牛津英语初中七八年级语法知识汇总

牛津英语初中七八年级语法知识汇总

七年级（上）‎ Unit1 Making Friends l ‎“would like to do”表示“想做……” = want to do E.g. I would like/want to play basketball.我想打篮球。‎ Playing chess是动词-ing短语，用在is后面作表语 动词-ing短语还可以作主语 enjoy + doing形式 l finish, keep, practise等+doing sth. work as——从事…工作 E.g. He worked as a bus driver when he was 20. He is keen on running.‎ l be in glasses = be wearing glasses 意思是“戴着眼镜”=I am wearing glasses 舞者dance + r 演员act + or 招待员wait + er 工程师engine + er l 表示“参加某一组织”，“代表某一队伍”时，常用介词on l one of + superlative（最高级）+ n.(plural)（名词复数），表示…中最（怎么样）的之一 E.g. Beijing is one of the biggest cities in China.‎ l 不定冠词a & an l 当第一次提及某人或某物时，在名词前使用a或an l 当以辅音音素开头的单词时，前面用a E.g. a house, a useful book l 当以元音因素开头的单词时，前面用an E.g. an apple, an hour l 定冠词the l 当我们在次提及到某人或某物时，在名词前用the l 在表示独一无二的事时要用the l 国家名和地名前面不用the，例外：the UK, the USA l play the guitar, play volleyball 乐器前加the，球类前不加the l 序数词前加the，三餐前不加the，指一家人前加the l many + C.修饰可数名词 much + U. 修饰不可数名词 l at the beginning of在…的开始 at the end of在…的末尾 in the middle在…中间 l why not + do sth. = why don’t you do sth.‎ Unit2 Our Daily Life l 单数概念：one…the other…两者中的一个，另一个 E.g. I have two brothers. One is a doctor, and the other is a teacher.‎ l 单数概念：one…another…三者或三者中的一个，另一个 l 复数概念：some…other + n.(pl.)一些…，另一些…（无明确范围）‎ E.g. Some students come from Yuexiu, some are from Baiyun and others are from Panyu.‎ l 复数概念：some…the other + n.(pl.)一些…，另一些…（有明确范围）‎ E.g. There are nine apples on the table. Some are red, the others are green.‎ l 一般现在时 l 频率副词通常位于：be动词，助动词，情态动词的后面，行为动词的前面。sometimes还可以位于句首。‎ l 一般现在时表示经常发生的动作或经常存在的状态、日常行为习惯或客观事实等。‎ l 谓语动词是be动词的变化：‎ 否定句：主语 + be + not +其它 一般疑问句：be +主语+其它 特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句？‎ l 谓语动词是行为动词的变化：主语+行为动词原型（+其它）‎ 当主语为第三人称单数(he, she, it)时，要在行为动词后加“-s”或“-es”‎ 否定句：主语+don’t(doesn’t)+动词原型（+其它） 一般疑问句：Do(Does)+主语+动词原形+其它 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句？‎ l 动词第三人称单数形式的构成：‎ 1. 一般的动词后面直接加-s，如：walk→walks 2. 以-s, -x, -sh或-ch结尾的动词后加-es，如：discuss→discusses 3. 以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，变y为i再加-es，如：study→studies 4. 特殊变化，如：do→does l with+身体特征，经常用来描述一个人的动作、体态特征、外貌或身上的装饰品 E.g. the girl with big eyes, the boy with his hands on his head l be in+颜色+衣服表示穿着什么颜色的衣服 E.g. be in the blue T-shirt, be in the white shirt ‎｝‎ Unit3 Troubles ‎-ed修饰人，-ing修饰物 l interesting、exciting通常用来描述事物 interested、excited通常描述人 l keep意为“保持”，连系动词。后跟形容词构成系表结构。表示“保持某种状态”。类似用法的连系动词还有feel, become等 E.g. feel hot, become more beautiful l 一般过去时 l 表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，一般与表示过去的时间状语连用。‎ l 规则动词的过去式变化方式：‎ 1. 一般的动词后面加-ed 2. 以-e结尾的动词后面加-d 3. 以辅音字母+y结尾的动词变y为i，再加-ed 4. 以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed l be→was/were bring→brought buy→bought can→could come→came do→did drive→drove fall→fell get→got give→gave go→went hear→heard know→knew meet→met leave→left put→put ride→rode run→ran say→said see→saw speak→spoke stand→stood steal→stole take→took teach→taught ‎ wear→wore l ‎-ed发音规则：清辅音后发/t/，浊辅音、元音后发/d/， t、d后发/id/‎ ‎｝‎ E.g. asked turned argued started ended few修饰可数，less修饰不可数 l fewer and fewer friends朋友越来越少 less and less money钱越来越少 Unit4 Hobbies l all的部分否定和全否定：肯定句：All the stars are the same. 所有的星星都是一样的。‎ 部分否定：Not all the stars are the same. = All stars are not the same.‎ 全否定句：None of the stars are the same. (none /n∧n/ 所有都不)‎ l It’s + adj. + to do sth. 做什么事情是怎样的。 It是形式主语，真正的主语是to do sth.‎ E.g. It’s important to learn English well. = To learn English well is important. = Learning English well is important.‎ l as well as连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词用“就远原则”，也就是跟最前边的主语保持一致。‎ E.g. The teacher as well as the students wants to see the film.‎ l when从句可放在主句前或后，当位于主句之前时，句中要用逗号隔开。‎ l when时间状语从句中，主句与从句的时态要一致。‎ l 区别except/besides和except for：‎ except：指“（不包括本身在内的）除……之外”，“-” E.g. He gets up early every day except Sunday.‎ besides：指“（包括本身在内的）除……之外”，“+” E.g. Five others were late besides me.‎ except for：指前后比较范围是不同类型的 E.g. Except for one old man, the bus was empty.‎ Unit5 Encyclopaedias l 当neither…nor…连接两个主语时，主谓一致采用“就近原则”，即跟后边的那个主语保持人称和数的一致。‎ E.g. Neither you nor she is wrong. Neither she nor you are wrong.‎ l a number of“许多的；大量的”，=many，修饰可数名词复数，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。‎ E.g. A number of students are playing on the playground.‎ l Countable & Uncountable Noun可数与不可数名词：‎ 单数 复数 近 this这个 these这些 远 that那个 those那些 l 修饰可数名词：不定冠词(a, an)，数词many, (a)few, several, a number of 修饰不可数名词：much, (a)little, a great deal of 共同的：some, all, a lot of, lots of l 可数名词复数的构成方法：‎ 1. 一般在名词后加-s：dog→dogs 2. 以s, x, sh, ch结尾的名词加-es：watch→watches 3. 以辅音字母+y结尾的名词改y为i再加es：country→countries 4. 以o结尾的名词，加-s或-es：potato→potatoes, tomato→tomatoes 5. 以f, fe结尾的名词，改f, fe为v加-es：knife→knives 6. 需要记忆的特殊复数形式 l 复合词的复数：改中心词为复数 girl student→girl students l 一张纸a piece of paper,一条建议a piece of advice,一条新闻a piece of news,一支粉笔a piece of chalk,一瓶墨水a bottle of ink,一碗米饭a bowl of rice,一杯啤酒a glass of beer,一公斤盐a kilo of salt 七年级（下）‎ ‎1. 反意疑问句 反意疑问句是由两部分组成的，前一部分是对事物的陈述（即陈述句），后一部分是简短的提问（即简短疑问句），中间用逗号隔开。如果前一部分用肯定句，后一部分就用否定疑问句；如果前一部分用否定句，后一部分就用肯定疑问句。两部分的人称和时态要一致。其回答是用yes或no来表示。‎ 肯定反意疑问句的回答和否定反意疑问句的回答翻译成汉语是有区别的：‎ ‎1）肯定反意疑问句回答时yes和no翻译成汉语时是一致的：‎ 例如："It’s new, isn’t it?" "Yes,it is." （“这是新的，对吗？”“是，是新的。”）‎ ‎"It’s new, isn’t it?" "No,it isn't."（“这是新的，对吗？”“不，不是新的。”）‎ ‎2）而否定反意疑问句回答时yes和no翻译成汉语时是不一致的：‎ 如："It isn't new, is it?" "Yes,it is." （“这不是新的，对吗？”“不，是新的。”）‎ ‎"It isn't new, is it?" "No,it isn't."（“这不是新的，对吗？”“是，不是新的。”） ‎ ‎2. 现在进行时 一、目前（甚至说话时）进行的动作。‎ 二、目前阶段正在进行，而此刻不一定在进行的动作。‎ 现在进行时是由be (am / is / are)‎ ‎+v.-ing (动词现在分词)构成。否定形式是：am not ‎/isn’t / aren’t + v.-ing;一般疑问句形式则是Am / Is / ‎ Are+主语 + v.-ing？常和现在进行时连用的时间状 语有: now, at the moment, these years/ months / weeks / days等或者句中有listen, look，此外，我们还可以根据上下句来判断是否用现在进行时。‎ 某些表示思想、感觉、所属或状态等静态动词如believe, think, know, understand, love, like, see, hear, smell, taste, want, own 等，一般不用现在进行时。‎ ‎3. when, while和as的区别 ‎ ①时间连词while，as与when是同义词，均可解为“当……时候”，用来引导时间状语从句。 when引导的状语从句时态用一般过去时或一般现在时，而while后的状语从句时态是进行时，其次when和while在表示时间上，when往往指时间上的一点，而while指一段时间，while 另指“在……的同时”‎ Eg. The headmaster came into the classroom while he was talking loudly.‎ She began to learn English when she was five.‎ ‎ ② as 有时可与when, while通用，但它着重指主句和从句中的动作或事情同时发生，不是一前一后。‎ As we walked, we talked.‎ ‎4. also, too, either 与 as well 的用法区别 ‎1) too 和 as well 多用于口语中，语气较轻，通常用于肯定句或疑问句，一般不用于否定句，且通常放在句末。‎ 如：Are they coming, too [as well]? ‎ 注意：在 Me too; You too这类简略答语中，通常不用 as well或also。‎ ‎2) also 比 too 和 as well 正式，一般也不用于否定句，它在句中的位置通常是紧靠动词，即放在行为动词之前，特殊动之后。有时为了强调也放在句末(但不常见)。‎ 如：She is young and beautiful，and also rich. ‎ 说明：also 有时用于句首(其后通常有逗号)，相当于连词 and。‎ 如：Also, his mother was dead. ‎ ‎3) either(也)通常只用于否定句，且要放在句末。‎ 如：He hasn’t finished it, either. ‎ ‎5. 人称代词 ‎ 人称代词表示人称范畴以及他们的相关变化形式。人称代词有三个人称，每个人称又分为单复数形式。人称代词的形式如下： 　　　　 　　　　　　 ‎ 单数 复数 ‎ 格 主格 宾格 ‎ 主格 宾格 第一人称 I me ‎ we us 第二人称 you you ‎ you you 第三人称 he him ‎ they them  she her ‎ they them 人称代词的位置 ‎1）人称代词一般出现在它所指代的名词之后. ‎ e.g. Tom is a five-year-old boy. He likes reading and swimming. ( he指代Tom)‎ ‎2）人称代词也可出现在它所指代的名词的前面。‎ e.g. Though he didn't know it, Jack was in danger. 杰克还不知道，他已经处于危险之中了。（he 指代Jack）‎ 人称代词的指代作用: 人称代词不仅可以指人，也可以指物。人称代词的人称，数和性由其所指代的名词决定，人称代词的格由其在句子中的地位来决定。作为主语就用主格，做宾语用宾格 ‎6. 反身代词 ‎1） 列表　　‎ I you you she he myself yourself yourselves herself himself we they it one ourselves themselves itself oneself ‎2）做宾语 a. 有些动词需有反身代词 ‎　 absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave ‎　　We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.　我们昨晚玩得很开心。‎ ‎　　Please help yourself to some fish.　 请你随便吃点鱼。‎ b. 用于及物动词+宾语+介词 ‎　　　take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.‎ ‎　　　I could not dress (myself) up at that time.　那个时候我不能打扮我自己。‎ ‎　　　注：有些动词后不跟反身代词， get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。‎ ‎　 Please sit down.　请坐。‎ ‎3） 作表语； 同位语 ‎　　　　　be oneself: I am not myself today.　 我今天不舒服。‎ ‎　　　　　The thing itself is not important.　　事情本身并不重要。‎ ‎4） 在不强调的情况下，but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如：‎ ‎　　No one but myself (me) is hurt.‎ ‎　　注意：‎ ‎　　a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。‎ ‎　　　　　(错) Myself drove the car.‎ ‎　　　　　(对) I myself drove the car.　我自己开车。‎ ‎　　b. 但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself 作主语。‎ ‎　　　　　Charles and myself saw it.‎ ‎5）第二人称作宾语，要用反身代词。‎ ‎　　　　You should be proud of yourself.　你应为自己感到骄傲。‎ ‎7. 情态动词 一、can的用法：‎ ‎1. (表示能力、功能)能,会 ‎ The classroom can seat thirty students. 这教室能坐三十位学生。 ‎ June can drive now. 琼现在会开车了。 ‎ ‎2. (表示可能性)可能,可能会 ‎ I think the work can be completed ahead of time. 我认为这项工作能提前完成。 ‎ ‎3. (表示允许、请求)可以 ‎ You can't take the book out of the room. 你不可以将这本书拿出室外。 ‎ Can I use your pen? 我可以用一下你的笔吗? ‎ ‎4. (表示命令)必须 ‎ If you won't keep quiet you can get out. 你如不保持安静,就请你走。 ‎ ‎5. (表示偶然发生的可能性)有时会 ‎ It can be quite windy there, especially in spring. 那里有时容易刮风,特别在春季。 ‎ ‎6. (表示惊讶)究竟;竟至于 ‎ What can it possibly be? 到底那是怎么一回事? ‎ 二、could的用法 can的过去式；‎ ‎（用于虚拟语气，表示与事实相反的设想）能；可以；‎ ‎（表示可能性）可能；‎ ‎（用于婉转语气）能，可以 ‎ 三、may的用法 ‎1.表示请求和允许，意思是：可以 He may come if he likes. 如果他想来，可以来 ‎2.表示祝愿，意思是：祝…，（但愿）。 ‎ May the friendship between our two peoples last forever. 祝两国人民的友谊万古长青。 ‎ ‎3.表示推测，意思是：可能（会），或许（会）。 ‎ It may rain this evening. You'd better take an umbrella. 今晚可能要下雨，你最好带上雨伞。 ‎ 四、must的用法 ‎1.表“必须”。 ‎ You must talk to them about their study.你必须同他们谈谈关于他们学习的事。‎ ‎2.在否定结构中表不许。‎ You mustn't leave here.你不能离开这儿。‎ ‎3.表坚定的建议。 ‎ You must come and see us as soon as you get to Shanghai.一到上海你得马上来看我们。‎ ‎4.表推测，暗含有很大的可能性，用在肯定句。‎ He must be ill. He looks so pale.他肯定是病了。他的脸色那么苍白。‎ 注意： may 暗含的可能性较小。must 暗含的可能性较大。否定的猜测用can't ‎ The baby can't be ill. He is so active.那宝宝不大可能是病了。他那么活跃。 ‎ 五、might的用法 might表示的可能性太小，没有足够的说服力去职责别人。 ‎ can, could 之间的区别，和 may,might 之间的区别在于，虚拟句和过去时态用后者，表示的可能性比原词小，但大部分时候2者可以互换，不会产生歧义或者对表述造成干扰。 ‎ 六、should的用法 ‎1.should 作为助动词 shall 的过去式，可以在间接引语中与第一人称主语搭配，表示过去将来时间。‎ ‎2.should 作为情态动词，通常用来表示现在或将来的责任或义务，译作“应该”、“应当”，这时它可以和 ought to， be supposed to 互换使用。例如：‎ You should （= are supposed to ） complete your test in time. ‎ 你们应该按时做完你们的实验。‎ ‎3.should 作为情态动词，可以用在条件状语从句中，表示语气较强的假设，译作“万一”、“竟然”，这时也可将 should 置于从句之首，即将 should 放在主语前面，而省略从属连词 if.‎ If it should rain tomorrow， I wouldn't go. （= Should it rain tomorrow， I wouldn't go.）‎ 万一明天天下雨，我就不去了。‎ 七、 would的用法 ‎1.would是will的过去式，Would you like～？ ‎ 表示请求、劝说，是很客气的说法。‎ Would you like a cup of tea？ 您愿意喝杯茶吗？ ‎ ‎2.主语+would like to～ ‎ 表示“想要……”的意思上，与…want to～意思一 样，但用此句型较客气。‎ I want to ask you a question. ‎ ‎3.最基本的虚拟语气句型: ‎ 主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形。 ‎ 八. ought to的用法 ought to 是一个可以加上to 的情态动词其意思与should是一样的,但是ought to 不能用于虚拟语气中表示推测,而should可以 ‎ ought to与should意思接近，大多数情况下二者可以互换，但是should谈的是自己的主观看法，ought to则更多反映客观情况，在谈到法律、义务和规定时使用。 ‎ 如： We should／ought to help each other and learn from each other in our work． ‎ She is your mother, so you ought to support her． ‎ We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don’t think we will． ‎ ‎8. 物主代词 ‎1）物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用，例如：‎ ‎　　　　 John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.‎ ‎　　　 约翰割破了手指，显而易见，他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。‎ 物主代词有形容词性（my, your等）和名词性（mine, yours等）两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。‎ 名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的　--'s属格结构，例如：‎ ‎　　　　　Jack's cap　 意为　　 The cap is Jack's.‎ ‎　　　　　His cap　　 意为　　 The cap is his.‎ ‎2) 名词性物主代词的句法功能 a. 作主语，如：May I use your pen? Yours works better.我可以用一用你的钢笔吗？ 你的比我的好用。‎ b. 作宾语，如：I love my motherland as much as you love yours.我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。‎ c. 作介词宾语，如：Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.‎ ‎　　　　　你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话，而不能按你自己的意义去解释。‎ d. 作主语补语，如：The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours.　我的生命属于你，属于你，属于你。‎ ‎9. 条件状语从句　　‎ 概念: 在复合句中，由从句表示的状语叫做状语从句。它可以用来修饰主语中的动词.形容词.副词等。根据它表达的意思，状语从句可以分为时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，结果状语从句和让步状语从句等。由连接词if或unless引导的状语从句叫做条件状语从句。（注意：在含有条件状语从句的复合句中，如果主句是一般将来时态，从句要用一般现在时[主将从现原则])‎ 经典语句：If it dosen't rain tomorrow,we will go to the zoo.‎ ‎　　　　If you open the door，i will come in.‎ 条件状语从句就是用以表示“在某种条件下,会……”, 常用if ,in case , on condition等词来引导 ‎　　　　连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that,provided,suppose,supposing 等。.‎ ‎　　　　主句用一般将来时，if或unless引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时。‎ ‎　　　　固定搭配：unless = if...not.　‎ ‎　　　　 e.g. Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.‎ ‎　　　　 If you are not too tired, let's go out for a walk.‎ if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种:‎ 真实条件句，如：If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go on a picnic.‎ 非真实条件句是虚拟语气的一种，表示与事实相反，如：If I were you, I would go with him.‎ ‎　　　　so/as long as只要　　由as (so) long as, in case引导。‎ So long as you’re happy, it doesn’t matter what you do.只要你高兴，你做什么都没有关系。‎ You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean.只要你保持书的清洁，你就可以把我的书借去。‎ ‎　Take your umbrella in case it rains.带着你的伞吧，以防下雨。‎ ‎10. (a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词 ‎　　　a few / a little 为肯定含义，还有一点 ‎　　　few / little　为否定含义，没有多少了。‎ ‎　　　He has a few friends.　　　他有几个朋友。‎ ‎　　　He has few friends.　　　 他几乎没有朋友。‎ ‎　　　We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。‎ ‎　　　There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。‎ ‎　　 Although he 's wealthy，he spends___ on clothes.‎ ‎　　　 A. little　 B. few　C. a little　 D. a few 答案： A. spend所指的是钱，不可数，只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句，由句意知后句为否定含义，因此应用little表示几乎不。‎ ‎　　固定搭配:‎ ‎　　　only a few (=few)　 not a few (=many)　 quite a few (=many)‎ ‎　　　many a (=many)‎ ‎　　　Many books were sold.‎ ‎　　　Many a book was sold. 卖出了许多书。‎ ‎11. 现在完成时 意义: 补充过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果或过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态 句型: 基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)‎ ‎　　　①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他 ‎　　　②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他 ‎　　　③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他 ‎　　　④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）‎ ‎　　‎ ‎1 、规则动词：‎ 规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：‎ ‎ (1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。‎ work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited ‎ (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。‎ live---lived---lived ,‎ ‎ (3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。‎ study---studied---studied , cry---cried---cried ,‎ play---played---played , stay---stayed---stayed ‎ (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。‎ stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped ‎2 、不规则动词：　　 ‎ AAA型: cost cost cost ‎　　　　cut cut cut ‎　　　　hit hit hit ‎　　　　hurt hurt hurt ‎　　　　put put put ‎　　　　set set set ‎　　　　let let let ‎　AAB型: beat beat beaten ‎　ABA型: become became become ‎　 run ran run ‎　　　　 come came come ‎　特殊情况: read read read read原形发音为/ri:d/,过去式和过去分词发音为/red/‎ ‎ 　 ‎ ABB型: bring brought brought ‎　　　　buy bought bought ‎　　　　build built built ‎　　　 find found found ‎　　　　hear heard heard ‎　　　　keep kept kept ‎　　　 lose lost lost make made made meet met met sell sold sold sit sat sat stand stood stood teach taught taught tell told told think thought thought win won won ‎ ‎ ABC型: begin began begun ‎　　　　blow blew blown break broke broken forget forgot forgotten freeze froze frozen give gave given grow grew grown know knew known shake shook shaken sing sang sung swim swam swum throw threw thrown write wrote written ‎ ‎ 用法:‎ ‎（1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.‎ ‎　　　　I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)‎ ‎　　　　Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.)‎ ‎　　　　Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)‎ ‎　　　　He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)‎ ‎（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.‎ ‎　　　　Mary has been ill for three days.‎ ‎　　　　I have lived here since 1998.‎ 注（超重要）：瞬间动词（buy, die, join, lose……）不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词 ‎ ‎　　　　come-be ‎　　　　go out-be out ‎　　　　finish-be over ‎　　　　open-be open ‎　　　　die-be dead ‎ ‎ a) 用持续性动词代替终止性动词 ‎1.have代替buy: 　My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.‎ ‎2、用keep或have代替borrow: I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.‎ ‎3、用be替代become: 　How long has your sister been a teacher?‎ ‎4、用have a cold代替catch a cold: Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.‎ ‎5、用wear代替put on b)用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词 ‎ ‎1、be＋married代marry ‎ ‎2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill ‎3、be＋dead代die ‎ ‎4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep ‎5、be＋awake代wake/wake up ‎ ‎6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave ‎7、be＋open代open ‎ ‎8、be closed代close/shut ‎9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose c)用“be＋副词”代终止性动词 ‎1“be＋on”代start, begin ‎2“be＋up”代get up ‎3“be＋back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to ‎4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等 d)用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词 ‎1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to ‎2.用be in the army 代替join the army ‎3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to 常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表：‎ ‎1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw. →have been in sw./at…相应的介词 ‎2. have come/gone back/returned → have been back ‎3. have come/gone out →have been out ‎4. have become → have been ‎5. have closed / opened→ have been close/open ‎6. have got up → have been up；‎ ‎7. have died → have been dead；‎ ‎8. have left sw. → have been away from sw.‎ ‎9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep → have been asleep；‎ ‎10. have finished/ended/completed → have been over；‎ ‎11. have married → have been married；‎ ‎12. have started/begun to do sth. → have done sth. ；‎ ‎13. have begun → have been on ‎14. have borrowed/bought →have kept/had ‎15. have lost → haven’t had ‎16. have put on →have worn ‎17. have caught /get a cold → have had a cold；‎ ‎18. have got to know → have known ‎19. have/has gone to → have been in ‎20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army ‎ ‎→have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party’s member/the league member/the soldier…‎ 注意： ‎ ‎1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，(如表示过去的时间状语）‎ 如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与for, since连用.‎ ‎2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑问）, just, before, recently, still, lately等:‎ ‎　　He has already obtained a scholarship.‎ ‎　　I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).‎ ‎　　We have seen that film before.‎ ‎　　Have they found the missing child yet ?‎ ‎3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用, 如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:‎ ‎　 Have you ever been to ‎Beijing ‎　　I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.‎ ‎　　I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.‎ ‎　　George has met that gentleman on several occasions.‎ ‎4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用, 如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等:‎ ‎　　Peter has written six papers so far.‎ ‎　　Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.‎ ‎　　There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.‎ ‎　　The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.‎ ‎　　Up to the present everything has been successful.‎ ‎5. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.‎ ‎　　We have had four texts this semester.‎ ‎6.现在完成时的"完成用法"‎ 现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现 在情况具有因果关系。‎ 例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)‎ 现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already，yet, before，recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never，ever，once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning ／ month ／year...，today等)连用。‎ 例如： Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？‎ ‎7.现在完成时的"未完成用法"‎ 现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。‎ 例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。)‎ ‎　　I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。)‎ ‎　　此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导)，或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now，so far)等。‎ ‎　　例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。‎ 注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。‎ ‎8.一段时间+has passed+since从句 ‎9. 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now", "so far" (意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在.)‎ ‎　　Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。‎ ‎　　I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。‎ ‎10 has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别 ‎　　gone:去了没回 ‎　　been to :去过 ‎　　been in：呆了很久 ‎11.不能与when连用 一般过去时和现在完成时 ‎(1)、一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式，而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是“助动词 have/ has + 过去分词”。‎ ‎(2) 、一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如： yesterday, last week , two years ago ,just now ,in 2002 等；而现在完成时则常与 just ,already ,ever ,never 等副词和 these days ,this week ,since ......, for ...... 等表示一段时间的状语连用。‎ 试比较以下几组句子，有什么区别：‎ ‎① A:Have you seen the film ?‎ ‎　 B:Did you see the film ?‎ 分析：你看过这部电影吗？（ A ）句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解；（ B ）句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。‎ ‎② A:How has he done it ?‎ ‎　　　B:How did he do it ?‎ 分析：他是怎么做的这件事？（ A ）句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响；（ B ）句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。‎ ‎　③ A:He has lived in Beijing for 8 years .‎ ‎　　　B:He lived in Beijing for 8 years .‎ 分析：他在北京住了 8 年。（ A ）句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了 8 年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。（ B ）句讲的是他在北京住过 8 年，现在已经不在北京了。‎ ‎(2) 现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响和结果，而一般过去时与现在没有联系，只是说明某个动作发生的时间是在过去。‎ 比：I have washed the car. 我洗过了车。（看上去很漂亮）‎ I washed the car a moment ago.　我刚才洗过车了。‎ She has watered the flowers.　她已经浇了花。（不需要再浇了）‎ She watered the flowers yesterday.　她昨天浇的花。‎ I have written the letter but I haven't posted it yet. 信我已经写好了，但还没有寄出。‎ I wrote the letter last week and I posted it three days ago.　我上周写的那封信，3天前寄出的。‎ ‎3）现在完成时表示的动作或状态延续到现在并可能延续下去，而一般过去时则单纯表示过去某段时间内的经历。‎ 比如：It has rained for five hours. 雨已经下了5个小时了。‎ ‎　　It rained for five hours yesterday.　昨天下了5个小时的雨。‎ ‎　　He has waited for her for two hours. 他等她已经两个小时了。‎ ‎　　He waited for her two hours and then went home.　他等她等了两个小时，然后就回家了。‎ ‎　　I have reviewed two lessons this morning.　今天上午我已经复习了两课。（说话时还在上午）‎ ‎　　I reviewed two lessons this morning.　今天上午我复习了两课。（说话时已是下午或晚上）‎ 七年级英语重点句型总结 ‎1．I think…意为“我认为……”，是对某人或某事的看法或态度的一种句型。其否定式常用I don’t think…，如：I think he’s Mr Zhinag. (L17)I don’t think you are right.‎ ‎2．give sth. to sb./ give sb. sth. 意为“把……给……”，动词give之后可接双宾语，可用这两种句型；若指物的宾语是人称代词时，则只能用give it/ them to sb. 如：‎ ‎　　His parents give him a nice purse./His parents give a nice purse to him. Give it to Mr Hu.(L57)‎ ‎3．take sb./ sth. to…意为“把……(送)带到……”，后常接地点，也可接人。如：‎ ‎　　Please take the new books to the classroom.‎ ‎4．One…, the other…/One is…and one is…意为“一个是……；另一个是……”，必须是两者中。如：One ‎ is red and one is grey.(L50)或 One is red,, the other is grey.‎ ‎5．Let sb. do sth. 意为“让某人做某事”，人后应用不带to的动词不定式，其否定式为Don’t let sb，do sth.，或Let sb. not do sth. 另外，Let’s 与Let us的含义不完全相同， 前者包括听者在内，后者不包括听者在内，如：Let’s go for a walk./Let us try once more, please.‎ ‎6．help sb. (to) do sth./help sb. with sth.意为“帮助某人做某事”，前者用不定式作宾补，后者用介词短语作宾补，二者可以互换。如：‎ ‎　　Let me help you find it.(L42)/Let me help you with it.‎ ‎7．What about…？/How about…？意为“……怎么样？”是用来询问或征求对方的观点、意见、看法等。about为介词，其后须接名词、代词或V-ing等形式。如：‎ ‎　　What/How playing chess?‎ ‎8．It’s time to do…/ It’s time for sth. 意为“该做……的时间了”，其中to后须接原形动词，for后可接名词或V-ing形式。如：‎ ‎　　It’s time to have supper. =It’s time for supper.‎ ‎9．like to do sth./like doing sth.意为“喜欢做某事”，如：‎ ‎　　Li Lei and his friends like to play in the tree house. (L 43)‎ ‎　　前一种句型侧重具体的一次性的动作；后一种句型侧重习惯性的动作，试比较：‎ ‎　　Tom likes swimming, but doesn’t like to swim this afternoon.‎ ‎10．ask sb.(not) to do sth. 意为“让某人(不要)做某事”，其中ask sb.后应接动词不定式，如：‎ ‎　　Ask your friends to guess what is in it. (L44)‎ ‎11．show sb. sth. / show sth. to do. 意为“把某物给某人看”，该句型的用法同前面第2点。如：‎ ‎　　Show your friend your family photo.（L36）/Show your family photo to your friend.‎ ‎12．introduce sb. to sb. 意为“把某人介绍给另一人”；introduce to sb.则是“向某人作介绍”。如：‎ ‎　　Introduce your family to her.‎ 语法易错点归纳总结 ‎[第一类] 名词类 ‎　　1. 这些女老师们在干什么？‎ ‎　　[误] What are the woman teachers doing？‎ ‎　　[正] What are the women teachers doing？‎ ‎　　[析] 在英语中，当一名词作定语修饰另一名词（单或复数形式）时，作定语的名词一般要用其单数形式；但当man，woman作定语修饰可数名词复数形式时，要用其复数形式men，women.‎ ‎　　2. 房间里有多少人？ ‎ ‎　　[误] How many peoples are there in the room？‎ ‎　　[正] How many people are there in the room？‎ ‎　　[析] people作“人、人们”解时，是个集合名词，其单复数同形。‎ ‎　　3. 我想为我儿子买两瓶牛奶。‎ ‎　　[误] I want to buy two bottle of milk for my son.‎ ‎　　[正] I want to buy two bottles of milk for my son.‎ ‎　　[析] 表示不可数名词的数量时，常用“a / an或数词 +表量的可数名词 + of + 不可数名词”这一结构， 其中当数词大于1时，表量的可数名词要用其复数形式。‎ ‎[第二类] 动词类 ‎　　4. 你妹妹通常什么时候去上学？‎ ‎　　[误] What time does your sister usually goes to school？‎ ‎　　[正] What time does your sister usually go to school？‎ ‎　　[析] 借助助动词do（或does）构成疑问句或否定句时，句中的谓语动词用其原形。‎ ‎　　5. 琳达晚上经常做作业，但今晚她在看电视。‎ ‎[误] Linda often do her homework in the evening，but this evening she watching TV.‎ ‎　　[正] Linda often does her homework in the evening，but this evening she is watching TV.‎ ‎　　[析] 在初一英语学习阶段，我们接触到了两种主要时态：一般现在时和现在进行时。一般现在时表示经常的或习惯性的动作，常和often，usually，sometimes 等时间状语连用。在一般现在时的句子中，若主语是第三人称单数，谓语动词要用其第三人称单数形式。现在进行时表示现阶段正在进行或发生的动作，现在进行时由be（am / is / are） + ving形式构成。‎ ‎　　6 这双鞋是红色的。‎ ‎　　[误] This pair of shoes are red.‎ ‎　　[正] This pair of shoes is red.‎ ‎　　[析] 在shoes，trousers，gloves，glasses等表示成双成对的衣物或工具名词前用pair（表计量）修饰时，谓语动词的形式由pair的单复数形式来决定。‎ ‎[第三类] 代词类 ‎　　7. 这张票是她的，不是我的。‎ ‎　　[误] This is hers ticket. It’s not my.‎ ‎　　[正] This is her ticket. It’s not mine.‎ ‎　　[析] 物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。形容词性物主代词之后一定要接名词，而名词性物主代词之后不需接任何词。‎ ‎　　8. 吴老师教我们英语。‎ ‎　　[误] Miss Wu teaches our English.‎ ‎　　[正] Miss Wu teaches us English.‎ ‎　　[析] teach sb. sth.中的sb.作teach的宾语，因此当sb.为人称代词时要用其宾格形式。‎ ‎[第四类] 介词类 ‎　　9. 你能找到这个问题的答案吗？‎ ‎　　[误] Can you find the answer of this question？‎ ‎　　[正] Can you find the answer to this question？‎ ‎　　[析] 英语中用“the answer to …”表示“……的答案”。类似结构还有the key to the door，the way to ‎ the zoo ‎ ‎　　10. 格林先生星期六上午来这里。‎ ‎　　[误] Mr Green will come here in Sunday evening.‎ ‎　　[正] Mr Green will come here on Sunday evening.‎ ‎　　[析] 表示在上午、下午等时，介词要用in；而表示在具体的某天上午、下午时，介词要用on.‎ ‎　　11. 那个穿着红裙子的小女孩是我们老师的女儿。‎ ‎　　[误] That little girl on a red skirt is our teacher’s daughter.‎ ‎　　[正] That little girl in a red skirt is our teacher’s daughter.‎ ‎　　[析] 用介词表示“穿戴衣物”时，只能用in，其他介词没有此用法。‎ ‎[第五类] 副词类 ‎　　12. 莉莉，你为什么不回家呢？‎ ‎　　[误] Lily，why don’t you go to home？‎ ‎　　[正] Lily，why don’t you go home？‎ ‎　　[析] come，go 等后接here，there，home等地点副词时，地点副词前不加to。‎ ‎[第六类] 连词类 ‎　　13. 我喜欢语文和英语，但我不喜欢体育和历史。‎ ‎　　[误] I like Chinese and English，but I don’t like P.E.and history.‎ ‎　　[正] I like Chinese and English，but I don’t like P.E.or history.‎ ‎　　[析] 在肯定句中并列成分之间用and来连接；而在否定句中，并列成分之间的连接需用or。‎ ‎[第七类] 冠词类 ‎14. 乘飞机去北京花了史密斯一家人一个小时。‎ ‎[误] It takes Smiths a hour to go to Beijing by a plane.‎ ‎[正] It takes the Smiths an hour to go to Beijing by plane.‎ ‎[析] 1．表示“……一家人”用结构“the + 姓氏复数”；‎ ‎2．our 一词的第一个字母不发音，它是以元音音素开头的，所以“一小时”要用 an hour；‎ ‎3．用介词by表示“乘坐”某种交通工具时，交通工具名词前不加任何冠词。‎ ‎[第八类] 句法类 ‎15. ――你不是学生吗？ ――不，我是学生。‎ ‎[误] ――Aren’t you a student？ ――No， I am.‎ ‎[正] ――Aren’t you a student？ ――Yes， I am.‎ ‎[析] 对否定疑问句的回答是用Yes还是用No，这取决于实际情况：如果事实是肯定的，就用Yes表“不”；如果事实是否定的，就用No表“是的”。‎ 中考真题练习 ‎1. — What about Mr. Black's speech? ‎ ‎—Wonderful! There were ____________ people there. ‎ A. a large number of B. much ‎ C. a great deal of D. lots ‎ ‎2. My uncle went to Australia last year. We haven't seen him_______. ‎ A. since almost a year B. from almost a year on ‎ C. after almost a year D. since almost a year ago ‎ ‎3. — What would you like for _______ breakfast, Mr. Scott? ‎ ‎—Three pieces of bread with_______ cup of black tea, please. ‎ A. a; a B.不填; the C. a; the D.不填；a ‎ ‎4. — What are you looking for, Michelle? ‎ ‎—My cousin's MP3 player. It _______ right here, and now it's_______. ‎ A. has been; gone B .was; gone C. was; going D. is; going ‎ ‎5. — Can your brother make model airplane? ‎ ‎—Yes, this week he ______ a new model. ‎ A. builds B. is built Chad built D. is building ‎ ‎6. Mr. White is of great help; you ______ let him go. ‎ A .had not better B. had better don' t ‎ C. had better not D. had no better ‎ ‎7. My grandfather wants ______ around the world because he enjoys ______ new places. ‎ A. travelling; seeing B. to travel; to see ‎ C. to travel; seeing D. travelling; to see ‎ ‎8. Mr. Watson won’t be here next week, and______. ‎ A. neither his wife will B. neither his wife won' t ‎ C. his wife won' t neither D. his wife won' t either ‎ ‎9. What about Sally? She's done her best these days;______? ‎ A. hasn't she B. isn't Sally C. hasn't Sally D. isn't she ‎ ‎10. All the children like Mr. White very much because he often makes them______. ‎ A. laughed B. laugh C. laughing D. to laugh ‎ ‎11. This is ______ that all of us believe it' s very important. ‎ A. such useful information B. so useful an information ‎ C. so useful informations D. such a useful information ‎ ‎12. Mrs. Shute wouldn't leave the TV set, ______ her children were waiting for their supper. ‎ A. if B. because C. even though D. as soon as ‎ ‎13. ---Could you lend me your dictionary? I left _______ at home.‎ ‎ ---Certainly.‎ ‎ A. it B. yours C. one D. mine ‎14. My uncle used _______ a very good football player, but this was a long time ago.‎ ‎ A. to being B. being C. be D. to be ‎15. ---My car has broken down. Could you please give me a ride tomorrow?‎ ‎ ---I’m sorry I ________. I’m leaving for London tonight.‎ ‎ A. can’t B. mustn’t C. couldn’t D. shouldn’t ‎16. ---Is _______true that Americans eat hamburgers and hot dogs every day?‎ ‎ ---No, that’s not true, but they are both very popular foods in America. ‎ ‎ A. this B. anything C. it D. something ‎17. ---How well did you do in the maths exam?‎ ‎ ---Better than before. I think it was _______ difficult than the last one.‎ ‎ A. more B. less C. much D. very ‎18. ______ Mrs Wilson came into the classroom, all the children welcomed her.‎ ‎ A. Whether B. As well as C. If D. As soon as ‎19. We didn’t have enough chairs, _______some of the students had to sit on the floor.‎ ‎ A. but B. so C. or D. and ‎ ‎20. —Why couldn't you the correct spelling of the word?‎ ‎—Err. . . I hadn't got a Chinese-English dictionary at hand. ‎ A. look for B. look down C. look up D. look at ‎ ‎21. An old friend of my sister's always helps my brother and with English. ‎ A. I; our B. me; ourselves C. I; my D. me; our ‎22. The letter from my uncle was short. There wasn't news. ‎ A. many B. a few C. much D. few ‎23. — I take some photos in the hall?‎ ‎— No, you . ‎ A. Can; needn't B. Must ; mustn't C. Could; won't D. May; mustn't ‎24. If you carefully, you the report well. ‎ A. will listen; will be understood B. will listen; understand ‎ C. listen; will understand D. listen; understand ‎25. This is just between you and me. You _________tell anyone about this.‎ A. mustn't B. can C. should D. have not to ‎1. Tom is very pleased with the painting. Kate is very pleased with the painting, too. (合并为同一意思的简单句)‎ ‎______Tom _______ Kate are very pleased with the painting.‎ ‎2. The boy in white is Sue’s child. (就划线部分提问)‎ ‎ ____________________ in white?‎ ‎3. They enjoyed themselves at the garden party. ‎ They at the garden party. ‎ ‎4. The ice on the lake was so thin that people couldn't skate on it. ‎ The ice on the lake was not enough people .‎ ‎5. Tom's father came home. Tom began to do his homework. ‎ Tom did not ___________________________________ his father came home. ‎ ‎6. Do more sports and you'll be healthier. ___________________________________, you'll be healthier. ‎ 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从36～45各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项。 ‎ Thousands of years ago, human didn't live in towns. Sometimes they would live in caves or build camps (宿营地) in the forest.‎ Only about thirty people ‎36 in each camp. The men would go hunting while the women and children 37 food from the trees around the camp. All the food was 38 between everyone in the group. Every few weeks they moved to another place to find more food. It was a simple life, but people had to be 39 They had to make everything that they needed, and they had to know a lot about plants and animals.‎ Nowadays most people live in towns and cities, and they work in offices and factories. Life is 40 than in the old days. There are fewer 41 , but there is less excitement. Some people go 42 excitements—sailing round the world, climbing mountains, or exploring caves. Most people look forward to the 43 , a time when they can enjoy a change from their normal life. For some this means going camping. But camping today is 44 from camping in the past. Gas cookers, ready-made food and air-beds mean people can camp much more 45 than they did in the old times.‎ ‎1. A. lived B. talked C. came D. danced ‎2. A. planted B. collected C. watched D. bought ‎3. A. found B. used C. shared D. sold ‎4. A. polite B. kind C. careful D. clever ‎5. A. worse B. faster C. easier D. harder ‎6. A. dangers B. stories C. people D. animals ‎7. A. waiting for B. looking for C. turning on D. putting on ‎8. A. dreams B. gifts C. meals D. holidays ‎9. A. away B. different C. free D. far ‎10. A. slowly B. terribly C. comfortably D. hopefully 根据短文内容填入适当的单词，使短文的意思完整，每格限填写一个英语单词，要求开头第一个字母与所给的字母相同。在填写答案时，单词开头的第一个字母要写出来。‎ Dear Tom, ‎ Are you surprised to hear from me? I have not heard from you s the beginning of the summer h . How are you getting on with your s ? How are your parents? Is your brother Bill b f Canada yet?‎ My stamp collection (集邮) is g bigger and bigger. I have collected stamps of more than forty d______ countries. In my stamp books, I usually put the stamps from each country together. I have got a pen-friend from Britain. She gave me some B____ stamps. My American teacher has given me some beautiful American and Canadian stamps. I'm glad to know you are going to give me some foreign stamps, but I still have not r_______ the stamps of Nepal which you said to p_____ me. Have you sent them off yet?‎ Please write to me soon. ‎ ‎1~5 ADDBD ‎6~10 CCDAB ‎11~15 ACDDA ‎16~20 CADBC ‎21~25 DCDCA ‎1. Both and ‎2. Whose child ‎3. had a good time ‎4. thick for to skate on it ‎5. do his homework until ‎6. If you do more sports ‎[文章大意]数千年前，人类住在洞穴里或在树林里宿营，男人 打猎，女人和孩子采集野果。所有的食物会在族群内共享。 每过几周就会迁徙到另一个食物更多的地方。为了生存，他 们必须学着更聪明，要制作自己需要的东西，要知道许多关于动植物的知识。现在人们大多数住在城镇，生活变简单了却 也更平淡了。有些人为了寻求刺激而去探险和登山。大多数 人在假期里去体验一种不一样的生活。他们也会宿营，但他们的装备和必需品使得宿营和数千年前相比要舒服许多。‎ ‎36．A 37．B 38．C 39．D 40．C 41．A 42．B 43．D 44．B 45．C ‎1 since ‎2. holidays ‎3. sister/sisters ‎4. back ‎5. from ‎6. getting ‎7. different ‎8. Building ‎9. received ‎10. post 八年级（上）‎ ‎1) leave的用法 ‎1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如：‎ When did you leave Shanghai?‎ 你什么时候离开上海的？‎ ‎2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如：‎ Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London.‎ 下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。‎ ‎3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如：‎ Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing?‎ 你为什么要离开上海去北京？‎ ‎2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用 should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如：‎ How should I know? 我怎么知道？‎ Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？‎ should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如：‎ We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。‎ 我们在使用时要注意以下几点：‎ ‎1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如：‎ You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 ‎ ‎2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如：‎ You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。‎ ‎3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如：‎ We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 ‎ She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 ‎ ‎3) What...? 与 Which...?‎ ‎1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如：What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？‎ 该句相当于：‎ What does your father do?‎ What is your father's job?‎ Which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。如：‎ ‎---Which is Peter? 哪个是皮特？‎ ‎---The boy behind Mary. 玛丽背后的那个男孩。‎ ‎2. What...?是泛指，所指的事物没有范围的限制；而 Which...?是特指，所指的事物有范围的限制。如：‎ What color do you like best? （所有颜色）‎ 你最喜爱什么颜色？‎ Which color do you like best, blue, green or yellow? （有特定的范围）‎ 你最喜爱哪一种颜色？‎ ‎3. what 与 which 后都可以接单、复数名词和不可数名词。如：‎ Which pictures are from China?‎ 哪些图片来自中国？‎ ‎4) 频度副词的位置 ‎1.常见的频度副词有以下这些：‎ always（总是，一直）‎ usually（通常）‎ often（常常，经常）‎ sometimes（有时候）‎ never（从不）‎ ‎2.频度副词的位置：‎ a.放在连系动词、助动词或情态动词后面。如：‎ David is often arrives late for school.‎ 大卫上学经常迟到。‎ b.放在行为动词前。如：‎ We usually go to school at 7:10 every day.‎ 我们每天经常在7：10去上学。‎ c.有些频度副词可放在句首或句尾，用来表示强调。如：‎ Sometimes I walk home, sometime I rides a bike.‎ 有时我步行回家，有时我骑自行车。‎ ‎3.never放在句首时，主语、谓语动词要倒装。如：‎ Never have I been there.‎ ‎5) every day 与 everyday ‎1. every day 作状语，译为“每一天”。如：‎ We go to school at 7:10 every day.‎ 我们每天7：10去上学。‎ I decide to read English every day.‎ 我决定每天读英语。‎ ‎2. everyday 作定语，译为“日常的”。‎ She watches everyday English on TV after dinner.‎ 她晚饭后在电视上看日常英语。‎ What's your everyday activity?‎ 你的日常活动是什么？‎ ‎6) 什么是助动词 ‎1.协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。‎ 助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如：‎ He doesn't like English.他不喜欢英语。‎ ‎（doesn't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义）‎ ‎2.助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：‎ a. 表示时态，例如：‎ He is singing.　他在唱歌。‎ He has got married.　他已结婚。‎ b. 表示语态，例如：‎ He was sent to England.　他被派往英国。‎ c. 构成疑问句，例如：‎ Do you like college life?　你喜欢大学生活吗？‎ Did you study English before you came here?你来这儿之前学过英语吗？‎ d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如：‎ I don't like him.　 我不喜欢他。‎ e. 加强语气，例如：‎ Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。‎ He did know that.　 他的确知道那件事。‎ ‎3.最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would ‎7) forget doing/to do与remember doing/to do ‎1.forget to do　忘记要去做某事。　(未做)‎ forget doing　忘记做过某事。(已做)‎ The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off.‎ 办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)‎ He forgot turning the light off. ‎ 他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作)‎ Don't forget to come tomorrow.‎ 别忘了明天来。(to come动作未做)‎ 典型例题 ‎---- The light in the office is still on.‎ ‎---- Oh，I forgot___.‎ A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。‎ ‎2.remember to do 记得去做某事(未做)‎ remember doing记得做过某事(已做)‎ Remember to go to the post office after school.‎ 记着放学后去趟邮局。‎ Don't you remember seeing the man before? ‎ 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?‎ ‎8) It's for sb.和 It's of sb.‎ ‎1.for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：‎ It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。‎ ‎2.of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。‎ It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。‎ ‎3.for 与of 的辨别方法：‎ 用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：‎ You are nice.(通顺，所以应用of)。‎ He is hard.(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)‎ ‎9) 对两个句子的提问 新目标英语在命题中有将对句子划线提问这一题型取消的趋势，现在采取的作法是对一个句子进行自由提问。例如：‎ 句子：The boy in blue has three pens.‎ 提问：1.Who has three pens?‎ ‎2.Which boy has three pens?‎ ‎3.What does the boy in blue have?‎ ‎4.How many pens does the boy in blue have?‎ 很显然，学生多了更多的回答角度，也体现了考试的灵活性。再如：‎ 句子：He usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday.‎ 提问：1.Who usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?‎ ‎2.Where does he usually go with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?‎ ‎3.What does he usually do with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?‎ ‎4.With whom does he usually go to the park at 8:00 on Sunday?‎ ‎5.What time does he usually go to the park with his friends on Sunday?‎ ‎6.When does he usually go to the park with his friends?‎ ‎10) so、such与不定冠词的使用 ‎1.so与不定冠词a、an连用，结构为“so+形容词+a/an+名词”。如：‎ He is so funny a boy.‎ Jim has so big a house.‎ ‎2.such与不定冠词a、an连用，结构为“such+a/an+形容词+名词”。如：‎ It is such a nice day.‎ That was such an interesting story.‎ 八年级上英语语法 (二)‎ ‎11) 使用-ing分词的几种情况 ‎1.在进行时态中。如：‎ He is watching TV in the room.‎ They were dancing at nine o'clock last night.‎ ‎2.在there be结构中。如：‎ There is a boy swimming in the river.‎ ‎3.在have fun/problems结构中。如：‎ We have fun learning English this term.‎ They had problems getting to the top of the mountain.‎ ‎4.在介词后面。如：‎ Thanks for helping me.‎ Are you good at playing basketball.‎ ‎5.在以下结构中：‎ enjoy doing sth 乐于做某事 finish doing sth完成做某事 feel like doing sth 想要做某事 stop doing sth 停止做某事 forget doing sth 忘记做过某事 go on doing sth 继续做某事 remember doing sth 记得做过某事 like doing sth 喜欢做某事 keep sb doing sth 使某人一直做某事 find sb doing sth 发现某人做某事 see/hear/watch sb doing sth 看到/听到/观看某人做某事 try doing sth 试图做某事 need doing sth 需要做某事 prefer doing sth 宁愿做某事 mind doing sth 介意做某事 practice doing sth 练习做某事 be busy doing sth 忙于做某事 can't help doing sth 禁不住做某事 miss doing sth 错过做某事 ‎ ‎12) 英语中的“单数”‎ ‎1.主语的第三人称单数形式，即可用“he,she,it”代替的。如：‎ he, she, it my friend, his teacher, our classroom, Tom, Mary's uncle ‎2.名词有单数名词和复数名词。如：‎ man（单数）---men（复数） banana（单数）---bananas（复数）‎ ‎3.动词有原形，第三人称单数形式，-ing分词，过去式，过去分词。如：‎ go---goes---going---went---gone ‎ work---works---working---worked---worked watch---watches---watching---watched---watched 当主语为第三人称单数的时候，谓语动词必须用相应的第三人称单数形式。如：‎ The boy wants to be a sales assistant.‎ Our English teacher is from the US.‎ Their daughter makes her breakfast all by herself.‎ ‎13) 名词的复数构成的几种形式 名词复数的构成可分为规则变化和不规则变化两种。‎ I 名词复数的规则变化 ‎1.一般在名词词尾加-s。如：‎ pear---pears hamburger---hamburgers desk---desks tree---trees ‎2.以字母-s, -sh, -ch, -x结尾的名词，词尾加-es。如：‎ class---classes dish---dishes watch---watches box---boxes ‎3.以字母-o结尾的某些名词，词尾加-es。如：‎ potato---potatoes tomato---tomatoes Negro---Negroes hero---heroes ‎4.以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词，将-y变为-i,再加-es。如：‎ family---families dictionary---dictionaries city---cities country---countries ‎5.以字母-f或-fe结尾的名词，将-f或-fe变为-v，再加-es。如：‎ half---halves leaf---leaves thief---thieves knife---knives self---selves wife---wives life---lives wolf---wolves shelf---shelves loaf---loaves 但是：‎ scarf---scarves(fes) roof---roofs serf---serfs gulf---gulfs chief---chiefs proof---proofs belief---beliefs II 名词复数的不规则变化 ‎1.将-oo改为--ee。如：‎ foot---feet tooth---teeth ‎2.将-man改为-men。如：‎ man---men woman---women policeman---policemen postman---postmen ‎3.添加词尾。如：‎ child---children ‎4.单复数同形。如：‎ sheep---sheep deer---deer fish---fish people---people ‎5.表示“某国人”的单、复数变化。即“中日瑞不变英法变，其它国把-s加后面”。如：‎ Chinese---Chinese Japanese---Japanese Swiss---Swiss Englishman---Englishmen Frenchman---Frenchmen American---Americans Australian---Australians Canadian---Canadians Korean---Koreans Russian---Russians Indian---Indians ‎6.其它。如：‎ mouse---mice apple tree---apple trees man teacher---men teachers ‎ ‎14) 双写最后一个字母的-ing分词 初中阶段常见的有以下这些：‎ ‎1.let→letting 让 hit→hitting 打、撞 cut→cutting 切、割 get→getting 取、得到 sit→sitting 坐 forget→forgetting 忘记 put→putting 放 set→setting 设置 babysit→babysitting 临时受雇照顾婴儿 ‎2.shop→shopping 购物 trip→tripping 绊 stop→stopping 停止 drop→dropping 放弃 ‎3.travel→travel(l)ing 旅游 swim→swimming 游泳 run→running 跑步 dig→digging 挖、掘 begin→beginning 开始 prefer→preferring 宁愿 plan→planning 计划 ‎15) 肯定句变否定句及疑问句要变化的一些词 ‎1.some变为any。如：‎ There are some birds in the tree.‎ ‎→There aren't any birds in the tree.‎ 但是，若在表示请邀请、请求的句子中，some可以不变。如：‎ Would you like some orange juice?‎ 与此相关的一些不定代词如something, somebody等也要进行相应变化。‎ ‎2.and变为or。如：‎ I have a knife and a ruler.‎ ‎→I don't have a knife or a ruler.‎ ‎3.a lot of (=lots of)变为many或much。如：‎ They have a lot of friends.（可数名词）‎ ‎→They don't have many friends.‎ There is lots of orange in the bottle.（不可数名词）‎ ‎→There isn't much orange in the bottle.‎ ‎4.already变为yet。如：‎ I have been there already.‎ ‎→I haven't been there yet.‎ ‎16) in与after in 与 after 都可以表示时间，但二者有所区别。‎ ‎1.in 经常用于将来时的句子中，以现在为起点，表示将来一段时间。如：‎ He will leave for Beijing in a week.一周后他会动身去北京。‎ ‎2.after 经常用于过去时的句子中，以过去为起点，表示过去一段时间。如：‎ He left for Beijing after a week.一周后他动身去了北京。‎ 不过，如果after后跟的是具体的时刻，它也可用于将来时。如：‎ We will finish the work after ten o'clock.十点后我们会完成工作的。‎ ‎3.注意区分以下的in的用法。‎ I'll visit him in a week.一周后我会去拜访他。‎ I'll visit him twice in a week.一周内我会去拜访他两次。‎ ‎17) 不定冠词a与an的使用 ‎1.a 用在以辅音音素开头的单词前。如：‎ There is a "b" in the word "book".‎ 单词book中有个字母b。‎ 类似的字母还有：c, d, g, j, k, p, q, t, u, v, w, y, z。‎ She has a small knife.她有一把小刀。‎ ‎2.an 用于以元音音素开头的单词前。如：‎ There is an "i" in the word "onion".‎ 单词onion中有个字母i。‎ 类似的字母还有：a, e, f, h, l, m, n, o, r, s, x。‎ Do you have an umbrella?‎ 你有一把雨伞吗？‎ ‎3.以元音字母开头的单词前面不一定都用an；以辅音字母开头的单词前面也不一定都用a。如：‎ a useful book a universe a one-letter word an hour an uncle an umbrella an honest person ‎18) 如何表达英语中的“穿、戴”？‎ 英语中表示“穿、戴”的表达方法有好几种，常见的有以下这些：‎ ‎1、put on 主要表达“穿”的动作。如：‎ He put on his coat.他穿上了他的外套。‎ You'd better put on your shoes.你最好穿上你的鞋子。‎ ‎2、wear 主要表示“穿、戴”的状态。如：‎ The old man wears a pair of glasses.老人戴着一副眼镜。‎ The girl is wearing a red skirt.那女孩穿着一条红色的短裙。‎ ‎3、dress 可作及物动词，有“给......穿衣”的意思，后接“人”，而不是“衣服”。如：‎ Please dress the children right now.请立即给孩子们穿上衣服。‎ dress 也可作不及物动词，表示衣着的习惯。如：‎ The woman always dresses in green.那位妇女总是穿绿色的衣服。‎ ‎4、be in 表示穿着的状态。如：‎ John is in white today.约翰今天穿白色的衣服。‎ The man in black is a football coach.‎ ‎19) a little, a few 与 a bit (of)‎ a little, a few 与 a bit (of) 都有“一些、少量”的意义。他们的区别在哪里呢？ ‎ ‎1. a little 意为“一些、少量”，后接不可数名词。如： ‎ There is a little water in the bottle. 瓶子里有一点水。 ‎ 还可以接形容词。如： ‎ He is a little shy. 他有些害羞。 ‎ ‎2. a few 意为“一些、少数”，后接复数的可数名词。如： ‎ There are a few people in the room. 房间里有一些人。 ‎ ‎3. a bit 意为“一点儿”，后接形容词。如： ‎ It's a bit cold. 有点冷。 ‎ a bit of 后接不可数名词。如： ‎ He has a bit of money. 他有一点儿钱。 ‎ ‎4. a little 表肯定意义，little 表否定意义；a few 表肯定意义，few 表否定意义。如： ‎ There is a little soda in the glass. 杯子里有一点儿汽水。 ‎ There is little soda in the glass. 杯子里几乎没有汽水了。 ‎ I have a few Chinese friends. 我有一些中国朋友。 ‎ Few people like him. 几乎没有人喜欢他。 ‎ ‎5. a little = a bit of, 后接不可数名词； ‎ a little = a bit = a little bit = kind of, 后接形容词，意为“有点儿”。‎ ‎20) 关于like的用法 like 可以作动词，也可以作介词。‎ ‎1、like 作动词，表示一般性的“爱好、喜欢”，有泛指的含义。如：‎ Do you like the color?你喜爱这种颜色吗？‎ like 后可接不定式（like to do sth），也可接动词的-ing分词（like doing sth），有时意思不尽相同。如：‎ She likes eating apples.她喜爱吃苹果。（习惯）‎ She likes to eat an apple.她喜爱吃一粒苹果。（平常不喜欢吃）‎ like 与 would 连用，后接不定式，表示愿望或客气的请求。如：‎ Would you like a cup of tea?您愿意喝杯茶吗？‎ ‎“喜欢某人做某事”可以用结构“like sb to do sth/doing sth”。如：‎ They all like me to sing/singing English songs.他们都喜欢我唱英文歌。‎ ‎2、like 作介词，可译成“像......”。如：‎ She is friendly to us like a mother.她对我们友好，就像母亲一样。 ‎ It looks like an orange.它看起来像个桔子。 ‎ ‎3、区分以下句子： ‎ A. What does he look like? ‎ B. What is he like? ‎ A句译为“他长相如何？”指一个人的外貌特征；而B句译为“他人怎么样？”指人的性格特点。 ‎ C. The boy like Peter is over there. ‎ D. A boy like Peter can't do it. ‎ A句指外貌相似，而D句指性格相似。‎ 八年级上英语语法 (三)‎ ‎21) stop to do sth 与 stop doing sth ‎1. stop to do sth 意为“停下来去做某事”。如： ‎ The students stop to listen to their teacher. ‎ 学生们停下来去听他们老师讲话。 ‎ ‎2. stop doing sth 意为“停止做某事”。如： ‎ The students stopped talking. 学生们停止了谈话。 ‎ 与它们相反的句式是：go on to do sth “继续做某事（与刚才一事不同）”和 go on doing sth “继续做某事（与刚才同一件事）”。如： ‎ He finishes his homework and goes on to study English.‎ 他完成了作业，接着继续去念英语。 ‎ They went on playing games. 他们继续玩游戏。‎ ‎22) tell, speak, say 与 talk ‎1. tell 意为“告诉、讲述”，指某人把某一件事、一条信息传送给别人或讲述一件事。如： ‎ He tells me that he wants to be a teacher. ‎ 他告诉我说他想成为一位教师。 ‎ Father always tells interesting stories to us. ‎ 爸爸总是给我们讲有趣的故事。 ‎ tell sb sth 意为“告知某人某事”。如： ‎ He told me something about his past. ‎ 他告诉我一些他的往事。 ‎ tell sb to do sth 意为“告诉某人去做某事”。如： ‎ David told his son to do the homework. ‎ 大卫要他的儿子去做作业。 ‎ ‎2. speak 意为“说话、讲话”，后面主要接语言。如： ‎ He can speak English and a little Chinese. ‎ 他能讲英语和一点汉语。 ‎ speak to 意为“和.....讲话、谈话”。如： ‎ Can I speak to Mr Zhang? ‎ 我能和张先生讲话吗？ ‎ speak of 意为“提到、说起”。如： ‎ The book speaks of my hometown. ‎ 那本书提到我的家乡。 ‎ ‎3. talk 意为“谈话、讲话”，如果只有一方对另一方说话时，一般用 talk to；如果双方或多方交谈，多用 with。如： ‎ Please talk to him right now. 请立即同他谈话。 ‎ He is talking with his friend. 他在和朋友交谈。 ‎ talk about 意为“谈论......”。如： ‎ They are talking about the movie. 他们在谈论那部电影。 ‎ have a talk with 意为“与......交谈”。如： ‎ Can I have a talk with you? 我可以和你交谈吗？ ‎ ‎4. say 意为“说”。如： ‎ Can you say it in English once more? 你能用英语再说一遍吗？ ‎ say to 意为“对......说”。如： ‎ He said to his students that they would have a test. ‎ 他对他的学生说他们将有一个测试。 ‎ It is said that... 意为“据说”。如： ‎ It is said that he could stay under the water for a long time. ‎ 据说他能呆在水里很长时间。‎ ‎23) Excuse me! 与 I'm sorry!‎ ‎1. Excuse me! 意为“打搅了！对不起！”，一般是为了与陌生人搭话，或者要打断对方所说（做）的事。如： ‎ Excuse me, is there a hotel in the neighborhood? ‎ 请问，附近有旅馆吗？ ‎ Excuse me, could I say something? ‎ 打搅一下，我能说一些吗？ ‎ ‎2. I'm sorry! 意为“对不起！”，表示道歉。如： ‎ I'm sorry, Mr Zhang. I won't do it again. ‎ 对不起，张先生。我不会这么做了。‎ ‎24) 表示时间的 in、on 与 at in, on 与 at 都可以和表示时间的词（组）连用。 ‎ ‎1. in 表示时间的一段或较长的时间。如： ‎ in the morning 在上午 ‎ in May, 2004 在2004年五月 ‎ in a week 在一周之内（后） ‎ It's Sunday, I can finish it in two days. ‎ 现在是星期天，我能在两天后完成。（星期二） ‎ Rome was not built in a day. ‎ 罗马不是在一天内建起来的。 ‎ ‎2. on 主要指在具体的一天。如： ‎ on Sunday 在星期天 on May Day 在“五一”节 ‎ on a hot afternoon 在一个炎热的下午 ‎ He arrived in Beijing on April 26,2004. ‎ 他于‎2004年4月26日到达北京。 ‎ ‎3. at 表示时间的一点或比较短的时间。如： ‎ at 8:00 在八点 at noon 在中午 ‎ I always get up at 6:00 every morning. 我总是每天早晨六点起床。 ‎ It's always warm at this time of year. 每年的这个时候总是暖和的。‎ ‎25) Other及其用法 Other 及其相近的词（组），如 others, the other, the others, another, any other 等，一直是中学生朋友们比较困扰的问题，平常的考试、作业中经常出错。下面是它们的一些用法：‎ ‎1、other 指其余的人或物，所有格是 other's，复数形式是 others，the other 指“两个人或物中的另一个”，其复数形式是 the others，others 相当于“other + 名词”，所以不能充当定语，修饰名词。others指整体中去掉一部分后剩余的部分，但不是全部的，即 some...others （一些...其余的人...）。the others 强调整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部，即some...the others.‎ ‎2、another 泛指三个以上的不定数目中的“另外一个”。由 an 和 other 合并构成，所以不能和冠词连用。another 修饰单数名词，比如：another pencil. ‎ ‎3、any other 指除去本身以外的“任何其他的人或物”，后面要用名词的单数形式。‎ ‎26) look 短语 常见的look短语有以下这些：‎ ‎1.look at 朝......看 Please look at the map of China.请看中国地图。(look at=have a look at)‎ ‎2.look for 寻找 The old man is looking for his dog.老人在寻找他的狗。‎ ‎3.look like 看起来像 Nancy looks like her mother 南希看起来像她母亲。‎ ‎4.look the same 看上去一样 Li Ping and Li Jing look the same. 李萍和李晶看上去一样。‎ ‎5.look up 查找 Please look up the word in the dictionary. 请在词典中查找这个单词。‎ ‎6.look over 仔细检查 The doctor looked over Mary carefully. 医生仔细检查了玛丽。‎ ‎7.look after 照顾，照看 You must look after your old father. 你必须照顾你的老父亲。‎ ‎8.look around 到处寻找、查看 We looked around, but we found nothing strange.‎ 我们四处查看，但是我们没有发现奇怪的东西。‎ ‎27) too，also与either ‎1.too用于肯定句和疑问句，一般放在句尾，其前常加逗号。如：‎ We are in the same school, too. 我们也在相同的学校。‎ Do you play soccer every day, too? 你也每天踢足球吗？‎ ‎2.also用于肯定句和疑问句，一般位于实义动词前、be动词后。如：‎ Sandra is also a Korean student. Sandra 也是一个韩国学生。‎ ‎3.either用于否定句，一般放在句末。如：‎ They don't know the answer, either. 她们也不知道答案。‎ ‎4.as well as也有“也”的意思。如：‎ We have great mushroom pizza as well as soda.‎ He is a happy boy as well.‎ ‎28) hard与hardly ‎1.hard既可作形容词，也可作副词。如：‎ It's a hard(adj.) question. (=difficult) 这是一个难的问题。‎ The boy studies very hard(adv.). 那男孩学习非常努力。‎ 句子结构：It's hard for sb to do sth 做某事对某人来说是难的。如：‎ It's hard for him to finish the work. 完成那项工作对他来说很难。‎ 注意区分：hard work 困难的工作 work hard 努力工作 ‎2.hardly是频度副词，表示否定的意思。（=almost not）通常用在形容词、副词和动词之前。如：‎ I can hardly see it. 我几乎看不到它。‎ ‎29) sometime,sometimes,some time与some times ‎1.sometime是时间副词，指不确定的将来或过去某一点时间（某时候或任何时候），不指一段时间。如：‎ We'll go to Beijing sometime next month. 我们下个月某一时候会去北京。‎ ‎2.sometimes是频度副词，指“有时”、“不时”的意思（=at times）。如：‎ Sometimes I get up very late on Sunday morning.‎ 有时候我在星期天早晨起得很晚。‎ ‎3.some time是名词词组，指一段时间（一些时间或若干时间）。如：‎ It took him some time to finish the book. 她花了一些时间去完成作业。‎ ‎4.some times指“几次”。如：‎ He met the woman some times last month. 上个月他见过那妇女几次。‎ ‎30) exercise的一些用法 ‎1.作不及物动词，译为“运动，锻炼”。如：‎ David exercises every morning. 大卫每天早晨进行锻炼。‎ ‎2.作及物动词，译为“训练”。如：‎ Swimming exercises the whole body.‎ 游泳能使身体得到全面的锻炼。‎ ‎3.作名词，译为“体育锻炼、运动、体操、练习题”等。如：‎ It's good to do eye exercises every day. 每天做眼保键操对眼睛有好处。‎ Please do more exercise from now on. 从今以后请多做运动吧。‎ I have lots of homework to do tonight. 今晚我有很多的作业要做。‎ ‎4.注意：exercise指具体运动或体操时是可数名词，复数形式为exercises；泛指运动时是不可数名词。‎ 八年级上英语语法 (四)‎ ‎31) maybe与may be ‎1.maybe是副词，译为“也许、可能”，相当于“perhaps”。如：‎ Maybe he can answer the question. 也许他能回答那个问题。‎ He maybe is from the USA, too. 他可能也来自美国。‎ ‎2.may be中的may为情态动词，译为“可能是......”。如：‎ He may be from the USA, too. 他可能也来自美国。‎ She may be our English teacher. 她可能是我们的英语老师。‎ ‎32) same与different ‎1.same指“相同的”，前面通常要有一个定冠词the，但是如果same前面已经有this，those等词，就不能再与the连用了。如：‎ We are in the same class. 我们在同一个班级。‎ 结构：the same as 与......一样, 如：‎ His mark is the same as mine. 他的分数和我的分数一样。‎ ‎2.different译为“不同的”，其后的可数名词应为复数形式。如：‎ We are in different classes. 我们在不同的班级。‎ 结构：be different from与......不同如：‎ This sweater is different from that one. 这件毛衣与那一件不同。‎ different的名词形式为difference, 复数形式为differences。‎ ‎33) 动词want的用法 ‎1.want sth. 想要某物 They want some help. 他们需要一些帮助。‎ ‎2.want sb. to do sth. 想要某人去做某事 My father wants me to help him on the farm.‎ 我父亲要我在农场上帮他。‎ ‎3.want to do sth. 想要做某事 I want to study English in England. 我想要在英国学习英语。‎ ‎4.want doing 需要...‎ Your sweater wants washing. 你的运动衣该洗了。‎ ‎34) be good(bad) for、be good at的相关用法 ‎1.be good for 对......有益 Doing morning exercises is good for your health.‎ 做早操对你们的建康有益。‎ ‎2.be good at 擅长于......‎ Li Ping is good at basketball. 李平擅长于篮球。‎ ‎= Li Ping is good at playing basketball. 李平擅长于打篮球。‎ be good at = do well in 如：‎ I'm good at math. = I do well in math.‎ 我擅长于数学。‎ ‎3.be good to 对......好 Parents are always good to their children.‎ 父母亲总是对他们的孩子好。‎ ‎35) how many与how much ‎1.how many表示“多少”，对数量提问，后面接可数名词的复数形式。如：‎ There are four people in my family.‎ ‎---How many people are in your family? 你家里有几个人？‎ We have seven classes every day.‎ ‎---How many classes do you have every day? 你们每天上几节课？‎ ‎2.how much也是表示“多少”，但它对不可数名词进行提问。如：‎ There is some milk in the bottle.‎ ‎---How much milk is there in the bottle? 瓶子里有多少牛奶？‎ ‎3.how much还可以对价格提问，表示“多少钱”的意思。如：‎ The yellow T-shirt is only 35 yuan.‎ ‎---How much is the yellow T-shirt? 那件黄色的T恤衫多少钱？‎ ‎36) with的几个用法 ‎1.with表“和、同、与”。如：‎ Can you go to the park with me? 你能和我一起去公园吗？‎ ‎2.with表“用、以、被”。如： Don't write with the red pen.‎ 不要用那支红色的钢笔写字。‎ ‎3.with表“随着”。如：‎ Climate varies with the time of the year. 气候随着时令的不同而不同。‎ ‎4.with表“带有、有......的”。如：‎ The girl with long hair is my classmate. 长头发的女孩是我的同学。‎ ‎5.with表“因为、由于”。如：‎ They were angry with hard work. 他们因为艰难的工作而生气。‎ ‎6.一些with结构：‎ play with 与......一起玩 be angry with 对......生气 talk with 与......交谈 get on well with 与......相处融洽 ‎37) a lot of(lots of)与many,much ‎1.a lot of意为“许多、大量”。相当于lots of。它既可以修饰可数名词，又可以修饰不可数名词。如：‎ I have a lot of friends in China. 我在中国有很多朋友。‎ The old man has lots of money. 那位老人有很多的钱。‎ ‎2.many意为“许多”。它用来修饰可数名词。如：‎ Do you have many beautiful skirts? 你有很多漂亮的裙子吗？‎ ‎3.much意为“大量”。它用来修饰不可数名词。如：‎ There is much water in the lake. 湖里有大量的水。‎ ‎4.a lot of（=lots of）用在肯定句中，而many，much不受限制。如果将一个含有a lot of（=lots of）的肯定句改为否定句或疑问句，要将它们改为many或much。如：‎ We can see a lot of birds in the tree.‎ ‎---We can't see many birds in the tree.‎ ‎ 我们在树上看不到很多鸟儿。‎ He wants lots of soda.‎ ‎---Does he want much soda?‎ ‎ 他需要许多汽水吗？‎ ‎38) help用法举例 help既可以作名词，也可以作动词。‎ ‎1.help作名词，意为“帮助”。如：‎ He needs some help. 他需要一些帮助。‎ ‎2.help作动词，也是“帮助”的意思。如：‎ Can you help me? 你能帮帮我吗？‎ ‎3.help的结构：‎ help sb (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事 ‎=help sb with sth 帮助某人做某事 如：‎ They want to help the boy carry the heavy box.‎ ‎=They want to help the boy with the heavy box.‎ 他们想要帮助那位男孩搬那个重箱子。‎ ‎39) well的用法 well可以作副词，也可以作形容词。‎ ‎1.well作副词，意为“（某事干得）好”。如：‎ The boy draws very well. 男孩画得很好。‎ ‎2.well作形容词，意为“健康、安好”。如：‎ I'm not feeling well. 我觉得不舒服。‎ ‎40) ago与before ago与before都表示“......以前”，但用法有所区别。‎ ‎1.ago意为“以前”，表示从此刻算起的若干时间之前，常用于过去时的句子中。如：‎ He took a photo a week ago. 他一周前照了一张相片。‎ ‎2.before作为副词时表示：‎ a.从过去某一时刻算起的若干时间以前，用于过去完成时的句子中。如：‎ The boy had already seen the comedy before.‎ 那男孩以前已经看过那部喜剧片了。‎ b.笼统的“以前”，用于一般过去时或现在完成时的句子中，一般单独使用，而ago不可以单独使用。如：‎ He's read this novel before. 他以前读过这部小说。‎ ‎41) need的用法 ‎1.need作实义动词，意为“需要”。如：‎ Do you need to stay at home? 你要呆在家里吗？‎ ‎2.need作情态动词，一般用于对must的否定回答。如：‎ ‎---Must he leave now? 他必须离开吗？‎ ‎---No, he needn't. 不，他不必。‎ ‎3.区分：‎ a.need作实义动词。‎ He needs to go.‎ He doesn't need to go.‎ Does he need to go?‎ Yes, he does./No, he doesn't.‎ b.need作情态动词，一般不用于肯定句。‎ He needn't go.‎ Need he go?‎ Yes, he need./No, he needn't.‎ ‎42) decide的几种句式 ‎1.decide to do sth 决定去做某事 They decide to fly kite on weekend. 他们决定在周末去放风筝。‎ ‎2.decide on doing sth 决定做某事 They decide on flying kites. 他们决定放风筝。‎ ‎3.decide on sth 就某事决定......‎ Betty decided on the red skirt. 贝蒂选定了那条红裙子。‎ ‎4.decide的名词形式为decision，结构：make a decision，意为“做决定”。如：‎ He has made a decision. 他已经做一个决定了。 ‎ ‎43) too many,too much与much too ‎1.too many意为“太多”，用于修饰可数名词的复数。如：‎ There are too many students in our class. 我们班上有太多的学生。‎ ‎2.too much意为“太多”，用于修饰不可数名词。如：‎ We have too much work to do. 我们有太多的工作要做。‎ ‎3.much too表示“太”，用来修饰形容词或副词。如：‎ The box is much too heavy, so I can't carry it.‎ 箱子太重了，所以我搬不动它。‎ ‎44) can的用法 ‎1.表示能力。如：‎ We can carry the heavy box. 我们可以搬得动箱子。‎ Who can sing an English song? 谁会唱英文歌？‎ ‎2.表示惊讶、不相信等态度，主要用于否定句和疑问句中。如：‎ Can it be true? 这会是真的吗？‎ You can't be serious? 你不会当真吧？‎ ‎3.表示允许，意思与may相近，主要用于口语中。如：‎ Can I smoke here? 我可以在这儿吸烟吗？‎ Can I go with him? 我可以跟他一起去吗？‎ 八年级（下）‎ Unit 1 Will people have robots? 重点语法：‎ 一般将来时态的应用           do/does 的一般将来时态形式：(shall/will) do           do/does 的一般将来时态的被动语态：(shall/will) be done 一般将来时态的肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式： 肯定句例句：People will have robots in a few years. 否定句例句：People (will not/won't) have robots in a few years. 一般疑问句例句：Will people have robots in a few years? 特殊疑问句例句：What will people have in a few years? 重点短语：‎ won't = will not they'll = they will           she'll = she will he'll = he will           I'll = I will fall in love with(sb./sth.) 爱上（某人/某物）           be able to do sth. 能够做某事 come true 实现           in the future 未来 hundreds of 数以百计的           thousands of 数以千计的 look for(sb./sth.) 寻找（某人/某物）           will → would 情态动词 will 的原形和过去式           may → might 情态动词 may 的原形和过去式 Reading Strategy(阅读方法) Look at the title and picture, and predict what you will read about. (看着标题和图片，预知你要阅读那些方面的内容。)This helps you get ready to acquire new information. (这样可以帮助你获得一些新的信息。) Unit 2 What should I do? 重点语法：‎ 过去将来时态（将来时态的委婉说法）           do/does 的过去将来时态形式：(should/would) do           do/does 的过去将来时态的被动语态：(should/would) be done 过去将来时态的肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式： 肯定句例句：You should write a letter to him. 否定句例句：You shouldn't write a letter to him. 一般疑问句例句：Should I write a letter to him? 特殊疑问句例句：What should I do? 重点短语：keep sb. out 不让某人进入           What's wrong? = What's the matter? = What's the problem? 怎么了？           out of style 不时髦的；过时的 call sb. up 给某人打电话           pay for sth. 为某事付款 part-time job 兼职工作           the same as = be same (to/with) 与……同样  in style 时髦的；流行的           get on [well] with sb. = get along [well] with sb. 与某人相处（好）           didn't = did not couldn't = could not           as ... as possible 尽可能……(eg/ as soon as possible 尽快)           all kinds of 各种；许多 on the one hand 一方面           on the other hand 另一方面 ask sb. for sth. = ask sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事           ask sb. not to do sth. 请求某人不要做某事          find out 查明 ‎ ‎ spend (money) on sth. = spend (money) [in] doing sth. 花钱做某事           sth. cost sb. (money) 某人花钱为了某事 be angry with sb. 生某人的气   take sb. sometime to do sth. 花某人时间做某事         be angry at sth. 生某事的气 find sb. doing sth. 发现某人做某事 have fight with sb. 与某人打架 the same age as = as old as 与某人年龄一样 learn to do sth. 学会做某事 not ... until ... 直到……才……‎ ‎ compare sth.(A) with sth.(B) 把某事(A)与某事(B)作比较           it's time for sth. = it's time to do sth. 到该做某事的时间了           maybe adv. 或许           may be （情态动词 + 动词原形）可能是           shall → should 情态动词 shall 的原形和过去式           pay → paid → paid 动词 pay 的原形、过去式和过去分词 Reading Strategy(阅读方法) You will learn to use new words better if you use a learner's dictionary. (时刻学着应用新单词来学习比时刻使用字典这种途径方法更好。)A bilingual dictionary sometimes gives the wrong meaning for the situation you want. (在某些你需要的场合下，一本双语字典有时会给你错误的解释。) Unit 3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived? 重点语法：过去进行时态           do/does 的过去进行时态形式：(was/were) doing           do/does 的过去进行时态的被动语态：(was/were) being done 过去将来时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式： 肯定句例句：I was walking down the street when a UFO landed. 否定句例句：I wasn't walking down the street when a UFO landed. 一般疑问句例句：Were you walking down the street when a UFO landed? 特殊疑问句例句：What were you doing when a UFO landed? 动词 when 和 while 的选择：when 后加瞬间动词，while 后加延续性动词。 例句：The boy was walking down the street when the UFO landed.      =While the boy was walking down the street, the UFO landed. 感叹句 结构：(1) How + adj. + the + 主语 + 谓语动词      =(2) What + (a/an) + [adj.] + n. + 主语 + 谓语动词 例句：What a beautiful flower [it is]!=How beautiful the flower is!       What beautiful flowers [they are]!=How beautiful the flowers are! 重点短语：get out 出去；离开 take off 起飞           run away 逃跑；跑掉 come in 进来           hear about = hear of 听说 take place 发生           as ... as 像……一样(eg/ as old as him 像他一样老)           anywhere = everywhere = here and there 任何地方           think about 考虑 think of 认为           get up = get out of the bed 起床 at the doctor's 在诊所           every day 每一天 everyday adj. 日常的           most adj. 大部分 the most 最多的           in space 在太空中 national hero 民族英雄           all over the world = in the world 全世界 Reading Strategy(阅读方法) The title can be helpful for you to understand a text. (一篇文章的标题可以帮助你理解整篇文章。)It's also a ‎ good idea to read the first sentence of each paragraph before you read. (在阅读整篇文章之前，阅读每段的第一句话也是一个很有效的方法。) Unit 4 He said I was hard-working. 重点语法：宾语从句 结构：主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语从句(主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语/表语) 例句：----I'm good at English. He says. (改为加宾语从句的复合句)       ----He says I'm good at English. 注意：①主句是一般现在时态，宾语从句的时态不受其影响。         例句：He says I'm good at English now.               He says I was good at mathematics when I was young.       ②主句是过去时态，宾语从句也要用过去时态。         例句：He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday.               He said I was good at English now yesterday.       ③宾语从句是客观真理时永远用一般现在时态。         例句：Our teacher says 24 hours make a day.              Our teacher said the sun gives us so many energy yesterday.       ④动词原形不能作主语，必须用其 -ing 形式。         例句：She said helping others changed her life. 重点短语：direct speech 直接引语 reported speech = indirect speech 间接引语           first of all = at first 首先 pass on 传递           be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事 be good at = do well in 在某方面做得好           in good health 身体健康 get over 克服           open up 打开 care for = take care of = look after 照料；照顾           not any more = not any longer = no longer 不再           have a cold 感冒 end-of-year exam 年终考试           get nervous 变得紧张           forget to do sth. 忘记做某事（该事未做） forget doing sth. 忘记做某事（该事已做）           it's + adj. + [for sb.] + to do sth. 做某事[对某人来说]……（加形容词）           context 上下文 Reading Strategy(阅读方法) First read for meaning, not for detail. (首先理解文段的大致意思，不在于文段的细节部分。)You can understand the meaning of a word you don't know from the context. (至于不懂的单词，你可以通过上下文来寻找它的正确释义。)‎ Unit 5 If you go to the party, you'll have a great time! 重点语法：if 引导的条件状语从句 结构：主句 + if + 条件状语从句       if + 条件状语从句 + [(comma)] + 主句 注意：在 if 引导的条件状语从句中，主句应用将来时态，状语从句用一般现在时态。 例句：You'll have a great time if you go to the party.      =If you go to the party, you'll have a great time. 重点短语：take away 拿走 around the world = all over the world 在世界各地   make a living 谋生 all the time = always 一直           What's the problem? = What's the matter? = What's wrong? 怎么了？ ‎ ‎          in order to do sth. 为了做某事 in class 在课堂上 make sb. do sth. 使得某人做某事（to 省略，该结构是一个不带 to 的不定式。）           make sb. adj. 使得某人……（加形容词） make sb. done 使得某人被做           be famous for 为……而出名   be famous as 作为……而出名             spend ...(time/money) on sth. = spend ...(time/money) in doing sth. 花……（时间/钱）用于做某事           see sb. do sth. 看见某人做某事（强调整个过程）           see sb. doing sth. 看见某人做某事（强调偶然性）           say → said → said 动词 say 的原形、过去式和过去分词           tell → told → told 动词 tell 的原形、过去式和过去分词           eat → ate → eaten 动词 eat 的原形、过去式和过去分词           speak → spoke → spoken 动词 speak 的原形、过去式和过去分词 Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells? 重点语法：现在完成进行时态           do/does 的现在完成进行时态形式：have/has been doing           do/does 的现在完成进行时态的被动语态：have/has been being done 现在完成进行时态所应用的场合： ①某事从过去发生一直持续到现在都在做 ②过去发生的动作对现在造成影响 例：我已上了三年初中。     I have been in Junior School for 3 years.     自从那次他与我谈过心后，我天天都在进步。     I have been making progress since he talked with me that time. 现在完成进行时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式： 肯定句例句：I have been skating for five hours. 否定句例句：I haven't been skating for five hours. 一般疑问句例句：Have you been skating for five hours? 特殊疑问句例句：How long have you been skating? 注意：瞬间动词不能和一段时间连用。 例句：你借这本书已经多长时间了？       How long have you been keeping this book? 重点短语：run out of 用完；用尽 by the way 顺便说说           be interested in doing sth. 对某事感兴趣 more than 比……多           far away 在远处 in fact 实际上 would like to do sth. = want to do sth. = feel like doing sth. 想要做某事           send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. 把某物赠送给某人           room 房间（用于可数名词）；空间（用于不可数名词）           common → more common → the most common 形容词 common 的原级、比较级和最高级 Reading Strategy(阅读方法) Let your eyes "scan" the text quickly to find details that you're looking for. (在阅读文章之前，用眼睛“横扫”整篇文章，快速寻找你需要的文章要点。)You can find information quickly without reading the whole text. (这样你就不用细读整篇文章，就能寻找到你需要的一些信息。) Unit 7 Would you mind turning down the music? 重点语法：mind [one's] doing sth. 介意（某人）做某事 重点短语：not at all 一点也不 turn down 调节使音量变小           right away = in a minute = at once 立刻；马上 wait in line 排队等候 ‎ ‎          cut in line 插队等候 hasn't = has not           keep ... down 压低声音；使缓 at first = first of all 首先 ‎ ‎ take care 当心；小心 put out 熄灭 take care of = care about = look after 关心；照顾 break the rule 违规 obey the rule 遵守规定 pick sth. up 捡起某物  wait for sb. 等候某人 depend on 依赖；依靠 ‎ get back = return 要回 ‎ mean → meant → meant 动词 mean 的原形、过去式和过去分词 Reading Strategy(阅读方法)‎ As we read, we need to find "topic sentences".(在我们阅读的时候，我们需要寻找“主题语句”，也就是和文章中心最相关的语句。) These sentences usually gives us a "summary", or overall meaning of each paragraph and help us understand what the paragraph is about.(这些语句通常会给我们一些文章的“概要”，或者每个文段的全部意思，来帮助我们理解段落大意。) After the topic sentence comes more detail and explanation.(当“主题语句”出现后，该段的一些解释和细节也就会随之出现。)‎ Unit 8 Why don't you get her a scarf? 重点语法：询问别人为什么要做或者不做某事           why don't you do sth. = why not do sth.           例句：Why don't you get her a camera? = Why not get her a camera?           what about = how about           例句：How about some tennis balls? = What about some tennis balls? 重点短语：fall asleep 入睡 give away 赠送；分发           hear of = hear about 听说 take an interest in = be interested in 对……感兴趣           make friends with 与……交友 make progress 取得进步           keep → kept → kept 动词 keep 的原形、过去式和过去分词           feed → fed → fed 动词 feed 的原形、过去式和过去分词           fall → fell → fallen 动词 fall 的原形、过去式和过去分词           hear → heard → heard 动词 hear 的原形、过去式和过去分词 Reading Strategy(阅读方法) To understand the important ideas from the text, we must "summarize".(为了了解文段最主要的意图，我们必须要进行总结。) Do this by answering "who, what, where, why" questions as you read.(在阅读时，常注意回答时间、地点、人物这些基本要素问题，达到总结的目的。) Unit 9 Have you ever been to an amusement? 重点语法：现在完成时态           do/does 的现在完成时态形式：(have/has) done           do/does 的现在完成时态的被动语态：(have/has) been done           现在完成时态主要强调过去发生的事情对现在的影响。 例句：我去年去过美国，那是我第一次出国。       I have ever been to America. It's the first time for me to go abroad. 重点短语：have a great time = have a good time = have fun = enjoy oneself 玩得高兴           on board 在船上           end up doing sth. 结束做某事           all year round = all over the year 终年           understand → understood → understood 动词 understand 的原形、过去式和过去分词 Reading Strategy(阅读方法) After reading, write down three or more things you have learned. (在阅读整篇文章之后，把你学到的三样或 更多事物写下来。)We always remember things better if we take time to reflect. (如果我们花时间去思考一些问题的话，那么我们就能更容易地记住一些事情。) Unit 10 It's a nice day, isn't it? 重点语法：反意疑问句 反意疑问句由肯定陈述句加否定问句构成，或者由否定陈述句加肯定问句构成。 例句：He's a student, isn't he?       She's not his mother, is she? 回答反意疑问句时，要根据事实来回答。若事实是肯定的，则必须用 yes 回答。若事实是否定的，则必须用 no 回答。 例句：你还没有准备好，对吧？ ---You're not ready, are you?       是的，我没有准备好。 ---No, I'm not.       不，我准备好了 。 ---Yes, I am. 重点短语：look through 浏览 come along 出现；发生           get along 相处 at least 至少           at most 至多 a thank-you note 感谢信           forget → forgot → forgotten 动词 forget 的原形、过去式和过去分词           little → less → least 形容词 little 的原级、比较级和最高级           many/much → more → most 形容词 many/much 的原级、比较级和最高级