初一英语词组语法简易讲解

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初一英语词组语法简易讲解

动词开头构成的短语、词组很多。复习时应分类处理:‎ 一、动词+介词 ‎1.look at…看…,look like … 看上去像……,‎ look after …照料…‎ ‎2.listen to…听……‎ ‎3.welcome to…欢迎到……‎ ‎4.say hello to …向……问好 ‎5.speak to…对……说话 此类短语相当于及物动词,其后必须带宾语,但宾语无论是名词还是代词,都要放在介词之后。如:‎ This is my new bike. Please look it after.(×)‎ This is my new bike. Please look after it.(√)‎ 二、动词+副词 ‎“动词+副词”所构成的短语义分为两类:‎ A.动词(vt.)+副词 ‎1.put on 穿上 2.take off脱下 3.write down记下 此类短语可以带宾语,宾语若是名词,放在副词前后皆可;宾语若是人称代词,只能放在副词的前面。试比较:‎ First listen to the tape, then write down the answer/write the answer down. (√)‎ First listen to the answer, then write down it.(×)‎ First listen to the answer, then write it down.(√)‎ B.动词(vi)+副词。‎ ‎1.come on赶快 2.get up起床 3.go home回家 4.come in进来 5.sit down坐下 6.stand up起立 此类短语属于不及物动词,不可以带宾语。‎ 三、其它类动词词组 ‎1.close the door 2.1ook the same 3.go to work/class 4.be ill 5.have a look/seat 6.have supper 7.1ook young 8.go shopping 9.watch TV/games 10. play games 介词短语聚焦 ‎“介词+名词/代词”所构成的短语称为介词短语。现将Unitsl-16常用的介词短语按用法进行归类。‎ ‎1.in+语言/颜色/衣帽等,表示使用某种语言或穿着……。如:in English,in the hat ‎2.in + Row/ Team/ Class/ Grade等,表示“在……排/队/班级/年级”等。‎ ‎3.in the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ 表示“在上午/下午/傍晚”等一段时间。‎ ‎4.in the desk/ pencil-box/bedroom 等表示“在书桌/铅笔盒/卧室里”。‎ ‎5.in the tree表示“在树上 (非树本身所有)”;on the tree表示“在树上(为树本身所有)”。如:There are some in the tree. There are many apples on the trees.‎ ‎6.in the wall表示“在墙上(凹陷进去)”;on the wall表示“在墙上(指墙的表面)”。如:There’re four windows in the wall, and there is a map on the back wall.‎ ‎7.at work(在工作)/at school(上学)/at home(在家)应注意此类短语中无the。‎ ‎8.at + 时刻表示钟点。如:at six, at half , past ten.‎ ‎9.like this/that表示方式,意为“像……这/那样”。‎ ‎10.of短语表示所属关系。如:a picture of a classroom, a map of China.‎ ‎11.behind/ beside/ near/ under+ 名词等,表示方位、处所。如:beside/ near the door, under/ behind the tree.‎ ‎12.from与to多表示方向,前者意为“从……”,后者意为“到……”。如:from one to ten, (go) to school/ bed/ work.‎ 另外,以下这些短语也必须掌握。如:on duty, after breakfast, at night, at the door, in the middle, in the sky, on one’s bike等。‎ 重点句型大回放 ‎1.I think…意为“我认为……”,是对某人或某事的看法或态度的一种句型。其否定式常用I don’t think…,如:I think he’s Mr Zhinag. (L17)I don’t think you are right.‎ ‎2.give sth. to sb./ give sb. sth. 意为“把……给……”,动词give之后可接双宾语,可用这两种句型;若指物的宾语是人称代词时,则只能用give it/ them to sb. 如:‎ His parents give him a nice purse./His parents give a nice purse to him. Give it to Mr Hu.(L57)‎ ‎3.take sb./ sth. to…意为“把……(送)带到……”,后常接地点,也可接人。如:‎ Please take the new books to the classroom.‎ ‎4.One…, the other…/One is…and one is…意为“一个是……;另一个是……”,必须是两者中。如:One is red and one is grey.(L50)或 One is red,, the other is grey.‎ ‎5.Let sb. do sth. 意为“让某人做某事”,人后应用不带to的动词不定式,其否定式为Don’t let sb,do sth.,或Let sb. not do sth. 另外,Let’s 与Let us的含义不完全相同,前者包括听者在内,后者不包括听者在内,如:Let’s go for a walk./Let us try once more, please.‎ ‎6.help sb. (to) do sth./help sb. with sth.意为“帮助某人做某事”,前者用不定式作宾补,后者用介词短语作宾补,二者可以互换。如:Let me help you find it.(L42)/Let me help you with it.‎ ‎7.What about…?/How about…?意为“……怎么样?”是用来询问或征求对方的观点、意见、看法等。about为介词,其后须接名词、代词或V-ing等形式。如:What/How playing chess?‎ ‎8.It’s time to do…/ It’s time for sth. 意为“该做……的时间了”,其中to后须接原形动词,for后可接名词或V-ing形式。如:It’s time to have supper. =It’s time for supper.‎ ‎9.like to do sth./like doing sth.意为“喜欢做某事”,如:Li Lei and his friends like to play in the tree house. (L 43)前一种句型侧重具体的一次 性的动作;后一种句型侧重习惯性的动作,试比较: Tom likes swimming, but doesn’t like to swim this afternoon.‎ ‎10.ask sb.(not) to do sth. 意为“让某人(不要)做某事”,其中ask sb.后应接动词不定式,如:‎ Ask your friends to guess what is in it. (L44)‎ ‎11.show sb. sth. / show sth. to do. 意为“把某物给某人看”,该句型的用法同前面第2点。如: Show your friend your family photo.(L36)/Show your family photo to your friend.‎ ‎12.introduce sb. to sb. 意为“把某人介绍给另一人”;introduce to sb.则是“向某人作介绍”。如:Introduce your family to her.重点短语快速复习 ‎1.kinds of 各种各样的 ‎2. either…or…或者……或者……,不是……就是……‎ ‎3. neither…nor…既不……也不……‎ ‎4. Chinese tea without, anything in it 中国清茶 ‎5. take a seat 就坐 ‎6. home cooking 家常做法 ‎7. be famous for 因……而著名 ‎8. on ones way to在……途中 ‎9. be sick/ill in hospital生病住院 ‎10. at the end of在……的尽头,在……的末尾 ‎11. wait for 等待 ‎12. in time 及时 ‎13. make one’s way to…往……(艰难地)走去 ‎14. just then 正在那时 ‎15. first of all 首先,第一 ‎16. go wrong 走错路 ‎17. be/get lost 迷路 ‎18. make a noise 吵闹,喧哗 ‎19. get on 上车 ‎20. get off 下车 ‎21. stand in line 站队 ‎22. waiting room 候诊室,候车室 ‎23. at the head of……在……的前头 ‎24. laugh at 嘲笑 ‎25. throw about 乱丢,抛散 ‎26. in fact 实际上 ‎27. at midnight 在半夜 ‎28. have a good time=enjoy oneself玩得愉快 ‎29. quarrel with sb. 和某人吵架 ‎30. take one’s temperature 给某人体温 ‎31. have/get a pain in…某处疼痛 ‎32. have a headache 头痛 ‎33. as soon as… 一……就……‎ ‎34. feel like doing sth. 想要干某事 ‎35. stop…from doing sth. 阻止……干某事 ‎36. fall asleep 入睡 ‎37. again and again再三地,反复地 ‎38. wake up 醒来,叫醒 ‎39. instead of 代替 ‎40. look over 检查 ‎41. take exercise运动 ‎42. had better(not) do sth. 最好(不要)干某事 ‎43. at the weekend 在周末 ‎44. on time 按时 ‎45. out of从……向外 ‎46. all by oneself 独立,单独 ‎47. lots of=a lot of 许多 ‎48. no longer/more=not…any longer/more 不再 ‎49. get back 回来,取回 ‎50. sooner or later迟早 ‎51. run away 逃跑 ‎52. eat up 吃光,吃完 ‎53. run after 追赶 ‎54. take sth. with sb. 某人随身带着某物 ‎55. take(good) care of…=look after…(well) (好好)照顾,照料 ‎56. think of 考虑到,想起 ‎57. keep a diary 坚持写日记 ‎58. leave one by oneself 把某人单独留下 ‎59. harder and harder 越来越厉害 ‎60. turn on打开(电灯、收音机、煤气等)‎ ‎61. turn off 关 重温重点句型 ‎1.So + be/助动词/情牵动词/主语.‎ 前面陈述的肯定情况也适于另一人(物)时,常用到这种倒装结构,表示“另一人(物)也如此。”前面陈述的否定情况也 适于另一人(物)时,常用“Neither/ Nor + be/助动词/情态动词+主语.”这种倒装结构。例如:‎ He likes playing basketball, and so do I.‎ 他喜欢打篮球,我也喜欢。‎ Kate can’t speak Chinese, and I neither/ nor can Jim.凯特不会说汉语。吉姆也不会。‎ 注意:“So+主语+be/助动词/情态动词.”这一句型常用于表示赞同,进一步肯定对方的看法,表示“的确如此。” “是呀。”例如:一Basketball is very popular game in America.‎ 篮球在美国是一项很受欢迎的运动。 一So it is.的确如此。‎ ‎2.Turn right/left at the first/second/…crossing.‎ 这一指路的句型意为“在第一/二/……个十字路口向右/左拐。”相当于Take the first /second/…turning on the right/left.‎ 例如:‎ 一Can you tell me the way to the nearest post office?‎ 你能告诉我去最近的邮局的路吗?‎ 一Walk along this road,and turn left at the third crossing.‎ 沿着这条路走,在第三个路口向左拐。‎ ‎3.It takes sb.some time to do sth.‎ 此句型表示“干某事花了某人一段时间。”其中的it是形式主语,后面的动词不定式(短语)才是真正的主语。例如:‎ It took me half an hour to finish the hard work.完成这项艰巨的工作花了我半个小时。‎ ‎4.…think/find + it + adj. + to do sth.‎ 此句型中的it是形式宾语,不可用其它代词替代,形容词作宾语的补足语,后面的动词不定式(短语)才是真正的宾语。例如:‎ I found it important to learn English well. 我发现学好英语很重要。‎ ‎5.What’s wrong with…?‎ 此句型相当于What’s the matter/ trouble with…?后跟某物作宾语时,意为“某物出什么毛病了?”后跟某人作宾语时,意为 ‎“某人怎么了?”例如:‎ ‎-What’s wrong with your bike?你的自行车出什么毛病了?‎ 一It’s broken.它坏了。‎ ‎-What’s wrong with you?你怎么了?‎ 一I have a pain in my head.我头痛。‎ ‎6.too…to…‎ 在so…that…复合句中,that后的句子是否定句时,常与简单句too…to…(太……而不能……)进行句型转换。例如:‎ He is so young to go to school.(改为简单句)‎ ‎→He is too young to go to school.‎ 在so…that…复合句中,that后的句子是肯定句时,常与简单句…enough to…进行句型转换。例如:‎ This maths problem was so easy that we could work it out. (改为简单句)‎ ‎→This maths problem was easy enough for us to work out.‎ ‎7.Sorry to hear that.‎ 全句应为I’m sorry to hear that. 意为“听到此事我很难过(遗憾)。”常用于对别人的不幸表示同情、遗憾之意。例如:‎ ‎—My mother is ill, so I have to look after her at home.‎ 我母亲病了,因此我必须在家照看她。‎ ‎—Sorry to hear that. 听到此事我很难过。‎ 重点句型、词组大盘点 ‎1. She used to be a Chinese teacher. 她过去是一位汉语老师。‎ ‎[用法] used to + 动词原形,表示过去经常性的动作或存在的状态,含有现在不再如此之意。‎ ‎[搭配] used to do的否定式可以是usedn’t to do或didn’t use to do.‎ ‎[比较] used to do sth. 过去常做某事;be/ get used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事;be used to do sth. 被用来做某事。‎ ‎[举例]‎ ‎1) I used to read in bed. 我过去总是躺在床上看书。‎ ‎2)Did he use to work into the night? 或 Used he to work into the night?‎ 他以前总是工作到深夜吗?‎ ‎3)I am used to getting up early. 我习惯早起。‎ ‎4)Knives are used to cut things. 刀是用来削东西的。‎ ‎2.…return it sooner or later. ……迟早要将它归还。‎ ‎[用法]‎ l)sooner or later意为“迟早”、“早晚”。‎ ‎2)return此处用作及物动词,意为“归还”,相当于give back.‎ ‎[拓展]return还可用作不及物动词,意为“返回”,相当于go back或come back。‎ ‎[举例] l)He will find his shortcoming sooner or later. 他迟早会发现他的缺点的。‎ ‎2)When will you return to your hometown? 什么时候回老家?‎ ‎3)I have returned the book to the library. 我已经把书还给图书馆了。‎ ‎3.No matter what the weather is like…无论天气……‎ ‎[用法]no matter what 相当于whatever,其意为“无论什么”,引导状语从句。‎ ‎[拓展]类似no matter what的表达方式还有:‎ no matter when无论什么时候 ‎;no matter where无论什么地方 no matter who无论谁 no matter how 无论怎么样 ‎[举例]‎ l)No matter what he does,nbsp; he always tries to do it well. 无论做什么事,他总是力求做好。‎ ‎2)No matter what happens, I will take your side. 无论发生什么事,我都将支持你。‎ ‎3)No matter who gives a talk, we shall listen carefully. 无论谁做报告,我们都应当认真听。‎ ‎4)No matter how he goes to work, he is never late. 无论怎么样去上班,他从不迟到。‎ ‎4. A young man practised speaking English with Mr. Green. 一位年经人与格林先生练习讲英语。‎ ‎[用法]practise doing sth. 表示“实践、练习(做)某事”。‎ ‎[拓展]practice名词,“实践”、“实施”、“练习”;put a plan into practice实行某计划。‎ ‎[举例]‎ l)The boy practised making a new sound. 那男孩练习发出新的声音。‎ ‎2)She practised the piano two hours every day. 她每天练习两个小时的钢琴。‎ ‎3)We have laid the plan and now we must put it into practice.我们已经制订出计划现在必须实施。‎ ‎5. He encouraged everyone to take part in protecting our lakes, rivers, seas and oceans.‎ 他鼓励大家参加保护我们的湖泊、河流和海洋的活动。‎ ‎[用法]‎ ‎1)encourage用作动词,意思是“鼓励”、“支持”。‎ ‎2)take part in“参加”,常表示参加活动。‎ ‎3)protect 是动词,表示“防御”、“保护”。‎ ‎[搭配]‎ ‎1)encourage sb. in sth. 在某事上鼓励或支持某人 encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人干某事 ‎2)protect sh. from sth. 使某人不受某事侵袭或伤害 ‎[比较]‎ ‎1)My parents encourage me in my studies. 我父母亲经常鼓励我学习。‎ ‎2)The school encouraged the students to practise using the computers.‎ 校方鼓励学生练习使用计算机。‎ ‎3)Will you take part in the English contest? 你准备参加英语竞赛活动吗?‎ ‎4)The vegetables were well protected from the cold. 这些蔬莱被保护得好而没受冻。‎ ‎6. …to warn people about sharks in the water. ……警告人们当心水里的鲨鱼。‎ ‎[用法] warn用作动词,意思是“警告”、“警戒”。‎ ‎[搭配]‎ ‎1)warn sb.+ that从句 ‎2)warn sb. of sth. 警告某人某事 ‎3)warn sb. to do sth. 告诫某人做某事 ‎4)warn sb. against(doing) sth. 告诫某人当心某事/不要做某事 ‎[举例]‎ ‎1)I warned him that snakes were dangerous. 我警告他,蛇很危险。‎ ‎2)We are trying to warn children the dangers of smoking.‎ 我们正试图警告孩子们吸烟的危害。‎ ‎3)Dr Synes warned me to give up my drinking. Synes 大夫劝我戒酒。‎ ‎4)The notice warned people against swimming in the pool. 公告告诫人们不要在池塘里游泳
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