从句的引导词 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose 和关系副词 when, where, why。 （一）关系代词 1. 定语从句中被修饰的词即先行词指的是东西，关系代词可用 which 或 that，如关系代 词在从句中起宾语作用，可以省略，在数上先行词与从句中的谓语保持一致。 A country is a nation which/that has its own government, land and population. 国家就是拥有政府、陆地及人口的民族。 I’ve looked the words up in the dictionary I borrowed from my teacher. 我已将这些词在老师那儿借来的词典里查过了。 2.定语从句中被修饰的词即先行词指的是人，关系代词可用 who，whom 和 that。如关 系代词在从句中起宾语作用，可以省略。在数上，先行词与从句中的谓语保持一致。 The men who have made a lot of money do not know what to do with their money. 赚了好多钱的这些人不知用这些钱干什么。 A famous writer the Japanese invited to give a lecture at a university was visiting Japan now. 被日本人邀请去一所大学作报告的著名作家正在日本访问。 3. 关系代词如在从句中起定语作用，无论是人还是物，都用 whose 来连接主从句。 Paul lives in the boy’s dormitory，whose dormitory is on the other side of the campus. Paul 居住在男生宿舍，男生宿舍在校园对面。 The boy whose mother didn’t know the truth had been killed in a road accident. 小孩已在车祸中丧生，其母亲尚不知真相。 4. 先行词中既有人又有东西，关系代词用 that。 These are the people and things that interest me. 这些就是使我感兴趣的人和事。 5. 先行词是 all，everything，nothing，something, anything，everybody，nobody，anybody 等不定代词，关系代词一般用 that。先行词是 all，everybody，nobody，anybody 等不定代词， 如关系代词在从句中当主语，则优先选 who 连接主从句。 Anybody who refused to bow was thrown into prison without trial. 任何拒绝鞠躬的人不经审判，就被投入监狱。 Something we heard was of great truth.我听到的有些东西极其真实。 6. 先行词有序数词，最高级，或被 all, some, any, the very, little, no, every, much 等修饰， 关系代词一般用 that 来连接主从句。 This is the very book I’m looking for. 这正是我在找的书。 I’ve read all the books you lent me. 已看完所有你借给我的书。 7. 先行词前有 the very 或 the only 来修饰，从句中的谓语在数上不同。 You are one of your family who have received education. 你是家中受过教育的人之一。 You are the only one of the family who has received education. 你是家中唯一一个受过教育的人。 8. 先行词前有 the same，such 修饰，关系代词用固定词组搭配的词 as 来连接主从句。 You have such a book as he has.你有这样一本与他一样的书。 9. 从句与主句关系不密切，主句可独立成句，可用非限制性定语从句补充主句内容， 有时可用 in front of，on top of，in the middle of 等词组来连接主从句，在介词后只可用 which 或 whom，不可用 that。 This is our classroom，in front of which there is a teachers’ desk. 这是我们的教室，前面有一张讲台。 (二)关系副词 1. 先行词是地方、时间、原因等，则用关系副词 where，when，why 等来连接主从句。 如果时间，地点分别在从句中充当宾语，则用 which，that 来连接句子；如果充当主语也用 which，that 连接句子。 ①This is the factory which/that produces TV sets. 这是个生产电视机的工厂。 ②I’ll never forget the day when we once stayed together. 我从不忘记我们曾一起度过的那一天。 2.关系代词前缺少先行词，需用 the one 来充当先行词。 Is the museum the one you visited? 这是你参观过的那个博物馆吗？ 3. 先行词如是特殊疑问词，关系代词用 that 来连接主从句。 Who that you are talking to is the young fellow? 和你谈话的那个年轻人是谁？ 练 习 1. Don’t talk about such things of __________ you are not sure. A. which B. what C. as D. those 2. Is this the factory __________ you visited the other day? A. that B. where C. in which D. the one 3. Is this factory __________ some foreign friends visited last Friday? A. that B. where C. which D. the one 4. Is this the factory __________ he worked ten years ago? A. that B. where C. which D. the one 5. The wolves hid themselves in the places __________ couldn’t be found. A. that B. where C. in which D. in that 6. The freezing point is the temperature __________ water changes into ice. A. at which B. on that C. in which D. of what 7. This book will show you __________ can be used in other contexts. A. how you have observed B. what you have observed C. that you have observed D. how that you have observed 8. The reason is __________ he is unable to operate the machine. A. because B. why C. that D. whether 9. I’ll tell you __________ he told me last week. A. all which B. that C. all that D. which 10. That tree, __________ branches are almost bare, is very old. A. whose B. of which C. in which D. on which 11. I have bought the same dress __________ she is wearing. A. as B. that C. which D. what 12. He failed in the examination, __________ made his father very angry. A. which B. it C. that D. what 13. We’re talking about the piano and the pianist __________ were in the concert we attended last night. A. which B. whom C. who D. that 14. The girl __________ an English song in the next room is Tom’s sister. A. who is singing B. is singing C. sang D. was singing 15. Those __________ not only from books but also through practice will succeed. A. learn B. who C. that learns D. who learn 16. Anyone __________ this opinion may speak out. A. that againsts B. that against C. who is against D. who are against 17. Didn’t you see the man __________? A. I nodded just now B. whom I nodded just now C. I nodded to him just now D. I nodded to just now 18. Can you lend me the novel __________ the other day? A. that you talked B. you talked about it C. which you talked with D. you talked about 19. Is there anything __________ to you? A. that is belonged B. that belongs C. that belong D. which belongs 20. —“How do you like the book?” —“It’s quite different from __________ I read last month.” A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what 21. Mr. Zhang gave the textbooks to all the pupils except __________ who had already taken them. A. the ones B. ones C. some D. the others 22. The train __________ she was travelling was late. A. which B. where C. on which D. in that 23. He has lost the key to the drawer __________ the papers are kept. A. where B. in which C. under which D. which 24. Antarctic __________ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round. A. which B. where C. that D. about which 25. It’s the third time __________ late this month. A. that you arrived B. when you arrived C. that you’ve arrived D. when you’ve arrived 26. It was in 1969 __________ the American astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon. A. that B. which C. when D. in which 27. May the fourth is the day __________ we Chinese people will never forget. A. which B. when C. on which D. about which 28. We are going to spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, __________ live my grandparents and some relatives. A. which B. that C. who D. where 29. The hotel __________ during our holidays stands by the seaside. A. we stayed at B. where we stayed at C. we stayed D. in that we stayed 30. Is it in that factory __________ “Red Flag” cars are produced? A. in which B. where C. which D. that 31. It is the Suez Canal __________ separates Asia __________ Africa. A. which, to B. where, from C. that, from D. that, with 32. Under the bridge, however, almost directly below, __________ was a small canoe, with a boy in it. A . there B. where C. it D. which 33. He is not __________ a fool __________. A. such, as he is looked B. such, as he looks C. as, as he is looked D. so, as he looks 34. Is that the reason __________ you are in favor of the proposal? A. which B. what C. why D. for that 35. He must be from Africa, __________ can be seen from his skin. A. that B. as C. who D. what 36. He has two sons, __________ work as chemists. A. two of whom B. both of whom C. both of which D. all of whom 37. I, __________ your good friend, will try my best to help you out. A. who is B. who am C. that is D. what is 38. He is a man of great experience, __________ much can be learned. A. who B. that C. from which D. from whom 39. — Do you know the town at all? — No, this is the first time I __________ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 40. I don’t like __________ you speak to her. A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which 41. The two things __________ they felt very proud are Jim’s gold watch and Della’s hair. A. about which B. of which C. in which D. for which 42. The dinner was the most expensive meal we __________. A. would have B. have had C. had never had D. had ever had 43. Do you know which hotel __________? A. she is staying B. she is staying in C. is she staying D. is she staying in 44. There is only one thing __________ I can do. A. what B. that C. all D. which 45. Who can think of a situation __________ this idiom can be used? A. which B. that C. where D. in that 46. I have many books, some of __________ are on chemistry. A. them B. that C. which D. those 47. They were interested __________ you told them. A. in which B. in that C. all that D. in everything 48. The astronaut did many experiments in the spaceship, __________ much help for knowing space. A. which we think it is B. which we think are of C. of which we think is D. I think which is of 49. The great day we looked forward to __________ at last. A. come B. came C. coming D. comes 50. I like the second football match __________ was held last week. A. which B. who C. that D. / 第十五节 状语从句及其专项练习 在主从复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词、副词等词的从句叫状语从句。简单地说， 就是在句中作状语的分句。 一、时间状语从句 在句子中起时间状语作用的句子称为时间状语从句。时间状语从句可以放在句首、句中 和句尾。 引导时间状语从句的词有 when，while，as，before，after，since，until／till， as soon as, once, each time, next time, the moment, immediately, instantly 等。 （一）when 引导的时间状语从句 1) when 意为“当……时”，引导时间状语从句，表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先 后发生。 Please tell him about it when you see him back. 你看到他回来，就告诉他这件事。 2) when 引导的时间状语从句中的动词可以用延续性动词，也可以用终止性动词。 He was listening to the music when I went in. 当我进去的时候，他正在听音乐。 （二）while 引导的时间状语从句 while 引导的时间状语从句，常意为“与……同时，在……期间”，while 引导的从句常用 延续性动词或表示状态的动词。 They rushed in while we were discussing problems. 当我们正在讨论问题时，他们冲了进来。 （三）as 引导的时间状语从句 as 引导的时间状语从句，可以表达“正当，一边……一边，随着”等意思。 1)表示某事一发生，另一事立即发生 They strolled into the garden as the music ceased. 音乐声一停，他们就走进了花园。 2)表示在某事发生的过程中另一事发生 We always sing as we walk. 我们总是边走边唱。（两个动作都是一般时态） 3)表示两个动作同时发生 As she sang，tears ran down her cheeks. 她一边唱歌，眼泪一边从脸颊淌下。 （四）before 引导的时间状语从句 before 意为“在……之前”，引导时间状语从句时，表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之 前。 Before I could get in a word, he already gave orders. 我还来不及插话，他已经吩咐下去了。 （五）after 引导的时间状语从句 after 意为“在……之后”，引导时间状语从句时，表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后。 After you use plastic bags, you mustn’t throw them about. 用完塑料袋后，不准到处乱扔。 注意：若主句和从句两个动作发生的先后顺序十分接近，那么也可以不用完成时态，例 如上面的第二句可改成: Please let me know your decision after you think it over. （六）since 引导的时间状语从句 此时 since 常意为“自从……”，主句常用现在完成时，从句常用一般过去时。 We have made many dumplings, since we began to cook. 自从我们开始做饭起，我们已经包了许多饺子了。 注意：常用句型：it is/has been+时间段+since 从句常译为“自从……有多长时间了” It’s been years since I enjoyed myself so much. 我已经很多年没有那么痛快了。 （七）until／till 引导的时间状语从句 until/ till 意为“直到……时”，引导时间状语从句时，表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作 之前。当主句的谓语动词是持续性动词时，主句常用肯定形式；当主句的谓语动词是非持续 性动词时，主句常用否定形式，not…until… 意为“直到……才……”，这时的 until 可以用 before 来替换。 I’ll stay here until you come back. 我会待在这里，直到你回来。（stay 表示的动作可以持续） He didn’t leave home until his father came back. 他直到父亲回家才离开。 二、原因状语从句 （一）because 引导的原因状语从句 表因果关系的语气最强，用来回答以 why 提问的问句，所引出的原因往往是听话人所 不知道或最感兴趣的。because 引导的原因状语从句往往比主句显得更重要。 Man’s real life is happy, chiefly because he is ever expecting that it soon will be so. 人的现实生活是幸福的，主要是因为他总是期望生活不久将会幸福。 注意：在主句是否定的情况下，because 从句的理解有两种情形，需要根据上下文进行 综合理解。 I did not buy the pen because it's cheap. 我没有买这支笔，因为便宜。 我不是因为便宜才买了这支笔。 I didn't buy the pen, because it's cheap.我没买这只笔，因为它便宜。 （二）since 引导的原因状语从句 表示人们已知的事实，不需强调原因，故常译成“既然……”，通常放在句首。Since 引 导的从句是次要的，重点强调主句的内容。 Since you are so sure of it, he'll believe you. 既然你对此如此有把握，他会相信你的。 （三）as 引导的原因状语从句 as 与 since 用法差不多，所引出的理由在说话人看来已经很明显，或已为听话人所熟悉 而不须用 because 加以强调。as 引导的从句与主句具有同等的地位。 We have to delay our journey, as the weather is so bad. 因为天气太恶劣了，我们要推迟我们的行程。 As rain has fallen，the air is cooler. 因为下过雨，空气比较清爽。 （四）其他连词引导的原因状语从句 另外 now that，seeing that，for the reason that，in that，considering 等也可引导原因状语 从句。 Now that they've got to know each other a little better, they get along just fine. 由于彼此之间有了进一步了解，他们相处得不错。 Seeing that he is inexperienced, he is not fit for the work. 既然他没有经验，就不适合这项工作。 三、目的状语从句 在句中作目的状语的从句称为目的状语从句。目的状语从句可置于句首、句中或句尾。 常用来引导目的状语从句的关联词有：so, so that, in order that, for fear in case , for the purpose that, lest 等。 （一）in order that，so that 引导的目的状语从句 in order that 带用于正式文体，可置于句首，也可置于句尾，而 so that 往往只置于句尾， 但也有置于句首的，so that 短语中有时可省略 that。 We shall let you know the details soon so that /in order that you can/may make your arrangements. 不久我们将会让你知道详情，以便你们能够做出安排。 注意：省略后的不定式 in order to do/so as to do 或 in order for sb. to do 也可引导目的状语从句，上面三个例句可改为： We shall let you know the details soon in order for you to make your arrangements. I opened the window in order for fresh air to come in. I've decided to learn photography in order to record the beauty of nature. （二）for fear, in case, lest 引导的目的状语从句 for fear 表示目的时，意为“唯恐，以防”, in case 意为“目的是，以防，以免，以防有某 种情况发生”，lest 意为“以防”。这三个短语或词都相当于 in order that…not.... ,so that…not…. Shut out the window lest/in case it should rain. 关上窗以防下雨。 She is studying hard for fear that she should lag behind others. 她学习很刻苦，唯恐落在别人后面。 四、结果状语从句 在句子中作结果状语的从句称为结果状语从句。结果状语从句一般置于句尾。常用来引 导结果状语的引导词或短语有：so, so that, so...that…, such that, such…that…, that 等。 （一）so that 与 so…that…引导的结果状语从句 so that/so…that…引导结果状语从句，意为“如此……以至于”，在口语中，that 常可省 略。 1)so that 引导的结果状语从句 She is ill so that she can't attend the meeting this afternoon. 她病了，不能参加今天下午的会议了。 2) so…that…引导的结果状语从句 so…that…引导结果状语从句可以构成如下结构： so+many/few/much/little+名词 so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数 so+形容词+（that）+从句 Mike is so honest a man that we all believe him. 麦克是如此诚实的一个人，以至于大家都相信他。 I've had so many falls that I'm black and blue all over． 我跌了很多跤，浑身摔得青一块紫一块。 Lily left home so hurriedly that she left her documents home. 莉莉出门时太匆忙，结果将文件都忘在家里了。 He was so benevolent, so merciful a man that he would have held an umbrella over a duck in a shower of rain. （谚）他是那么大慈大悲，会在倾盆大雨中给鸭子打伞。 （二）such… that…引导的结果状语从句 such …that…引导结果状语从句，可以构成如下结构： such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数 such+形容词+可数名词复数+从句 such+形容词+不可数名词 It is such nice weather that I'd like to take a walk. 天气是如此之好，以至于我想去散散步。 Kathy is such a young girl that she can't go to school. 凯茜年龄太小了，还不能去上学。 These were such difficult questions that none of us could answer. 这些问题如此难，以致我们没人能回答。 注意：so/such 引导的结果状语从句放于句首时，主句的助动词要置于主语前面。为了 强调形容词或副词，so…that…引导的结果状语从句，可把 so 置于句首，主句用倒装语序。 So excited was he that he could not fall into sleep.他太激动了不能入睡。 Such was his worry that he couldn't go on his work. 他如此担忧以致不能继续上班。 So carelessly did he drive that he nearly got killed. 他开车如此粗心差点遇难。 （三）that 引导的结果状语从句 What has Tom done that you should be so worried about him? 汤姆做了什么让你这么担忧？ 五、条件状语从句 在句子中作条件状语的从句称为条件状语从句。条件状语从句可置于句首，也可置于句 尾，有时还可置于主语和谓语之间。引导条件状语从句的常用引导词为：if，unless, as/so long as, once, in case, on condition that, supposing , providing，provided，given 等。在条件状语从 句中，一般要用一般现在时表示一般将来时，一般过去时表示过去将来时，现在完成时表示 将来完成时。 （一）if 引导的条件状语从句 if 是引导条件状语从句最常用的连词，表示在某种条件下某事很可能发生。 If you heat ice，it melts. 如果你给冰加热，它会融化。 注意：if 从句还表示不可实现的条件或根本不可能存在的条件，也就是一种虚拟的条 件或假设，从句多用一般过去时或过去完成时。条件状语从句分为真实条件状语从句和非真 实条件状语从句。 If I were you , I wouldn't invite him to the party. 如果我是你，我不会邀请他参加聚会。 （二）unless 引导的条件状语从句 unless 意为“除非，若不，除非在……的时候“。 Victory won't come to us unless we go to it. 胜利不会走向我们，我们必须自己走向胜利。 注意：unless 的意识相当于 if…not…。上面的最后两个例句可变为： I shall go there tomorrow, if I am not too busy. If I am not mistaken, I have seen that man before. （三）on condition 引导的条件状语从句 on condition 引导的条件从句是主句事件发生的前提条件或唯一条件，意为“在……条件 下”。 I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep secret. 我可以告诉你真相，条件是你答应保守秘密。 （四）supposing／provided/providing／given 引导的条件状语从句 supposing/providing／provided 可以用做连词，意为“如果”，引导的条件从句表示一种假 设条件。这几个词意义相近。 Supposing it rains, shall we continue the sports meeting? 倘若下雨，我们的运动会还要继续举行吗？ 注意：in case 在英式英语中表示目的，在美式英语中可表示条件，意为“如果，万一。 In case I am late, start without me. 要是我来晚了，你们就先开始吧。 六、让步状语从句 在句中充当让步状语的从句称为让步状语从句。让步状语从句既可置于主句之前，也可 置于主句之后。引导让步状语从句的连词有 although，though，even if，even though, whether…or…, whether or not, while, whatever, no matter what/how/why 等。 （一）though／although 的用法 although 和 though 意义一样，都作“虽然，即使”解，都表示让步，一般情况下可互换使 用，只是 although 语气较重，大多置于句首。though/although 引导让步状语从句时，主句 若用 yet 或 still 引出。 They are generous though they are poor. 虽然他们很穷，但他们很慷慨。 Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children. 尽管我们已经长大了，可是我们的父母仍把我们看做小孩。 （二）even though／even if 引导的让步状语从句 这两个短语表示语气更强的让步，常常意为“再退一步说”。even though 更加强调对“既 成事实”的让步，even if 更强调对“假设”的让步。 I'll get there even if /even though I have to walk all the way. 即使得一路走着去，我也要走到那里。 （三）as 引导的让步状语从句 as 表示“让步”时常用倒装。倒装时若有带冠词的名词，冠词需要省去。as 的这种用法与 though 倒装时的用法完全一致，although 不可这样用。as 引导的让步状语从句必须以部分倒 装的形式出现，被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语或动词原形。 Urgent as/though the message is, it is impossible to send it there in time. 消息很紧急，但不可能及时送到。 =Though the message is urgent, it is impossible to send it there in time. Child as/though he was, he faced the dangerous situation calmly. 尽管还是个孩子，但他能冷静地面对危险情况。 （四）whether…or…／whether…or not 引导的让步状语从句 whether…or…/whether…or not 表示“不论是否……”，“不管是……还是……”之意。由这 一个复合连词引导的让步状语从句旨在说明正反两个方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向 或结果。 I'll marry her whether she is poor or rich. 不管她是穷还是富我都要和她结婚。 （五）while 引导的让步状语从句 while 也可以引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管（部分承认……是事实）”，比 though／ although 语气弱。while 引寻的让步状语从句一般要位于句首。 While she is a lovely girl, she can be extremely difficult to work with. 她虽然是一个可爱的姑娘，但有时很难与她共事。 （六）wh-ever 类词引导的让步状语从句 在英语中，wh-ever 类词可作主句的疑问词，也可引导名词性从句，还可引导让步状语 从句。一般没有 whyever 的用法，同时 whether 本身就代替了 whetherever 的形式。这类词 在引导让步状语从句时常可换成 no matter+相应的 wh-词，在引导名词性从句时只能用 wh-ever。 Whatever you say, I won't believe you. 无论你说什么，我都不会相信。 =No matter what you say, I won't believe you. 注意：“no matter+疑问句”结构只能引导让步状语从句，而 wh-ever 类词还可以引导名词 性从句。 Whatever happened, he would not mind. 无论发生什么，他都不会介意。 I will take whoever wants to go. 谁想去我就带谁去。 Whoever comes will be welcome. 不管谁来都会受到欢迎。 七、比较状语从句 在句子中作比较状语的从句称为比较状语从句。比较状语从句一般位于句尾。 比较状语从句常用 as…as, not as/so…as...，than 等连接词引导。“the+比较级…，the+比较级” 结构也可引导比较状语从句。 （一）同级比较 同级比较常用 as…as…结构。 They want peace as much as we do. 他们和我们一样都需要和平。 （二）不同级比较 不同级比较常用 not as/so…as...结构。 I can't run as fast as I used to. 我不如过去跑得快了。 （三）差级或高级比较 差级或高级比较常用…than…结构。 I like the dreams of the future than the history of the past. 与过去的历史相比，我更喜欢未来的梦想。 （四）比较关系的状语从句 比较关系的状语从句常用结构为“the+比较级… ,the+比较级…”。 The more we do, the more we can do; the busier we are, the more leisure. 我们做得越多，能做的就越多；越是紧张，就越有闲暇。 注意：what/as 也可引导对称或对比关系的状语从句。 Food is to men what/as oil is to machine.食物之于人犹如油之于机器。 八、方式状语从句 在句子中作方式状语的从句称为方式状语从句。方式状语从句一般位于句尾，有时位于 句中。常用连接词 as，as…so...，as if，as though，the way 等引导。 （一）as if／as though 引导的方式状语从句 两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也 用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。常意为“仿佛……似的，好像…… 似的”。 I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday. 我记得整件事情，就仿佛是昨天发生的一样。（与事实相反，谓语用陈述语气） It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气） as，as…so…引导的方式状语从句 as, as…so…等引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后。 as…so…结构位于句首时, as 从 句带有比喻的含义，意为“正如……，就像”，多用于正式文体。 Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。 When in Rome do as the Romans do. （谚）入乡随俗。 Leave the children as they are. 让孩子们自由随便，不要管他们。 As water is to fish，as air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。 Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。 九、状语从句中的省略 在表示时间、地点、条件、方式（比较）或让步等的状语从句中，如果谓语含有动词 be，主语又和主句的主语一致，或其主语是 it，那么从句中的主语和谓语的一部分（尤其是 be 动词）往往可以省略。使用这些省略结构可收到言简意赅之功效。 （一）从属连词+名词 Though a young man, he has written three famous novels. 虽然还是个年轻人，他已经写了 3 本著名的小说。 （二）从属连词+形容词 When ripe, the grapes will be delicious.当葡萄成熟之后就会很好吃。 Though young, she had to live on herself. 虽然年纪轻轻,但她不得不养活自己。 （三）从属连词+副词 Once inside，begin to work. 一就绪，就开始工作。 Unless here, you can't find this kind of butterflies. 除非在这里，其他地方找不到这种蝴蝶。 （四）从属连词+介词短语 When in doubt, please consult a dictionary. 有疑问的时候，就请查字典。 （五）从属连词+不定式 She moved his lips as if to speak. 她的嘴动着仿佛要说什么。 （六）从属连词+动词的-ing 形式 Look out for cars when crossing the street. 过马路时要小心。 注意：as 在引导时间状语从句时，气候不能运用省略形式，此时用 when, while 替代。 When/While living in London, I picked up English. 在伦敦期间我学了英语。 （七）从属连词+动词的-ed 形式 When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects. 按照说明服用，这种药就没有副作用。 （八）其他形式 1) 省略式的条件状语从句句型为 if necessary，if possible, if true，if so, if not, if anyone, unless, once, as long as 等词或短语后也运用省略形式。这种省略式的状语运用频繁，有的已 经成了习惯表达法，被人们所熟知，而对于其完整的状语从句用得越来越少。 If necessary, we will buy a new car. 如果有必要的话，我们会买一辆新车。 2) 状语从句中的主语尽管与主句的主语不相同，但如果它与主句的逻辑主语相同或根 据主、从句的对应关系判断，意思比较明确，同时，从句的谓语又含有动词“be"的某种形 式，则可省略从句中的“主语+be”部分。 There are a few simple safety measures to follow while training. 有几点简单的安全措施训练时必须遵守。 3) 如果状语从句和主句都含有“there be”的某种形式或只有状语从句含有“there be”的某 种形式，从句中的“there be”常常也可以省略。 We shouldn't lose heart as long as any hope with us. 只要有一线希望我们就不能灰心。 4) 由 than 和 as 引导的比较状语从句，在意义明确的情况下，可省略 than 和 as 后面的 任何部分 He works as fast as a skilled worker. 他工作起来和技术工人一样快。 练 习 1. John shut everybody out of the kitchen ______he could prepare his grand surprise for the party. A. which B. when C. so that D. as if 2. I would appreciate it ________you call back this afternoon for the doctor’s appointment. A. until B. if C. when D. that 3. As far as I am concerned，education is about learning and the more you learn，________. A. the more for life are you equipped B. the more equipped for life you are C. the more life you are equipped for D. you are equipped the more for life 4. After the war, a new school building was put up ____there had once been a theatre. A. that B. where C. which D. when 5. —Is Mr. Smith in the office? —Yes_______ he is in charge of the office，he must be there. A. since B. however C. whether D. for 6. He _______when I called him. A. is about to leave B. was about to leave C. leaves D. left 7. John may phone tonight. I don’t want to go out ________he phones. A. as long as B. in order to C. in case D. so that 8. Someone called me up in the middle of the night，but they hung up ________I could answer the phone. A. as B. since C. until D. before 9. —Don’t look down upon Bob. He has his own advantages. —Oh, yes. ________others are weak, he is strong. A. If B. When C. Where D. Though 10.It is ten years ________he smoked. A. that B. when C. since D. while 11.We must hurry up ________catch up with the last train. A. that B. so that to C. in order that D. in order to 12.No matter ________hard it may be，I will carry it out. A. what B. whatever C. how D. however 13.________ you may do，you must do it well. A. Which B. Whenever C. Whatever D. When 14. —Are you thinking about going to New York for the holiday. —No. But if I ________the time，I would definitely go. A. have B. had C. have had D. would have 15.________ you are so weak，you’d better stay at home. A. Since B. For C. Because D. Though 16.English and French are taught here. You can choose ________you like. A. no matter which B. whichever C. which D. whatever 17.I saw Mr. Smith last Sunday. We had not seen each other ____I left London. A. as B. before C. since D. till 18.I’ll be back before you ________. A. will leave B. will have left C. leave D. would leave 19.The problem won’t be settled until we ________a chance to discuss it thoroughly. A. have had B. have C. will have had D. would have 20.If you ________this experiment，you will understand the theory better. A. will be doing B. have done C. will have done D. would do 21.They went on working ________it was late at night. A. even if B. as if C. however D. as though 22.I hurried ________I wouldn’t be late for class. A. since B. so that C. as if D. unless 23.The volleyball match will be put off if it ________. A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is raining 24.________ you talk to someone or write a message，you show your skills to others. A. At times B. Some time C. By the time D. Every time 25. Although he is considered a great writer，________. A. however his works are not widely read B. but his works are not widely read C. his works are not widely read D. still his works are not widely read 26.The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she ________. A. will arrive B. is going to arrive C. arrives D. is arriving 27.We should finish the important job，________. A. long it takes however B. it takes however long C. long however it takes D. however long it takes 28.________he made an important speech at the meeting was true. A. That B. Why C. What D. How 29.________comes to the party will receive a gift. A. Which B. Who C. Which one D. Whoever 30.She is willing to help you, ________busy she is. A. what B. how C. however D. whatever 31.I don’t care whether he stays ________goes. A. nor B. then C. or D. otherwise 32.No matter ________hard it may be，I’ll carry it out. A. what B. whatever C. how D. however 33.Why do you want to find a new job ________you’ve got such a good one already A. that B. where C. which D. when 34.________he is, he will be thinking of you. A. Wherever B. Where C. Now that D. As soon as 35.You should make it a rule to leave things ________you can find them again. A. when B. where C. then D. there 36.He got excited at the news，________ I was calm. A. when B. while C. because D. after 37. —Shall Brown come and play computer games? —No，________ he has finished his homework. A. when B. if C. unless D. once 38.________ you try，you will never succeed. A. If B. Until C. Since D. Unless 39.Hardly had he arrived in Hong Kong ________he rang me up. A. when B. than C. that D. and 40.________ they heard the shout for help，they rushed out. A. Immediately B. The moment C. The while D. All the above 41.________，he never seems able to do the work beautifully. A. Try as he does B. as he tries C. Try as does he D. As he does try 42 .—The air is full of smoke and people are coughing.. —It will get worse ___the government does something about the pollution. A. but B. unless C. except D. if 43. If ________，I would have gone with him. A. had he told me B. he had told me C. he has told me D. he would tell me 44. —Alice is moving to her new apartment next Saturday. —I’ll be glad to help her，________ needs some help. A. should she B. if she will C. if she D. if she might 45. I came ________I heard the news. A. until B. as soon as C. immediately D.B and C 46.What we have seen________. A. from what we heard B. all what we heard C. to what we have heard D. from what we have heard 47.We will never give in ________they might do or say about our plan. A. no matter how B. how C. whatever D. although 48.If you go to Xi’an，you will find the places there more magnificent than commonly ________. A. supposing B. supposed C. to suppose D. suppose 49.________ he comes，we would not be able to go. A. Without B. Unless C. Except D. Even 50.It’s no wonder you’ve got a headache ________you drank so much last night. A. though B. in case C. when D. while 答案 第十一节 非谓语动词及其练习题 1-5CABBB 6-10CBCDB 11-15CBABA 16-20BBCDC 21-25BAABA 第十二节 主谓一致及其专项练习题 1-5BABAB 6-10ABCDA 11-15BBCDA 16-20BABAD 21-25CABAD 第十三节 名词性从句及其专项练习题 1-5BBCDC 6-10BDBAC 11-15CBBDA 16-20DBCCC 21-25DBBAB 第十四节 定语从句及其专项练习题 1-5AADBA 6-10ABCCA 11-15AADAD 16-20CDDBC 21-25ACBDC 26-30AADAD 31-35 CABCB 36-40BBDBA 41-45BDBBC 46-50CDBBC 第十五节 状语从句及其专项练习题 1-5CBBBD 6-10BCDDC 11-15DCCBA 16-20BCCBB 21-25ABBDC 26-30CDADC 31-35CCDAB 36-40BCDAD 41-45ABBCD 46-50DCDBD