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英语(心得)之小组合作评改,有效提高学生英文写作水平
英语论文之小组合作评改,有效提高学生英文写作水平 关键词:写作教学 合作学习 小组评改 摘要:中学英语写作教学往往存在着费时低效的问题。本文力图尝试在以学生为主体的教学理念指导下,以合作学习理论为基础,以小组合作学习为主要方式的写作教学新模式。重点探讨写作教学中作文评改环节激发学生的写作兴趣及修改意识,提高学生写作水平的方式方法。 中学英语教学大纲中明确指出,培养初步的写作能力是英语教学的目的之一。在实际的教学实践中,写作教学也受到了越来越多的老师的重视。但是在具体操作中,却往往存在着重理论指导,轻实践演练;重教师批阅,轻学生自我修改等不良积习。因而写作教学尤其是评改环节,一直是英语教学中的一大难点。在常规的写作教学中,教师通常先介绍英语文章的各种体裁特点,写作注意事项,然后让学生操练,批阅后进行全班点评,指出存在的问题,并提供好的文章供参考。大多数情况下,在拿到批阅好的作文后,学生更多关心的是作文的分数,而不是自己作文存在的问题。学生对批阅后的作文修改也大多只是对教师圈划出的词汇、语法类的错误进行一些简单的订正,很少有对选材、构思、立意结构等进行大的改动,更不用说修改后重新写作了。结果是教师批阅学生的作文花费了大量的时间和气力,收效却甚微:学生的文章写来写去总不见长进,不是结构有问题,就是语言表达不到位。甚至同一题材的文章反复操练,却仍然不时出现类似错误。从另一方面来说,教师也往往在批改中很容易陷入两难的境地:教师如果耗时耗力,批改过细,自然会暴露出学生较多的问题和错误,却又极容易挫伤学生写作的积极性;教师如果大略浏览批改过松,又不利于学生发现问题及时改正。针对上述情况,在写作教学上有必要探索一条新的途径,以求取得更好的教学效益。而在写作教学的四大环节(写前准备——打草稿——修改润色——交流)中,写前准备阶段已有较为成熟的合作学习的模式,故本文主要就写作教学中的的修改润色环节做些实践的探索。理论依据实践的探索需要借助理论的指导。上海市二期课改强调学生是学习的主体,教师在教学中应充分发挥学生的主观能动性。这为我们在写作教学中引导学生主动学习构建了行动指南。同时,起源于20世纪 70年代的合作学习理论,又为我们在写作教学中实现学生为主体的教学模式提供了有力的理论支撑。英语课堂上使用合作学习法的理论基础是现代社会心理学、教育学和认知心理学。合作学习充分利用课堂教学中的人际关系,以目标设计为先导,以师生、生生合作为基本动力,以小组活动为基本教学形式,以小组成员合作性活动为主体,以小组目标达成为标准,以合作学习活动为主线。这种形式能够为学生创设交际语境,改善课堂学习气氛,促进学生积极参与课堂。合作学习理论的研究者认为在合作、竞争和个人三种学习情境中,合作学习是最有效的学习策略。合作学习主要以小组为单位组成学习共同体,分工合作完成教师所布置的任务,它不同于学生在日常学习中的相互帮助。学生在小组中为了完成有明确责任分工的共同任务,既要独立思考又要精诚团结相互帮助。这有利于形成学生间既相互依靠,又各具特点的学习氛围。同学之间取长补短、互通有无,不仅增进了彼此的了解,同时也大大地扩展了知识面和信息量。大量的教学实践证明,小组合作学习可以充分发挥自身及同伴的学习优势,取得良好的教学效果。合作学习已经成为现代外语教学理念倡导的一种重要的学习方式。近年来也有不少的老师希望在写作教学中运用合作学习的理论,通过同伴互助的方式激发学生写作的潜能,以求在写作教学上能够有所突破。“写作的过程实际上是一种群体间的交际活动,而不是写作者的单独行为”(李森)。但从已经发表的研究文章和教学案例来看,大家更关注的还是理论的探讨,少有具体的操作;偶有实践的操作,也往往是重写前指导而忽视写后的评改。这样,学生虽然写了也练了,但是由于没有完善的写后修改,他们的写作水平还是不能得到真正意义上的大幅度提高。这也与写作自身的特点密切相关。“写作不能仅仅理解成个人的行为,因此在教学中不宜总是采取学生单独写出作文来让教师批改的模式,而应该提倡学生开展两人或数人小组活动,通过讨论合作完成写作” (刘道义)。合作学习正是这样一种通过组员的思想交流来共同完成一项学习任务的策略。同时,写作实际上又是一个需要通过不断修改才能得以完善的过程。因此,在教学中,教师是否组织、如何组织学生进行小组讨论以及如何对学生的作文做出反馈正是作文教学能否奏效的关键所在。于是,寻找富有指导意义并能有效调动学生写作积极性的反馈评改方式,就成了英语写作教师们共同研究探索的问题。近年来,笔者在自己的教学实践对写后评改这一教学环节进行了具体的探索,有了一些更为深刻的感受。实践操作 写作修改阶段的合作主要体现为师生之间,学生之间的评改,以学生互评互改为主,各小组成员相互交叉评阅的方式来评改文章。教师引导学生在互改时不仅要注意语言用法准确性,更须注意内容表达的流畅性和得体性,以促进学生共同学习以及提高他们写作的长处和改进短处。具体操作有以下几步:一、合理分组。合作式写作教学策略的运用的首要前提是合理分组。为保证后期教学的有效开展,一般采用4— 5人的混合编组形式。本着异质、自愿、动态组合的原则,使小组成员在性别、兴趣、语言水平、合作能力等方面均显现显著差异,以便实现学习互补。针对高中学生的特点,每组成员划分时,我首先要求学生在选择组员前考虑到本组成员的互补性,要求成员尽可能包括善于表达的,写作上有些心得的,以及总结能力较强的组员,然后再遵循自愿的原则编组。小组成员经常灵活变换,以期达到更好的效果。二、有效指导。一般情况下在写作评价的一开始,学生们往往不知道如何批判地对同伴的文章进行信息反馈。他们容易把注意力集中在拼写错误、时态错误、选词、句子结构等语法及句法方面的错误上,忽略了文章在内容上和组织编排上的错误。因此,首先老师要指导学生如何批判性地阅读他人文章,为同学合作评改做好准备。教师可以选一篇学生的习作作为范例,给班上每一个学生复印一份,集体共同评阅,采用分步提问式,逐步分析。问题诸如以下几个:1 作者的写作意图是什么?2 文章的三段式结构是否清晰?3 划出每段的主题句。 4作者是否清楚地展示了自己的观点?5作者是否给出足够的例子支持自己的观点?6作者是否给出了很好的结论? 给出以上检测问题,指导学生从文章中找出能回答上述问题的答案,这样学生对文章慢慢就会有批判性的观点。从而从总体结构上来评判一篇文章。然后再对学生较熟悉的语法句法错误进行指导修改,包括动词的时态,语态,主谓一致及拼写等。教师在此阶段主要起着引领作用,通过言简意赅的讲述及引导,为学生下一步的互评打下基础并订好框架。使学生的互评有的放矢。三、合作评改。总的指导之后,分组活动开始。任意选择小组中一个同学的文章,让其他3—4个同学根据提供的检测问题就该文章的内容做出评论并把评论结果写下来。教师在此期间可在各组巡视, 答疑并给以适当指导。下表可作为学生评改的参照表,发给每组作为修改参考Revising checklist: Grammar and Spelling Style and Organization 1.Collocation (习惯搭配) 2.Tenses and Voice (时态,语态) 3.Pronoun Consistency (代词一致) 4.Subject-Verb Consistency(主谓一致) 5.Run-on Sentence/Comma Splice (不间断句子) 6.Sentence Fragments(片语) 7.Misuse of parts of speech(词性误用) 8. Spelling (拼写) 1.Three parts 2. A thesis statement 3. Supporting paragraphs 4. Sufficient supporting details 5. Transition words. 6. See if the essay is interesting and coherent. 因为学生对文章的组织结构等的评改是弱项, 因此就Style and Organization方面的Three parts 评判列出一份更详细的评价问题表。Introduction:1.Does the general statement give background information and attract readers’ attention?2. Does the thesis statement state a clearly focused main idea for the whole essay?Body:1. Does each body paragraph have a clearly stated topic sentence?2. Does each body paragraph have sufficient supporting details and facts? 3 Are there any irrelevant points?4 Is the organization coherent and logical?Conclusion: Does the conclusion restate the main points?依照上述指导性问题对文章存在的问题检测记录之后,便可以进入合作讨论修改阶段 。组员间通过讨论各抒己见,互通有无,取长补短。同时每组的记录员要做好记录,为组与组的交流打好基础。四、研讨交流。研讨交流环节可以以两种方式进行。课内进行的交流主要以开展小组之间的竞争为主要形式。竞争开展的方式是小组内合作写作,经过学生互改后,各小组讨论把其成员的意见拼凑成一篇完整的文章,进行必要的修改后各小组代表向全班做汇报,教师和全体同学一道评审,按作文评分准则评出优良小组。延伸至课外的合作评改主要体现在个体的活动。当小组中每一个同学都得到来自其他3— 4个同学的反馈意见之后,每一个同学就可以开始阅读其他同学对自己的反馈意见,遇到不太清楚的地方时,可以直接提出来对其进行询问。课后针对性的修改成文。五、修正改进。好的文章是改出来的,但是许多学生不肯在修改上付出劳动。其实,不善于自己动手修改文章,写作能力是难以提高的。只有坚持认真修改,才能摸到写作的门道,写出像样的英语作文。所以在进行小组交流之后,教师要引导每一位同学根据同伴们提供的修改意见对自己的草稿进行修改完善。只有这样学生的作文水平才能有真正的提高。结论意义实践表明,在同学相互批改的过程中,学生从消极的教师评语阅读者转变为积极的同学作文修改者以及自己作文的完善者,充分发挥了学生写作的自主性和积极性。阅读同龄人的文章也给他们带来了极大的乐趣及修改热情。其次,同学批改过程中学生可以运用自己的语言能力及写作能力进行实际的交流,互相学习,取长补短。同龄同伴间的水平相当,修改意见更容易彼此接受。另外,同学间相互修改还可以加强学习兴趣,增进同学间的合作,有利于良好学习环境的生成。通过互相交换作文,阅读以及批改,互相找出作文中的错误,改正或提出修改意见,从而使彼此的文章得以改进,共同提高了写作水平。对比2007学年实验班级(高三)的作文考试成绩很好的证明了此教学模式的成效。详见下表:小组合作评改方式应用前后学生写作得分变化表(总分25’) 实验前 实验中 实验后 实验班 12.5 13.2. 14.6 16.6 对照班 12.8 12.9 13.3 14.1 当然,小组合作评改作文教学方式的使用也有一些限制条件。从本人的尝试来看,这种方式比较适用于有了一定写作积累的高三学生,对高中低年级学生来说,由于没有一定的写作基本知识,操作起来会比较困难,效果也不太明显。同时这种评改方式的使用频率也要有所限制,毕竟小组合作评改作文的模式还是非常耗时的,如果将小组互评模式穿插于常规作文教学中,会有更好的教学效益。在具体教学过程中还应注意引导学生,在同学修改的基础上积极主动地加入自己的修改,以提高最后一稿的水平。附:小组合作评改作文教学课例教学过程Step1 : Editing Structure of the compositionActivity 1:Discuss Sample 1and sample2 (selected from students’ compositions handed previously) and make critical judgment of the article. Finish off the following after group work. 1. Point out the writing purpose of the writer.2. Find out the 3 parts of the article.3. Point out the topic sentence of each paragraph.4. Find out the supporting examples or arguments.5. Find out the concluding sentences.Sample 1I think the Internet gives us more benefits than harm.Firstly, the Internet provides us with a lot of valuable information. For example, we can find beautiful pictures, pleasant music and excellent films on the Internet.Secondly, the Internet can help us in many ways. If we want to know the international news as soon as possible, the Internet is the best way. The Internet can also help us solve many problems. Last but not the least, the Internet isn’t perfect. There are some disadvantages in it. It may create problems to us. If we spend too much time surfing the Internet, we won’t have enough time for our study.Problems of Sample 1: 1 No background sentences2 The 4th paragraph doesn’t support the thesis statement3 No concluding paragraphSample 2 We all need a lot of information in our daily life. The Internet can help us to do so. I think the Internet is one of the most important sources we can turn to for information. We can learn much information through the Internet. If we want to know what is happening around the world, we can turn to the Internet. It is the best way for us to know what we want to know.The Internet also provides us with everything more quickly than books, newspapers and magazines. We can learn the latest news and events through the Internet. Then we will be more knowledgeable and fashionable.The Internet helps us to learn well. The Internet makes the news and information accessible to us. We can learn everything more quickly and more easily. The Internet does good to our study and life. Make good use of it, and we will find that we are making progress all the time.Problems: No transition words The thesis statement is too specificThe supporting paragraphs repeat each other. (此环节挑选了学生习作中出现的典型的结构问题,通过这一活动学生将所学的知识加以运用,旨在使学生进一步巩固好文章的结构,在今后的习作中得以体现, 同时以范文方式使学生进一步熟悉“三段式”结构及各部分的特点。)Step 2: Editing Content and Language Activity 2: A competition 1.Collocation (习惯搭配)2.Tenses and Voice (时态,语态)3.Pronoun Consistency (代词一致)4.Subject-Verb Consistency(主谓一致)5.Run-on Sentence/Comma Splice (不间断句子)6.Sentence Fragments(片语)7.Misuse of parts of speech(词性误用)8. Spelling (拼写)Find out the mistakes according to the above given checking list and revise them. 1st Round1. Surfing the Internet give us a chance to make friend with some strangers. (2)2. Though the Internet do harmful for us, I think we can’t life without it. (2)3. Internet can realize people’s dream that we do shopping at home. (2)4. The Internet make the world be smaller. (2) 5. The Internet is the most important resource of information, but access to so much information create problem. (3)6. By that way, we can avoid the problem occurred by the Internet. (3)7. Everyone can gain these informations without difficult, which will have a very bad effect on children’s grow. (3)2nd Round1. One want to keep pace with the times must get information by Internet. (3)2. Some said that the Internet has make it possible that people from wherever can talk with each other easy. (2, 7)3. We are convenient to search for the latest news through the Internet. Compare with newspapers, surfing the Internet spend only several seconds. (3, 7, 4,)4. If someone want to search something, it is convenient for you to find it on the Internet. You live far from your family; can communicate with your parent’s internet. (3, 6)5. Through the above analysis see that the negative aspects outweigh the positive one, we should use the Internet reasonable(.6,75)(这一活动针对学生习作语言表达中的常见错误而设计。所有的句子都摘自学生作文。分抢答和必答环节,加强学生交流合作及有序竞争的能力。)Step 3 : Group work.Activity 3: Revise an Essay (Group work)Editing checklist: Grammar and Spelling Style and Organization 1.Collocation (习惯搭配) 2.Tenses and Voice (时态,语态) 3.Pronoun Consistency (代词一致) 4.Subject-Verb Consistency(主谓一致) 5.Run-on Sentence/Comma Splice (不间断句子) 6.Sentence Fragments(片语) 7.Misuse of parts of speech(词性误用) 8. Spelling (拼写) 1.Three parts 2. A thesis statement 3. Supporting paragraphs 4. Sufficient supporting details 5. Transition words. 6. See if the essay is interesting and coherent. Sample 3Nowadays, video games has a widely play among the students. It also has a large effect on working and every day life.A lot of people like playing games on computer. It brings us happiness and a few people are fascinated on it, so they give up the working or study.Though the computer games do harmful for us, I think we can’t life without it. We have many homework to do everyday, we need to make us relax by the games. If someone is alone, it is convenient to play games on the computer. When you live far from your family, you may make friends by computer games.(待修改的文章是综合了学生习作中结构和内容两方面的典型错误的一篇文章。小组合作活动针对学生对于整篇文章的评价及修改润饰语言能力,以提高学生今后的写作修改意识,以便综合提高写作能力。)Activity 4: Group leader’s presentation of their revised version of Sample2One of examples of the groups’ revised version of Sample 2 Though science has made enormous steps in making chances for us to embrace the advanced technology such as computers, it has at the same time brought us something harmful. Many students are addicted to electronic games on computers nowadays, while masses of people object to the games. Now I’d like to air my view on the disadvantages of the electronic games.First of all, it is a waste of time playing games on the computers, especially for the students about my age. Studying hard is indispensable to them, and they cannot obtain any useful knowledge while they are playing the games. Instead their passion for the games may cost them good marks in the school tests.Moreover, if people are too crazy about playing electronic games, their eyesight will become worse after gazing at the computer screens for a long time, and it is impossible to recover.As a matter of fact, the longer time people play electronic games, the clumsier they will become when they want to study.So we must refrain from playing electronic games, and try to relax in some other better ways like taking a walk or jogging. Step 4: Summary and Assignment Rewrite your own article after the group work.参考文献1. Berger, V. 1990. ‘The effects of peer and self-feedback.’ The CATESOL Journal November: 21-35.2. Gaulk, N.1994. ‘Comparing teacher and student responses on written work.’ TESOL Quarterly 28/1:181-8.3.郭砚冰,英语课堂合作学习的实施与评价( 厦门教育院学报 )2002,3. 4. 唐春吾, 如何在英语教学中有效运用合作学习法5. 庞继贤, 吴薇薇. 英语课堂小组活动实证研究(外语教学与研究), v2000.6查看更多