《Arguments and Fallacies》2019章节测试题与答案

《Arguments and Fallacies》2019章节测试题与答案

‎《Arguments and Fallacies》2019章节测试题与答案 第1章 单元测试 ‎1、Every argument has more than one premise.‎ 答案：错 ‎2、The goal of an argument is to abuse the audience.‎ 答案：错 ‎3、To justify a conclusion, you need to persuade someone.‎ 答案：错 ‎4、“33 + 66 = 99” is an argument.‎ 答案：错 ‎5、All arguments are used either to justify or to explain their conclusions.‎ 答案：错 ‎6、Every conclusion contradicts what the audience ‎ believes.‎ 答案：错 ‎7、An argument that is spoken is no good if it is not spoken loudly enough.‎ 答案：错 ‎8、When an argument is used for explanation, its purpose is to give a reason to believe that its conclusion is true.‎ 答案：错 ‎9、You can give the meaning of a word by describing how it is used.‎ 答案：对 ‎10、All arguments are made up of (or expressed in) language of some kind.‎ 答案：对 ‎11、To persuade someone, you need to justify a conclusion.‎ 答案：错 ‎12、An explanation answers a question about why something happened.‎ 答案：对 ‎13、Language is completely arbitrary.‎ 答案：错 ‎14、The goal of an argument is to beat an opponent.‎ 答案：错 ‎15、“Water is H2O, and salt is NaCl” is an argument.‎ 答案：商品 ‎16、An argument can succeed in justifying its conclusion even if its audience rejects the argument’s premises.‎ 答案：对 ‎17、When an argument is used for persuasion, its purpose is to cause its audience to believe its conclusion.‎ 答案：对 ‎18、A justification tries to present a reason to believe its conclusion.‎ 答案：对 第2章 单元测试 ‎1、The word “ since ” is always a premise marker.‎ 答案：错 ‎2、If a word in a sentence can be replaced by a conclusion marker without significantly changing the meaning of the sentence, then the word is used as a conclusion marker in that sentence.‎ 答案：对 ‎3、Negative evaluative utterances say that something violates a standard.‎ 答案：对 ‎4、An assuring term is reflexive when it refers to the mental state of the speaker.‎ 答案：对 ‎5、The word“too”in “too small” introduces an evaluation.‎ 答案：对 ‎6、“If … then …” is an argument marker.‎ 答案：错 ‎7、A(n) _term is used to indicate that the speaker has some reasons for what he says without actually specifying what those reasons are.‎ 答案：第一空： accountant 第二空： mechanic 第三空： chef 第四空： tour guide ‎8、A(n) _ term is used to indicate a response to a possible objection.‎ 答案：第一空： accountant 第二空： mechanic 第三空： chef 第四空： tour guide ‎9、A(n) _ term is used to weaken a claim in order to make it easier to defend against possible criticisms.‎ 答案：第一空： accountant 第二空： mechanic 第三空： chef 第四空： tour guide ‎10、A(n) _ term can be either positive or negative.‎ 答案：/æ/‎ ‎11、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould — “The Panda’s Thumb” : … The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.‎ 答案：P = a premise marker ‎12、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould — “The Panda’s Thumb” : … The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural ‎ process, constrained by history, follows perforce.‎ 答案：P = a premise marker ‎13、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould — “The Panda’s Thumb” : … The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd ‎ arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.‎ 答案：P = a premise marker ‎14、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould — “The Panda’s Thumb” : … The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ‎ ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.‎ 答案：P = a premise marker ‎15、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould — “The Panda’s Thumb” : … The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal ‎ design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.‎ 答案：P = a premise marker ‎16、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould — “The Panda’s Thumb” : … The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox ‎ and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.‎ 答案：P = a premise marker ‎17、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould — “The Panda’s Thumb” : … The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-‎ rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.‎ 答案：P = a premise marker ‎18、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould — “The Panda’s Thumb” : … The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a ‎ collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.‎ 答案：P = a premise marker ‎19、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould — “The Panda’s Thumb” : … The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different ‎ functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.‎ 答案：P = a premise marker ‎20、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould — “The Panda’s Thumb” : … The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture ‎ their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.‎ 答案：P = a premise marker ‎21、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as ‎ the best. From Steven Jay Gould — “The Panda’s Thumb” : … The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.‎ 答案：P = a premise marker 第3章 单元测试 ‎1、He is so strong that he can lift 100 kilograms.‎ 答案：N = not an argument ‎2、Since Mrs. White did not commit the murder, Colonel Mustard did it. Which of the following sentences could be added as a suppressed premise to make this argument valid?‎ 答案：Either Mrs. White or Colonel Mustard committed the murder.‎ ‎3、Joe does not like steak. Therefore, some farmers don’t like steak. Which of the following sentences could be added as a suppressed premise to make this argument valid?‎ 答案：Joe is a farmer.‎ ‎4、An argument is sound (in the technical sense used in this course) when and only when 答案：the argument is valid and its premises are true.‎ ‎5、If jellyfish were birds, then they would have feathers; so jellyfish are not birds. Which of the following sentences could be added as a suppressed premise to make this argument valid?‎ 答案：Jellyfish do not have feathers.‎ ‎6、You ought to wear a coat, because it is freezing. Which of the following sentences could be added as a suppressed premise to make this argument valid?‎ 答案：You ought to wear a coat when it is freezing.‎ ‎7、He can lift 100 kilograms, so he is strong. This is 答案：A = an argument that is neither valid nor sound ‎8、Most people from Sao Paulo cheer for the Brazilian national team.‎ 答案：N = not an argument ‎9、Indicate which of the proposed reconstructions best captures the argument in the following passage from John Russell, “Is Eakins Our Greatest Painter?” …we prize him above all for the new dimension of moral awareness that he brought to American painting.‎ 答案：(1) Eakins brought a new dimension of moral awareness to American painting. (2) We prize painters above all others when they bring a new moral awareness to American ‎ painting. ____ ∴ (3) We prize Eakins above all other painters. (from 1-2)‎ ‎10、All criminals have tattoos, so Gizelle is not a criminal. Indicate which of the following is a single suppressed premise that is sufficient to make this argument valid.‎ 答案：Gizelle does not have a tattoo.‎ ‎11、Japan is bigger than Israel. Japan is not bigger than China. Therefore, China is bigger than Israel. How would you describe the above example? (In assessing soundness, you may assume commonly known facts.)‎ 答案：B = an argument that is both valid and sound ‎12、Pigs cannot fly, so they are not birds. Indicate which of the following is a single suppressed premise that is sufficient to make this argument valid.‎ 答案：All birds can fly.‎ ‎13、There was a murder, and the only suspects who could have committed it are Mr. Green and Mrs. Peacock, so the murderer must be Mr. Green. Indicate which of the following ‎ is a single suppressed premise that is sufficient to make this argument valid.‎ 答案：Mrs. Peacock did not commit the murder.‎ ‎14、Sao Paulo is in South America, for it is in Brazil, and Brazil is in South America. How would you describe the above example? (In assessing soundness, you may assume commonly known facts.)‎ 答案：B = an argument that is both valid and sound ‎15、An argument cannot ever be valid (in the technical sense used in this course) when 答案：its premises are true, and its conclusion is false.‎ ‎16、Indicate which of the proposed reconstructions best captures the argument in the following passage from Steven Jay Gould, “The Panda’s Thumb.” Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were ‎ not made by an ideal engineer….‎ 答案：All birds can fly.‎ ‎17、Which of the proposed reconstructions best captures the argument in the following passage from Paul Davies, “Life and Death on Mars”? If provided with the right equipment, astronauts would have a chance of living on Mars for years. Therefore, a one-way trip to Mars need not mean a quick demise.‎ 答案：All of the above ‎18、Indicate which of the proposed reconstructions best represents the argument in the following passage from an advertisement for Equal Exchange Coffee. …We believe in trading directly with small farming cooperatives at mutually agreed-upon prices with a fixed minimum rate. Then, should the coffee market decline, the farmers are still guaranteed a fair price. So have a cup of Equal Exchange Coffee….‎ 答案：(1) Equal Exchange Coffee company trades directly with small farming cooperatives at mutually agreed-upon prices with a fixed minimum rate. (2) If a coffee company trades with a fixed minimum rate, then, if the coffee market ‎ declines, the farmers are still guaranteed that minimum price. (3) If a minimum price is mutually agreed-upon by the farmers, then that minimum price is fair. ____ ∴ (4) Equal Exchange Coffee company guarantees farmers a fair price. (from 1-3) (5) You should buy coffee from a company that guarantees farmers a fair price. ____ ∴ (6) You should buy Equal Exchange Coffee. (from 4-5)‎ ‎19、Indicate which of the proposed reconstructions best represents the argument in the following passage from an advertisement for Equal Exchange Coffee. …Of course, your decision to buy Equal Exchange need not be completely altruistic. For we take as much pride in refining the taste of our gourmet coffees as we do in helping the farmers who produce them….‎ 答案：(1) Equal Exchange Coffee company takes as much pride in refining the taste of their gourmet coffees as they do in helping the farmers who produce their gourmet coffees. (2) Equal Exchange Coffee company takes great pride in helping the farmers who produce their gourmet coffees. ____ ∴ (3) Equal Exchange Coffee company takes great pride in refining the taste of their gourmet coffees. (from 1-2) (4) ‎ If Equal Exchange Coffee company takes great pride in refining the taste of their gourmet coffees, then their gourmet coffees will taste good. ____ ∴ (5) Equal Exchange gourmet coffees will taste good. (from 3-4) (6) If Equal Exchange gourmet coffees will taste good, then you can make yourself happy by buying Equal Exchange gourmet coffees. ____ ∴ (7) You can make yourself happy by buying Equal Exchange gourmet coffees. (from 5-6) (8) If you can make yourself happy by doing something, then your decision to do it need not be completely altruistic. ____ ∴ (9) Your decision to buy Equal Exchange need not be completely altruistic. (from 7-8)‎ 第4章 单元测试 ‎1、An expression is vague if 答案：there is no precise boundary between the cases in which it applies and the cases in which it does not apply.‎ ‎2、An expression is ambiguous if 答案：it has two or more distinct meanings.‎ ‎3、Which of the following expressions is vague?‎ 答案：fast ‎4、Which of the following expressions is vague?‎ 答案：fast ‎5、Which of the following expressions is semantically ambiguous?‎ 答案：bank ‎6、Which of the following sentences is syntactically ambiguous?‎ 答案：Close doors and open windows.‎ ‎7、An argument that equivocates (or commits the fallacy of equivocation) is 答案：an argument that depends on an ambiguity.‎ ‎8、A slippery slope argument is 答案：an argument that cites insignificant changes along a continuum.‎ ‎9、Consider the following argument: “If you smoke one cigarette today, then you will end up smoking another one ‎ tomorrow, and more the day after that, and before you know it you will smoking two packs a day and shortening your life expectancy by decades. So you should not even smoke one cigarette today.” This argument contains a 答案：causal slippery slope fallacy.‎ 第5章 单元测试 ‎1、An appeal to authority 答案：is an argument that supports what a person says by citing good properties of the person who says it.‎ ‎2、An ad hominem argument 答案：is an argument that criticizes what a person says by criticizing the person who says it.‎ ‎3、A silencer is an argument in which the premises are about the person making a point, and the conclusion is that 答案：they are not entitled to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should not listen to them.‎ ‎4、A dismisser is an argument in which the premises are about the person making a point, and the conclusion is that 答案：they did not have enough evidence to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should not believe them.‎ ‎5、A denier is an argument in which the premises are about the person making a point, and the conclusion is that 答案：the point that they are making is false.‎ ‎6、An amplifier is an argument in which the premises are about the person making a point, and the conclusion is that 答案：they are especially entitled to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should pay special attention to them.‎ ‎7、A supporter is an argument in which the premises are about the person making a point, and the conclusion is that 答案：they have more than enough evidence to make that point in the context in which they did, so you should be very confident that they are right.‎ ‎8、An affirmer is an argument in which the premises are about the person making a point, and the conclusion is that 答案：the premises are about the person making a point, and the conclusion is that the point that they are making is true.‎ ‎9、Which of the following arguments is an ad hominem?‎ 答案：Lying Larry told me that it will rain today, therefore, it probably will not rain today.‎ ‎10、Which of the following arguments is an ad hominem?‎ 答案：Lying Larry told me that it will rain today, therefore, it probably will not rain today.‎ ‎11、Which of the following arguments is an ad hominem?‎ 答案：Lying Larry told me that it will rain today, therefore, it probably will not rain today.‎ ‎12、Which of the following arguments is an appeal to authority?‎ 答案：Walter thinks voting is pointless, but Ram thinks it is important. I find Walter more credible, so I’m not going to vote.‎ ‎13、Which of the following arguments is an appeal to ‎ authority?‎ 答案：Walter thinks voting is pointless, but Ram thinks it is important. I find Walter more credible, so I’m not going to vote.‎ ‎14、Which of the following arguments is an appeal to authority?‎ 答案：Walter thinks voting is pointless, but Ram thinks it is important. I find Walter more credible, so I’m not going to vote.‎ ‎15、Which of the following arguments is an appeal to authority?‎ 答案：Walter thinks voting is pointless, but Ram thinks it is important. I find Walter more credible, so I’m not going to vote.‎ ‎16、Consider the following argument: “Tony claims to have found the Higgs Boson. But Tony is constantly lying to make himself sound important. So I bet he hasn’t found the Higgs Boson at all.” This argument is an example of 答案：a denier.‎ ‎17、Consider the following argument: “Ronald Reagan thought that there should be a nationwide ban on assault weapons. And no one would know as much about this issue as Ronald Reagan did. Therefore, there should be a nationwide ban on assault weapons.” This argument is a(n)‎ 答案：affirmer.‎ 第6章 单元测试 ‎1、An argument begs the question when 答案：you have no reason to believe the premises unless you already have a reason to believe the conclusion.‎ ‎2、An argument is circular if 答案：the conclusion is one of the premises.‎ ‎3、Consider the following dialogue: Akey: Those who have been enlightened recognize that the purpose of our life is to carry out Zeus’s orders, as laid down in this ancient document.Brakey: Why should I believe that? Why shouldn’t I live my life in the way that seems most right to me, and never mind what your ancient document says?Akey: Your questions reveal that you have not been enlightened! In this ‎ dialogue, Akey’s view cannot possibly be 答案：该问题答案暂未收录，请手动搜索。‎ ‎4、Which of the following claims is irrefutable?‎ 答案：All of the above ‎5、Consider the following argument: “There is a report in the Wall Street Journal that says that the Financial Times is a very reliable newspaper. But when we look at the Financial Times , we see a report that says that the Wall Street Journal is a very reliable newspaper. Therefore, both papers must be very reliable.” This argument is an example of a 答案：begging the question.‎ ‎6、Consider the following dialogue: Hokey: I know that I will go to Heaven when I die.Pokey: How do you know that?Hokey: Because my cleric tells me that I will.Pokey: How do you know that what your cleric says is true?Hokey: Because the Holy Book tells me that everything my cleric says is true.Pokey: How do you know that what your Holy Book says is true?Hokey: Because my cleric told me that everything the Holy Book says ‎ is true. In this dialogue, Hokey is 答案：begging the question.‎ ‎7、Consider the following dialogue: Hanky: The birth of a child is a blessed event!Panky: So you say, but there are some who worry about human overpopulation, and they deny this.Hanky: This is because they do not know how to tell blessed events from unblessed events.Panky: How does one tell blessed from unblessed events?Hanky: The only way to tell the difference is by consulting one’s feelings.Panky: But how do you know whether you’re consulting your feelings correctly?Hanky: Your feelings will tell you if you’re consulting them correctly. The last statement that Hanky makes in this dialogue is 答案：该问题答案暂未收录，请手动搜索。‎ 第7章 单元测试 ‎1、To refute an argument is to show that 答案：it is unsuccessful.‎ ‎2、To refute an argument by parallel reasoning is to 答案：show that the form of the argument is invalid, by producing another invalid argument of the same form.‎ ‎3、To attack a straw man is to show that 答案：a particular argument is not sound, but in the course of doing so , to misrepresent one’s target argument.‎ ‎4、A reductio ad absurdum is a demonstration that 答案：a particular premise implies some absurd conclusion.‎ ‎5、A reductio ad absurdum is an attempt to show that the argument is 答案：unsuccessful by showing that its conclusion is obviously false.‎ ‎6、Consider the following dialogue: Argle: You shouldn’t walk on the grass, because if everybody did that, the grass would die from trampling.Bargle: That’s just like arguing that I shouldn’t go to the theater now, because if everyone did that, the theater would be packed so tightly that people would suffocate. In this exchange, Bargle is attempting to 答案：refute Argle’s reasoning by parallel reasoning.‎ ‎7、Consider the following dialogue: Fred: On average, Americans do not live as long as Greeks.Ted: That’s ridiculous! My American uncle lived twenty years longer than my Greek uncle did! In this exchange, Ted is 答案：考虑，认为 ‎8、Consider the following dialogue: Mike: The state needs to make companies pay for the degradation that they cause to our natural environment.Ike: That’s ridiculous! It’s like arguing that the state needs to make unpleasant people pay for the degradation that they cause to our social environment. In this dialogue, Ike is trying to 答案：refute Mike’s argument by parallel reasoning.‎ ‎9、Consider the following dialogue: Walter: There’s a counterexample to every generalization! Ram: Either what you just said is true or it’s false. If it’s true, then there is a counterexample to every generalization, including that very generalization itself—and so it’s false. In this dialogue, Ram’s argument is an example of 答案：refutation by counterexample.‎